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Microwave-assisted synthesis of GdOF: Eu3+/Tb3+ ultrafine phosphor powders suitable for advanced forensic and security ink applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:1014-1032. [PMID: 36996681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The rare-earth-doped inorganic ultrafine oxyfluoride host matrices in forensic science, especially in latent fingerprint detection and anti-counterfeiting applications, were still unexplored and may replace the existing technology owing to its high sensitivity. Herein, GdOF: Eu3+/Tb3+ ultrafine red and green phosphors were synthesized via a rapid, green microwave-assisted hydrothermal method at 150 °C. The phosphors synthesized by this novel method possess good luminescent intensity for the hypersensitive 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu3+ and 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb3+ ions as compared to the phosphors prepared via other conventional methods such as co-precipitation synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, and microwave-assisted co-precipitation synthesis. Further, an enhancement in the luminescent intensity of the ultrafine phosphor was noticed when the microwave parameters and pH values were tuned. The optimized red and green phosphors having high luminescence intensity, good color purity, and high quantum yields of 89.3%, and 71.2%, respectively, were used for the visualization of latent fingerprints on various substrates. These promising phosphors exhibited excellent visualization regardless of the background interference and limit the risk of duplication and are highly reliable. The security inks developed using these phosphors are highly efficient for anti-counterfeiting applications. These multifunctional properties of investigated phosphors can be explored for security applications.
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2
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Qin L, Guo Y, Xu J, Wang L, Zhang Q. Enhanced bright green luminescence from GdOF: Ho3+ up-conversion phosphor via Yb3+ doping. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Ansari AA, Muthumareeswaran M, Lv R. Coordination chemistry of the host matrices with dopant luminescent Ln3+ ion and their impact on luminescent properties. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Sun Q, Yin S, Xiao X, Song Y, Zhou X, Sheng Y, Zheng K, Shi Z, Zou H. Systematic Study on the Luminescent Properties, Thermal Stability, and Magnetic Behavior of GdOF: RE 3+ (RE = Eu, Yb, and Er) Red Phosphors with Various Morphologies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10642-10651. [PMID: 35796234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, GdOF:RE3+ (RE = Eu, Yb, and Er) phosphors with high thermally stable luminescence were reported, which were synthesized by an ionic liquid-assisted two-phase system and subsequent calcination technique for the first time. Nanodisks, nanorod aggregates, nanoneedles, and stubby nanorods were obtained by simply regulating the pH value. The luminescent properties of precursors and products were discussed in detail. By carefully adjusting the calcination temperature and the pH value of the initial system, pure red emission was achieved in both GdOF:Eu3+ and GdOF:Yb3+, Er3+ phosphors. The reason for distinct luminescent properties of different products was discussed from various perspectives. Moreover, the temperature-dependent spectra were measured and the GdOF:Eu3+ and GdOF:Yb3+, Er3+ products both exhibited outstanding thermal stability. In addition, the as-prepared nanomaterials presented paramagnetic properties, indicating their potential application in both field-emission displays and magnetic resonance imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zou
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kadyan S, Singh K, Singh S, Sheoran S, Singh J, Singh D. Photoluminescence and structural analysis of trivalent europium doped MLaAl 3 O 7 (M = Ba, Ca, Mg and Sr) nanophosphors. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:673-683. [PMID: 31965707 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The solution combustion technique was used to synthesize MLaAl3 O7 (M = Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr) nanophosphors-doped with Eu3+ using metal nitrates as precursors. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra exhibited three peaks at 587-591, 610-616, and 653-654 corresponding to 5 D0 →7 F1 , 5 D0 →7 F2 , and 5 D0 →7 F3 transitions, respectively. Upon excitation at 254 nm, these nanophosphors displayed strong red emission with the dominant peak attributed to the 5 D0 →7 F2 transition of Eu3+ . The materials were further heated at 900 and 1050°C for 2 h to examine the consequence of temperature on crystal lattice and PL emission intensity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis proved that all the synthesized materials were of a crystalline nature. CaLaAl3 O7 material has a tetragonal crystal structure with space group P421m. Scherer's equation was used to calculate the crystallite size of synthesized phosphors using XRD data. A Fourier transformation infrared study was used to observe the stretching vibrations of metal-oxygen bonds. Infrared peaks for stretching vibrations corresponding to lanthanum-oxygen and aluminium-oxygen bonds were found at 582 and 777 cm-1 respectively for CaLaAl3 O7 phosphor material. Transmission electron microscopy images were used to determine the size of particles (18-37 nm for the as-prepared materials) and also to analyze the three-dimensional view of these materials. The experimental data indicate that these materials may be promising red-emitting nanophosphors for use in white light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Kadyan
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sitender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Suman Sheoran
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Jasbir Singh
- Department of Physics, Government College, Dujana, Jhajjar, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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6
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Pogue BW, Wilson BC. Optical and x-ray technology synergies enabling diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-17. [PMID: 30350489 PMCID: PMC6197862 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray and optical technologies are the two central pillars for human imaging and therapy. The strengths of x-rays are deep tissue penetration, effective cytotoxicity, and the ability to image with robust projection and computed-tomography methods. The major limitations of x-ray use are the lack of molecular specificity and the carcinogenic risk. In comparison, optical interactions with tissue are strongly scatter dominated, leading to limited tissue penetration, making imaging and therapy largely restricted to superficial or endoscopically directed tissues. However, optical photon energies are comparable with molecular energy levels, thereby providing the strength of intrinsic molecular specificity. Additionally, optical technologies are highly advanced and diversified, being ubiquitously used throughout medicine as the single largest technology sector. Both have dominant spatial localization value, achieved with optical surface scanning or x-ray internal visualization, where one often is used with the other. Therapeutic delivery can also be enhanced by their synergy, where radio-optical and optical-radio interactions can inform about dose or amplify the clinical therapeutic value. An emerging trend is the integration of nanoparticles to serve as molecular intermediates or energy transducers for imaging and therapy, requiring careful design for the interaction either by scintillation or Cherenkov light, and the nanoscale design is impacted by the choices of optical interaction mechanism. The enhancement of optical molecular sensing or sensitization of tissue using x-rays as the energy source is an important emerging field combining x-ray tissue penetration in radiation oncology with the molecular specificity and packaging of optical probes or molecular localization. The ways in which x-rays can enable optical procedures, or optics can enable x-ray procedures, provide a range of new opportunities in both diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Taken together, these two technologies form the basis for the vast majority of diagnostics and therapeutics in use in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Yang J, Dong J, Wu R, Wu H, Song H, Gan S, Zou L. A novel color-tunable phosphor, Na 5Gd 9F 32:Ln 3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy, Sm, Ho) sub-microcrystals: structure, luminescence and energy transfer properties. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9795-9803. [PMID: 29993070 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01991f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ln3+-Doped fluorides are economical and highly efficient luminescent materials, which play a crucial role in LEDs, biolabeling, and sensors. Therefore, Na5Gd9F32:Ln3+ sub-microspheres with tunable multicolor emissions were successfully synthesized via a simple water bath method employing colloidal Gd(OH)CO3 spheres as precursors. Samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS and PL. It was found that the hydrolysis of BF4- ions had a dynamic effect on the retention of the morphology of the product owing to the mild reaction environment caused by the low hydrolysis rate of BF4- ions. Upon excitation by ultraviolet light, the Na5Gd9F32:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy, Sm, Ho) phosphors underwent characteristic f-f transitions and gave rise to red, green, green, yellow, and pale green emissions, respectively. Moreover, various emission colors could be obtained by using different excitation wavelengths and adjusting the Eu3+/Tb3+ molar ratio owing to energy transfer between Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions in the Na5Gd9F32 host. The energy transfer mechanism was demonstrated to be a dipole-dipole interaction. The multicolor luminescent phosphors with a certain dopant concentration based on a single host and excitation wavelength may have potential applications in the field of lighting displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China.
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8
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Ansari AA. Silica-modified luminescent LaPO 4 :Eu@LaPO 4 @SiO 2 core/shell nanorods: Synthesis, structural and luminescent properties. LUMINESCENCE 2018. [PMID: 28816400 DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoclinic-type tetragonal LaPO4 :Eu (core) and LaPO4 :Eu@LaPO4 (core/shell) nanorods (NRs) were successfully prepared using a urea-based co-precipitation process under ambient conditions. An amorphous silica layer was coated around the luminescent core/shell NRs via the sol-gel process to improve their solubility and colloidal stability in aqueous and non-aqueous media. The prepared nano-products were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and FTIR, UV/Vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy to examine their phase purity, crystal phase, surface chemistry, solubility and luminescence characteristics. The length and diameter of the nano-products were in the range 80-120 nm and 10-15 nm, respectively. High solubility of the silica-modified core/shell/Si NRs was found for the aqueous medium. The luminescent core NRs exhibited characteristic excitation and emission transitions in the visible region that were greatly affected by surface growth of insulating LaPO4 and silica layers due to the multiphonon relaxation rate. Our luminescence spectral results clearly show a distinct difference in intensities for core, core/shell, and core/shell/Si NRs. Highly luminescent NRs with good solubility could be useful candidates for a variety of photonic-based biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees A Ansari
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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9
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Yang J, Song L, Wang X, Luo N, Wu H, Gan S, Zou L. A facile route to the controlled synthesis of β-NaLuF4:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy, Sm, Tm, Ho) phosphors and their tunable luminescence properties. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00932e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly uniform and monodisperse β-NaLuF4:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy, Sm, Tm, Ho) hexagonal prisms have been synthesized via a facile two-step hydrothermal method without any organic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Lina Song
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Nan Luo
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Hongyue Wu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Shucai Gan
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Lianchun Zou
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
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10
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Das A, Saha S, Panigrahi K, Mitra A, Chatterjee R, Ghorai UK, Das B, Chattopadhyay KK. Morphology control and photoluminescence properties of Eu3+-activated Y4Al2O9 nanophosphors for solid state lighting applications. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spherical Eu3+:Y4Al2O9 nanophosphors exhibit brilliant PL behavior with enhanced color purity and excited state lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antika Das
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Subhajit Saha
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Karamjyoti Panigrahi
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Anuradha Mitra
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Rituparna Chatterjee
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Uttam Kumar Ghorai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Applied Chemistry
- Swami Vivekananda Research Center
- Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira
- Howrah-711202
- India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
- Department of Physics
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11
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Wani JA, Dhoble NS, Kokode NS, Singh V, Dhoble SJ. Dy 3+ -, Sm 3+ -, Ce 3+ - and Tb 3+ -activated optical properties of microcrystalline BaMgP 2 O 7 phosphors. LUMINESCENCE 2017; 32:240-252. [PMID: 27385581 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of rare earth (RE) ion (RE = Dy3+ , Sm3+ , Ce3+ , Tb3+ ) activated microcrystalline BaMgP2 O7 phosphors are presented in this work. Non-doped and doped samples of BaMgP2 O7 were prepared using a solid state diffusion method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), PL and TL. The XRD measurement confirmed the phase purity of the BaMgP2 O7 host matrix. The average particle size was found through SEM measurement to be around 2 μm. All activators using the PL technique displayed characteristic excitation and emission spectra that corresponded to their typical f → f and f → d transitions respectively. Thermoluminescence measurements showed that BaMgP2 O7 :RE (RE = Dy3+ , Sm3+ , Tb3+ , Ce3+ ) and co-doped BaMgP2 O7 :Ce3+ ,Tb3+ phosphors have also TL behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wani
- Department of Physics, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, India
| | - N S Dhoble
- Department of Chemistry, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Nagpur, 440009, India
| | - N S Kokode
- N. H. College Bramhapuri, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli, 442605, India
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143701, South Korea
| | - S J Dhoble
- Department of Physics, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, India
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12
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Controllable Synthesis of Monodisperse Er 3+-Doped Lanthanide Oxyfluorides Nanocrystals with Intense Mid-Infrared Emission. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35348. [PMID: 27748411 PMCID: PMC5066252 DOI: 10.1038/srep35348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monodisperse lanthanide oxyfluorides LnOF (Ln = Gd, Y) with mid-infrared emissions were controllably synthesized via a mild co-precipitation route and a subsequent heat-treatment. The detailed composition and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results showed that monodisperse GdOF:Er3+ were nano-riced shape with length about 350 nm and width about 120 nm, while the quasi-spherical YOF:Er3+ were uniform nanocrystals with an average size around 100 nm. The influence of calcination temperature on the size and phase transition of LnOF nanocrystals was also investigated. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated that the 2.7 μm emission of Er3+ had achieved in both GdOF and YOF nanocrystals, which were calcined at different temperatures. In addition, the decay time of both 4I13/2 and 4I13/2 energy levels corresponding to Er3+ in YOF nanocrystals were also studied in detail. The results suggested that both rice-shaped GdOF nanocrystals and YOF nanocrystals could provide suitable candidate materials for nanocrystals-glass composites, which could be a step forward to the realization of mid-infrared laser materials.
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13
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R Kadukar M, Dhoble SJ, Sahu AK, Nayar V, Sailaja S, Reddy BS. Luminescence analysis of SrGa 2 Si 2 O 8 : RE 3+ (RE = Dy, Tm) phosphors. LUMINESCENCE 2016; 32:159-170. [PMID: 27323703 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the luminescence properties of rare earth (Dy3+ and Tm3+ )ions doped SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphor were studied. SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphors weresynthesizedby employing solid state reaction method.From the measured X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the samplemonoclinic phase structure has been observed. Thermoluminescenceand Mechanoluminescence properties of the γ-ray irradiated samples have been studied. Photoluminescence spectra of Dy3+ activated SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphor has been measured with an excitation wavelength at 348 nm,and it shows two emission bands at 483 and 574 nm due to 4 F9/2 → 6 H15/2 and 4 F9/2 → 6 H13/2 transitions respectively. Whereas the photoluminescence spectra of Tm3+ activated SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphor has been measured with an excitation wavelength at 359 nm and it exhibits two emission bands at 454 and 472 nm due to 1 D2 → 3 F4 and1 G4 → 3 H6 transitions respectively. In thermoluminescence study, γ-irradiatedthermoluminescence glow curve of SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Dy3+ phosphor shows two well defined peaks at 293 °C (peak1)and 170 °C (peak2) whereas thermoluminescence glow curve of SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Tm3+ phosphor shows peaks at 292 °C (peak1) and 184 °C (peak2) indicating that two sets of traps are being activated within the particular temperature range and the trapping parameters associated with the prominent glow peaks of SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Dy3+ and SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Tm3+ are calculated using Chen's peak shape and initial rise method.From the Mechanoluminescence study, only one glow peak has been observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali R Kadukar
- Department of Physics, R.T.M.Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - S J Dhoble
- Department of Physics, R.T.M.Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - A K Sahu
- Department of Physics, C.M.D.P.G.College, Bilaspur, 495001, Chattisgarh, India
| | - V Nayar
- Department of Physics, C.M.D.P.G.College, Bilaspur, 495001, Chattisgarh, India
| | - S Sailaja
- Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara Degree College, Kadapa, 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B Sudhakar Reddy
- Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara Degree College, Kadapa, 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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14
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Li R, Xiong H, Liang Y, Liu Y, Zhang N, Gan S. Rapid, morphology-controllable synthesis of GdOF:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb) crystals with multicolor-tunable luminescence properties. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02468d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates a facile and mass-production method to synthesize multiform morphologies of GdOF and obtains multicolor emissions in GdOF:Tb3+,Eu3+ samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Hailong Xiong
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Yimai Liang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Yali Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Shucai Gan
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
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15
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Guan H, Sheng Y, Xu C, Dai Y, Xie X, Zou H. Energy transfer and tunable multicolor emission and paramagnetic properties of GdF3:Dy3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19807-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03989h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
GdF3:RE3+ (RE = Dy3+, Tb3+, Eu3+) phosphors can realize multicolor emission including white light. Simultaneously, GdF3:RE3+ (RE = Dy3+, Tb3+, Eu3+) phosphors also exhibit paramagnetic properties at room temperature and low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Guan
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR. China
| | - Ye Sheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR. China
| | - Chengyi Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR. China
| | - Yunzhi Dai
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR. China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR. China
| | - Haifeng Zou
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR. China
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16
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Guan H, Song Y, Zheng K, Sheng Y, Zou H. BaGdF5:Dy3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ multifunctional nanospheres: paramagnetic, luminescence, energy transfer, and tunable color. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13861-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01798c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescence emission color tones of BaGdF5:Dy3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ nanomaterials change from yellow-green to red by adjusting the doping concentration and the different excitation wavelengths. Furthermore, the obtained samples also exhibit paramagnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanhua Song
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- PR China
| | - Keyan Zheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- PR China
| | - Ye Sheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- PR China
| | - Haifeng Zou
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- PR China
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17
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Guan H, Sheng Y, Song Y, Zheng K, Xu C, Xie X, Dai Y, Zou H. White light-emitting, tunable color luminescence, energy transfer and paramagnetic properties of terbium and samarium doped BaGdF5 multifunctional nanomaterials. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicolor luminescence of BaGdF5:Tb3+,Sm3+ nanospheres can be obtained by adjusting the excitation wavelength. The obtained phosphors also exhibit paramagnetic properties at room temperature and low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Guan
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Ye Sheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yanhua Song
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Keyan Zheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Chengyi Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yunzhi Dai
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Haifeng Zou
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
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18
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Dhananjaya N, Shivakumara C, Saraf R, Behera S, Nagabhushana H. Comparative study of Eu3+-activated LnOCl (Ln=La and Gd) phosphors and their Judd-Ofelt analysis. J RARE EARTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(14)60510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Li K, Zhang Y, Li X, Shang M, Lian H, Lin J. Host-sensitized luminescence in LaNbO4:Ln(3+) (Ln(3+) = Eu(3+)/Tb(3+)/Dy(3+)) with different emission colors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4283-92. [PMID: 25573075 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03894k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of Eu(3+), Tb(3+), and Dy(3+) singly-doped and co-doped LaNbO4 (LNO) phosphors have been synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with Rietveld refinement, diffuse reflection spectra, photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) properties, decay lifetimes, and PL quantum yields (QYs) were exploited to characterize the phosphors. Under UV excitation, energy transfer process from the host to the activators exists in the singly-doped samples, which leads to tunable emission color from blue to red for LNO:Eu(3+), green for LNO:Tb(3+), and yellow including white for LNO:Dy(3+). In Eu(3+) and Tb(3+) co-doped phosphors, LNO:Eu(3+), Tb(3+), the energy transfers from the host to the activators and Tb(3+) to Eu(3+) ions have also been deduced from the PL spectra, resulting in tunable emission color from green to red by adjusting the concentration ratio of Eu(3+) and Tb(3+) ions. The decay times monitored at host emission and Tb(3+) emission confirm the existence of energy transfer in the as-prepared samples. The best quantum efficiency can reach 43.2% for LNO:0.01Tb(3+) among all the as-prepared phosphors. In addition, the CL spectra of LNO:Eu(3+)/Tb(3+)/Dy(3+) are a little different from their PL spectra because another emission envelope around 530 nm appears in the samples, which is attributed to the bombardment of higher energy excitation source of low-voltage electron beam. However, the characteristic emissions similar to PL spectra were reserved. Moreover, the CL spectrum of LNO:0.02Tb(3+) has stronger emission intensity than that of ZnO:Zn commercial product. These results from the PL and CL properties of LNO:Eu(3+)/Tb(3+)/Dy(3+) suggest their potential in solid-state lighting and display fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Li G, Lin J. Recent progress in low-voltage cathodoluminescent materials: synthesis, improvement and emission properties. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:7099-131. [PMID: 24960634 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays there are several technologies used for flat panel displays (FPDs) and the development of FPDs with enhanced energy efficiency and improved display quality is strongly required. Field emission displays (FEDs) have been considered as one of the most promising next generation flat panel display technologies due to their excellent display performance and low energy consumption. For the development of FEDs, phosphors are irreplaceable components. In the past decade, the study of highly efficient low-voltage cathodoluminescent materials, namely FED phosphors, has become the focus of enhancing energy efficiency and realizing high-quality displays. This review summaries the recent progress in the chemical synthesis and improvement of novel, rare-earth and transition metal ions activated inorganic cathodoluminescent materials in powder and thin film forms. The discussion is focused on the modification of morphology, size, surface, composition and conductivity of phosphors and the corresponding effects on their cathodoluminescent properties. Special emphases are given to the selection of host and luminescent centers, the adjustment of emission colors through doping concentration optimization, energy transfer and mono- or co-doping activator ions, the improvement of chromaticity, color stability and color gamut as well as the saturation behavior and the degradation behavior of phosphors under the excitation of a low-voltage electron beam. Finally, the research prospects and future directions of FED phosphors are discussed with recommendations to facilitate the further study of new and highly efficient low-voltage cathodoluminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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21
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Zhang Y, Li X, Li K, Lian H, Shang M, Lin J. Crystal-site engineering control for the reduction of Eu(3+) to Eu(2+) in CaYAlO4: structure refinement and tunable emission properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2715-25. [PMID: 25588518 DOI: 10.1021/am508859c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, Eu-activated CaYAlO4 aluminate phosphors were synthesized by a solid-state reaction. Under UV light excitation, characteristic red line emission of Eu(3+) was detected in the range of 570-650 nm. In addition, we introduced crystal-site engineering approach into the CaYAlO4 host through incorporation of Si(4+)-Ca(2+) to replace Al(3+)-Y(3+), which would shrink the AlO6 octahedrons, accompanied by the expansion of CaO9 polyhedron, and then enable the partial reduction of Eu(3+) to Eu(2+). The crystal structure and underlying mechanism have been clarified on the basis of the Rietveld refinement analysis. The PL spectra of Ca0.99+xY1-xAl1-xSixO4:Eu0.01 (x = 0-0.30) exhibit both green emission of Eu(2+) (4f(6)5d(1)-4f(7), broadband around 503 nm) and red-orange emission of Eu(3+) ((5)D0-(7)F1,2, 593 and 624 nm) under UV light excitation with a quantum yield of 38.5%. The CIE coordinates of Ca0.99+xY1-xAl1-xSixO4:Eu0.01 (x = 0-0.30) phosphors are regularly shifted from (0.482, 0.341) to (0.223, 0.457) with increasing x, which would expand the application of Eu. Furthermore, this investigation reveals the correlations of structure and property of luminescent materials, which would shed light on the development of novel phosphors suitable for lighting and display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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22
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Cho YS, Huh YD. Fine-Tuning the Emission Color of a Transparent Suspension of SrMoO4:Eu3+,Tb3+Nanophosphors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sik Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photofunctional Energy Materials; Dankook University; Gyeonggi-Do 448-701 Korea
| | - Young-Duk Huh
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photofunctional Energy Materials; Dankook University; Gyeonggi-Do 448-701 Korea
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23
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Li R, Li L, Zi W, Zhang J, Liu L, Zou L, Gan S. Morphology control and multicolor-tunable luminescence of YOF:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm) nano-/microcrystals. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiform YOF nano-/microcrystals have been synthesized and multicolor-tunable luminescence of YOF:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Tm/Dy) has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Linlin Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Zi
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
| | - Lianchun Zou
- Teaching Center of Basic Courses
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Shucai Gan
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- P. R. China
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24
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Xu X, Wang Z, Lei P, Liu X, Su Y, Dong L, Yao S, Zhou L, Song S, Feng J, Zhang H. Cubic KLu3F10 nanocrystals: Mn2+ dopant-controlled synthesis and upconversion luminescence. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:17286-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02751a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth-doped cubic KLu3F10 nanocrystals with excellent upconversion luminescence have been fabricated by adding Mn2+ ions.
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25
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Li L, Liu Y, Li R, Leng Z, Gan S. Tunable luminescence properties of the novel Tm3+- and Dy3+-codoped LiLa(MoO4)x(WO4)2−x phosphors for white light-emitting diodes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tm3+ can transfer energy to Dy3+ efficiently, and with increase in MoO42− content, the chromaticity coordinates changed from the edge to the center of the white area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Ruiqing Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Zhihua Leng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
| | - Shucai Gan
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130026
- PR China
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26
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Li K, Fan J, Mi X, Zhang Y, Lian H, Shang M, Lin J. Tunable-Color Luminescence via Energy Transfer in NaCa13/18Mg5/18PO4:A (A = Eu2+/Tb3+/Mn2+, Dy3+) Phosphors for Solid State Lighting. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12141-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502058r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Fan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Mi
- State Key
Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhou Lian
- State Key
Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Shang
- State Key
Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key
Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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27
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Zhang Y, Li X, Hou Z, Lin J. Monodisperse lanthanide oxyfluorides LnOF (Ln = Y, La, Pr-Tm): morphology controlled synthesis, up-conversion luminescence and in vitro cell imaging. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6763-6771. [PMID: 24827577 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide oxyfluorides LnOF (Ln = Y, La, Pr-Tm) nano/micro-materials with a variety of well-defined morphologies including nanorods, nanospindles, nanorod-bundles and nanospheres, have been successfully synthesized via a facile precipitation technique followed by a heating treatment. It is found that the pH values, fluoride sources and dosage of urea in the initial reaction systems play critical roles in the morphology determination of the LnOF products and the possible formation mechanism for these diverse architectures has been presented. XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, SEM, TEM, as well as up-conversion (UC) luminescence spectra are used to characterize the synthesized samples. Under 980 nm NIR laser excitation, red, green and blue UC luminescence are observed from Yb(3+)/Er(3+), Yb(3+)/Ho(3+) and Yb(3+)/Tm(3+) co-doped YOF nanospheres. The MTT assay indicates that YOF nanospheres exhibit good biocompatibility. Especially, the emission spectrum of YOF: 0.20Yb(3+), 0.04Er(3+) nanospheres is dominated by a single red emission at 660 nm, which falls into the "optical window" of biological tissues. The application of YOF: 0.20Yb(3+), 0.04Er(3+) nanospheres in the cell imaging is also investigated, which shows a bright-red emission without background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.
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28
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Guan H, Liu G, Wang J, Dong X, Yu W. Tunable luminescence and energy transfer properties of NaGdF4:Dy3+, Eu3+nanophosphors. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Li X, Kang X, Hou Z, Lin J. Morphology control and multicolor up-conversion luminescence of GdOF:Yb3+/Er3+, Tm3+, Ho3+ nano/submicrocrystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:10779-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00817k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Zhang Y, Li X, Geng D, Shang M, Lian H, Cheng Z, Lin J. YOF nano/micro-crystals: morphology controlled hydrothermal synthesis and luminescence properties. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SEM images and multicolored down-conversion and up-conversion luminescence photographs of the YOF: Ln3+ nano/micro-structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xuejiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Dongling Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Mengmeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hongzhou Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
| | - Ziyong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
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31
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Seeta Rama Raju G, Pavitra E, Yu JS. Cross-relaxation induced tunable emissions from the Tm3+/Er3+/Eu3+ ions activated BaGd2O4 nanoneedles. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9766-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00656a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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