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Zhan D, Han L, Zhang J, He Q, Tian ZW, Tian ZQ. Electrochemical micro/nano-machining: principles and practices. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1526-1544. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00735j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano-machining (MNM) is becoming the cutting-edge of high-tech manufacturing because of the ever increasing industrial demands for super smooth surfaces and functional three-dimensional micro/nano-structures in miniaturized and integrate devices, and electrochemistry plays an irreplaceable role in MNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Quanfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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Zhan D, Han L, Zhang J, Shi K, Zhou JZ, Tian ZW, Tian ZQ. Confined Chemical Etching for Electrochemical Machining with Nanoscale Accuracy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2596-2604. [PMID: 27668827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, electrochemical machining (ECM) has enjoyed the reputation of a powerful technique in the manufacturing industry. Conventional ECM methods can be classified as electrolytic machining and electroforming: the former is based on anodic dissolution and the latter is based on cathodic deposition of metallic materials. Strikingly, ECM possesses several advantages over mechanical machining, such as high removal rate, the capability of making complex three-dimensional structures, and the practicability for difficult-to-cut materials. Additionally, ECM avoids tool wear and thermal or mechanical stress on machining surfaces. Thus, ECM is widely used for various industrial applications in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, electronics, etc. Nowadays, miniaturization and integration of functional components are becoming significant in ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) circuits, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and miniaturized total analysis systems (μ-TAS). As predicted by Moore's law, the feature size of interconnectors in ULSI circuits are down to several nanometers. In this Account, we present our perseverant research in the last two decades on how to "confine" the ECM processes to occur at micrometer or even nanometer scale, that is, to ensure ECM with nanoscale accuracy. We have been developing the confined etchant layer technique (CELT) to fabricate three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures (3D-MNS) on different metals and semiconductor materials since 1992. In general, there are three procedures in CELT: (1) generating the etchant on the surface of the tool electrode by electrochemical or photoelectrochemical reactions; (2) confining the etchant in a depleted layer with a thickness of micro- or nanometer scale; (3) feeding the tool electrode to etch the workpiece. Scavengers, which can react with the etchant, are usually adopted to form a confined etchant layer. Through the subsequent homogeneous reaction between the scavenger and the photo- or electrogenerated etchant in the electrolyte solution, the diffusion distance of the etchant is confined to micro- or nanometer scale, which ensures the nanoscale accuracy of electrochemical machining. To focus on the "confinement" of chemical etching reactions, external physical-field modulations have recently been introduced into CELT by introducing various factors such as light field, force field, hydrodynamics, and so on. Meanwhile, kinetic investigations of the confined chemical etching (CCE) systems are established based on the finite element analysis and simulations. Based on the obtained kinetic parameters, the machining accuracy is tunable and well controlled. CELT is now applicable for 1D milling, 2D polishing, and 3D microfabrication with an accuracy at nanometer scale. CELT not only inherits all the advantages of electrochemical machining but also provides advantages over photolithography and nanoimprint for its applicability to different functional materials without involving any photocuring and thermoplastic resists. Although there are some technical problems, for example, mass transfer and balance, which need to be solved, CELT has shown its prospective competitiveness in electrochemical micromachining, especially in the semiconductor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kang Shi
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Zhang J, Dong BY, Jia J, Han L, Wang F, Liu C, Tian ZQ, Tian ZW, Wang D, Zhan D. Electrochemical buckling microfabrication. Chem Sci 2016; 7:697-701. [PMID: 28791112 PMCID: PMC5523117 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Can isotropic wet chemical etching be controlled with a spatial resolution at the nanometer scale, especially, for the repetitive microfabrication of hierarchical 3D μ-nanostructures on the continuously curved surface of functional materials? We present an innovative wet chemical etching method called "electrochemical buckling microfabrication": first, a constant contact force is applied to generate a hierarchical 3D μ-nanostructure on a mold electrode surface through a buckling effect; then, the etchant is electrogenerated on-site and confined close to the mold electrode surface; finally, the buckled hierarchical 3D μ-nanostructures are transferred onto the surface of a Ga x In1-x P coated GaAs wafer through WCE. The concave microlens, with a Fresnel structure, has an enhanced photoluminescence at 630 nm. Comparing with energy beam direct writing techniques and nanoimprint lithography, this method provides an electrochemical microfabrication pathway for the semiconductor industry, with low cost and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Bo-Ya Dong
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Jingchun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Fangfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Dongdong Wang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China .
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Yin Y, Huang P, Han Z, Wei G, Zhou C, Wen J, Su B, Wang X, Wang Y. Collagen nanofibers facilitated presynaptic maturation in differentiated neurons from spinal-cord-derived neural stem cells through MAPK/ERK1/2-Synapsin I signaling pathway. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2449-60. [PMID: 24955924 DOI: 10.1021/bm500321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are deemed to be a potential cell therapy for brain and spinal cord reconstruction and regeneration following injury. In this study, we investigated the role of nanofibrous scaffolds on NSCs-derived neurons in the formation of neural networks. Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp recording method after the spinal cord-derived NSCs were differentiated into neurons and cultured in vitro for 10-14 days. It was observed that the frequency of mEPSCs in the differentiated neurons cultured on both randomly oriented and aligned collagen nanofibrous scaffolds was higher than that on the collagen-coated control and can be inhibited by an ERK inhibitor (PD98059), indicating that the collagen nanofibers affected the maturation of the synapses from presynaptic sites via the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. In addition, both of the collagen nanofibers increased the phosphorylation of Synapsin I and facilitated the interaction of p-ERK1/2 and p-Synapsin I. All these results suggested that the collagen nanofibrous scaffolds contributed to the presynaptic maturation via the ERK1/2-Synapsin I signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Yin
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, PR China
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