1
|
Beig N, Goyal V, Bansal RK. Application of N-heterocyclic carbene-Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1408-1442. [PMID: 37767335 PMCID: PMC10520485 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are a special type of carbenes in which the carbene carbon atom is part of the nitrogen heterocyclic ring. Due to the simplicity of their synthesis and the modularity of their stereoelectronic properties, NHCs have unquestionably emerged as one of the most fascinating and well-known species in chemical science. The remarkable stability of NHCs can be attributed to both kinetic as well as thermodynamic effects caused by its structural features. NHCs constitute a well-established class of new ligands in organometallic chemistry. Although initially NHCs were regarded as pure σ-donor ligands, later experimental and theoretical studies established the presence of a significant back donation from the d-orbital of the metal to the π* orbital of the NHC. Over the last two decades, NHC-metal complexes have been extensively used as efficient catalysts in different types of organic reactions. Of these, NHC-Cu(I) complexes found prominence for various reasons, such as ease of preparation, possibility of structural diversity, low cost, and versatile applications. This article overviews applications of NHC-Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis over the last 12 years, which include hydrosilylation reactions, conjugate addition, [3 + 2] cycloaddition, A3 reaction, boration and hydroboration, N-H and C(sp2)-H carboxylation, C(sp2)-H alkenylation and allylation, C(sp2)-H arylation, C(sp2)-H amidation, and C(sp2)-H thiolation. Preceding the section of applications, a brief description of the structure of NHCs, nature of NHC-metal bond, and methods of preparation of NHC-Cu complexes is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Beig
- Department of Chemistry, The IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302 020, India
| | - Varsha Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, The IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302 020, India
| | - Raj Kumar Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, The IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302 020, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang XT, Cheng LT, Chen C, Cao L, Zheng J, Zheng XY. Atom-Precise Chiral Lanthanide-Silver(I) Heterometallic Clusters Ln 3Ag 5. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17387-17391. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lan-Tao Cheng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lingyun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Zheng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu H, Yang H, Yang X, Wang R, Zhou L, Dai Y, Ji N, Wang H, Shi Z, Zhou G, Chen B, Luo Y, He C. Copper-sulfide cluster assembled architecture via in situ reaction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
4
|
Azizpoor Fard M, Polgar AM, Corrigan JF. Tethered Polynuclear Copper–Chalcogenolate Assemblies Enabled via NHC Ligation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
5
|
Smith CA, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Singh I, Nazemi A, Li CH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4986-5056. [PMID: 30938514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Danopoulos AA, Simler T, Braunstein P. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3730-3961. [PMID: 30843688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands across the Periodic Table had an impact on various aspects of the coordination, organometallic, and catalytic chemistry of the 3d metals, including Cu, Ni, and Co, both from the fundamental viewpoint but also in applications, including catalysis, photophysics, bioorganometallic chemistry, materials, etc. In this review, the emergence, development, and state of the art in these three areas are described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Danopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , Athens GR 15771 , Greece.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| | - Thomas Simler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Somasundaram V, Gunawardene PN, Polgar AM, Workentin MS, Corrigan JF. NHC Ligated Group 11 Metal-Arylthiolates Containing an Azide Functionality Amenable to “Click” Reaction Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11184-11192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Praveen N. Gunawardene
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - John F. Corrigan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Margulieux KR, Sun C, Kihara MT, Colson AC, Zakharov LN, Whitmire KH, Holland AW, Pak JJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic Single‐Source Precursors (Ph
3
P)
2
M(µ‐SEt)
2
E(SEt)
2
for MES
2
Chalcopyrite Materials (M = Cu, Ag and E = In, Ga, Al). Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chivin Sun
- Department of Chemistry Idaho State University 83209 Pocatello Idaho USA
| | - Matthew T. Kihara
- Department of Chemistry Idaho State University 83209 Pocatello Idaho USA
| | - Adam C. Colson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Boise State University 83725 Boise Idaho USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR Microanalytical Facility 1253 University of Oregon 97403 Eugene Oregon USA
| | | | - Andrew W. Holland
- Department of Chemistry Idaho State University 83209 Pocatello Idaho USA
| | - Joshua J. Pak
- Department of Chemistry Idaho State University 83209 Pocatello Idaho USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hollmann K, Oppermann A, Witte M, Li S, Amen M, Flörke U, Egold H, Henkel G, Herres-Pawlis S. Copper(I) Complexes with Thiourea Derivatives as Ligands: Revealing Secrets of Their Bonding Scheme. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hollmann
- RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Oppermann
- RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Matthias Witte
- RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Sun Li
- Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Maike Amen
- Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Ulrich Flörke
- Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Hans Egold
- Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Gerald Henkel
- Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oppermann A, Wehrhahn C, Flörke U, Herres-Pawlis S, Henkel G. Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of an Unusual Complex Salt: Almost Structural Identity - Different Charge. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oppermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christoph Wehrhahn
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Ulrich Flörke
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Gerald Henkel
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Ahmed L, Zhang R, Pan Y, Matsunami H, Burger JL, Block E, Batista VS, Zhuang H. Smelling Sulfur: Copper and Silver Regulate the Response of Human Odorant Receptor OR2T11 to Low-Molecular-Weight Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13281-13288. [PMID: 27659093 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian survival depends on ultrasensitive olfactory detection of volatile sulfur compounds, since these compounds can signal the presence of rancid food, O2 depleted atmospheres, and predators (through carnivore excretions). Skunks exploit this sensitivity with their noxious spray. In commerce, natural and liquefied gases are odorized with t-BuSH and EtSH, respectively, as warnings. The 100-million-fold difference in olfactory perception between structurally similar EtSH and EtOH has long puzzled those studying olfaction. Mammals detect thiols and other odorants using odorant receptors (ORs), members of the family of seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Understanding the regulator cofactors and response of ORs is particularly challenging due to the lack of X-ray structural models. Here, we combine computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis with saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and measurements of the receptor response profiles. We find that human thiol receptor OR2T11 responds specifically to gas odorants t-BuSH and EtSH requiring ionic copper for its robust activation and that this role of copper is mimicked by ionic and nanoparticulate silver. While copper is both an essential nutrient for life and, in excess, a hallmark of various pathologies and neurodegenerative diseases, its involvement in human olfaction has not been previously demonstrated. When screened against a series of alcohols, thiols, sulfides, and metal-coordinating ligands, OR2T11 responds with enhancement by copper to the mouse semiochemical CH3SCH2SH and derivatives, to four-membered cyclic sulfide thietane and to one- to four-carbon straight- and branched-chain and five-carbon branched-chain thiols but not to longer chain thiols, suggesting compact receptor dimensions. Alcohols are unreactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengju Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lucky Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jessica L Burger
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanyi Zhuang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oppermann A, Dick R, Wehrhahn C, Flörke U, Herres-Pawlis S, Henkel G. Copper(I) Thiolate Heteroadamantane Cage Structures with Relevance to Metalloproteins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oppermann
- Fachgruppe Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Regina Dick
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Christoph Wehrhahn
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Ulrich Flörke
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Fachgruppe Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Gerald Henkel
- Department of Chemistry; Universität Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bestgen S, Fuhr O, Roesky PW, Fenske D. Synthesis and molecular structure of a spheroidal binary nanoscale copper sulfide cluster. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14907-14910. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of copper (4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)methanethiolate with S(SiMe3)2 in the presence of triphenylphosphine yields to the formation of the 52 nuclear copper cluster [Cu52S12(SCH2C6H4tBu)28(PPh3)8]. The molecular structure of this intensely red coloured nanoscale Cu2S mimic was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Lehn-Institute for Functional Materials
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khalili Najafabadi B, Corrigan JF. Enhanced thermal stability of Cu–silylphosphido complexes via NHC ligation. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:14235-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal stability of the Cu–P(SiMe3)2 moiety can be enhanced via N-heterocyclic carbene ligation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John F. Corrigan
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- N6A 5B7 Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Durham JL, Wilson WB, Huh DN, McDonald R, Szczepura LF. Organometallic rhenium(iii) chalcogenide clusters: coordination of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10536-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NHCs were coordinated to [Re6Q8]2+ (Q = S or Se) cluster cores and their photophysical properties investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wade B. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- Illinois State University
- Normal
- USA
| | - Daniel N. Huh
- Department of Chemistry
- Illinois State University
- Normal
- USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmidbaur H, Schier A. Argentophilic Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:746-84. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Liu B, Pan S, Liu B, Chen W. Di-, Tri-, and Tetranuclear Copper(I) Complexes of Phenanthroline-Linked Dicarbene Ligands. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:10485-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
| | - Shanfei Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Noble Metal Catalytic Materials and Technology, Hangzhou 310011, P. R. China
| | - Wanzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Collins LR, Lowe JP, Mahon MF, Poulten RC, Whittlesey MK. Copper diamidocarbene complexes: characterization of monomeric to tetrameric species. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2699-707. [PMID: 24512071 PMCID: PMC3989936 DOI: 10.1021/ic4031014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of CuCl with 1 equiv of the in situ prepared N-mesityl-substituted diamidocarbene 6-MesDAC produced a mixture of the dimeric and trimeric copper complexes [(6-MesDAC)CuCl]2 (1) and [(6-MesDAC)2(CuCl)3] (2). Combining CuCl with isolated, free 6-MesDAC in 1:1 and 3:2 ratios gave just 1 and 2, respectively, while increasing the ratio to >5:1 allowed the isolation of small amounts of the tetrameric copper complex [(6-MesDAC)2(CuCl)4] (3). Efforts to bring about metathesis reactions of 1 with MO(t)Bu (M = Li, Na, K) proved successful only for M = Li to afford the spectroscopically characterized ate product [(6-MesDAC)CuCl·LiO(t)Bu·2THF] (5). Attempts to crystallize this species instead gave a 1:1 mixture of 1 and the monomer [(6-MesDAC)CuCl] (6). The X-ray structures of 1-3 and 1 + 6, along with the cation [Cu(6-MesDAC)2](+) (4), have been determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Rebecca C. Poulten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | |
Collapse
|