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Qi X, Zhou Q, Li X, Hu G. Generation of Multiple Concentration Gradients Using a Two-Dimensional Pyramid Array. Anal Chem 2024; 96:856-865. [PMID: 38104274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Concentration heterogeneity of diffusible reactants is a prevalent phenomenon in biochemical processes, requiring the generation of concentration gradients for the relevant experiments. In this study, we present a high-density pyramid array microfluidic network for the effective and precise generation of multiple concentration gradients. The complex gradient distribution in the 2D array can be adaptively adjusted by modulating the reactant velocities and concentrations at the inlets. In addition, the unique design of each reaction chamber and mixing block in the array ensures uniform concentrations within each chamber during dynamic changes, enabling large-scale reactions with low reactant volumes. Through detailed numerical simulation of mass transport within the complex microchannel networks, the proposed method allows researchers to determine the desired number of reaction chambers within a given concentration range based on experimental requirements and to quickly obtain the operating conditions with the help of machine learning-based prediction. The effectiveness in generating a multiple concentration gradient environment was further demonstrated by concentration-dependent calcium carbonate crystallization experiments. This device provides a highly efficient mixing and adaptable concentration platform that is well suited for high-throughput and multiplexed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Qi
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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2
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Microfluidic encapsulation of soluble reagents with large-scale concentration gradients in a sequence of droplets for comparative analysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Zhang N, Liu Z, Wang J. Machine-Learning-Enabled Design and Manipulation of a Microfluidic Concentration Gradient Generator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1810. [PMID: 36363832 PMCID: PMC9697332 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics concentration gradient generators have been widely applied in chemical and biological fields. However, the current gradient generators still have some limitations. In this work, we presented a microfluidic concentration gradient generator with its corresponding manipulation process to generate an arbitrary concentration gradient. Machine-learning techniques and interpolation algorithms were implemented to help researchers instantly analyze the current concentration profile of the gradient generator with different inlet configurations. The proposed method has a 93.71% accuracy rate with a 300× acceleration effect compared to the conventional finite element analysis. In addition, our method shows the potential application of the design automation and computer-aided design of microfluidics by leveraging both artificial neural networks and computer science algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyin Zhang
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhenya Liu
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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4
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Sebastian V. Toward continuous production of high-quality nanomaterials using microfluidics: nanoengineering the shape, structure and chemical composition. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4411-4447. [PMID: 35274121 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a multitude of synthesis strategies has been reported for the production of high-quality nanoparticles. Wet-chemical methods are generally the most efficient synthesis procedures since high control of crystallinity and physicochemical properties can be achieved. However, a number of challenges remain from inadequate reaction control during the nanocrystallization process; specifically variability, selectivity, scalability and safety. These shortcomings complicate the synthesis, make it difficult to obtain a uniform product with desired properties, and present serious limitations for scaling the production of colloidal nanocrystals from academic studies to industrial applications. Continuous flow reactors based on microfluidic principles offer potential solutions and advantages. The reproducibility of reaction conditions in microfluidics and therefore product quality have proved to exceed those obtained by batch processing. Considering that in nanoparticles' production not only is it crucial to control the particle size distribution, but also the shape and chemical composition, this review presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in synthesis of anisotropic and faceted nanostructures by using microfluidics techniques. The review surveys the available tools that enable shape and chemical control, including secondary growth methods, active segmented flow, and photoinduced shape conversion. In addition, emphasis is placed on the available approaches developed to tune the structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in order to produce complex heterostructures in a continuous and reproducible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Trunschke A. Prospects and challenges for autonomous catalyst discovery viewed from an experimental perspective. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autonomous catalysis research requires elaborate integration of operando experiments into automated workflows. Suitable experimental data for analysis by artificial intelligence can be measured more readily according to standard operating procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Trunschke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Koike F, Takayama T. Generation of Concentration Gradients by a Outer-Circumference-Driven On-Chip Mixer. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010068. [PMID: 35056233 PMCID: PMC8777788 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentration control of reagents is an important factor in microfluidic devices for cell cultivation and chemical mixing, but it is difficult to realize owing to the characteristics of microfluidic devices. We developed a microfluidic device that can generate concentration gradients among multiple main chambers. Multiple main chambers are connected in parallel to the body channel via the neck channel. The main chamber is subjected to a volume change through a driving chamber that surrounds the main chamber, and agitation is performed on the basis of the inequality of flow caused by expansion or contraction. The neck channel is connected tangentially to the main chamber. When the main chamber expands or contracts, the flow in the main chamber is unequal, and a net vortex is generated. The liquid moving back and forth in the neck channel gradually absorbs the liquid in the body channel into the main chamber. As the concentration in the main chamber changes depending on the pressure applied to the driving chamber, we generated a concentration gradient by arranging chambers along the pressure gradient. This allowed for us to create an environment with different concentrations on a single microchip, which is expected to improve observation efficiency and save space.
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7
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Dai B, Long Y, Wu J, Huang S, Zhao Y, Zheng L, Tao C, Guo S, Lin F, Fu Y, Zhang D, Zhuang S. Generation of flow and droplets with an ultra-long-range linear concentration gradient. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4390-4400. [PMID: 34704106 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the chemical and biological fields, the creation of concentration gradient microenvironments is an important approach for many applications, such as crystal growth and drug screening. Although many concentration gradient generators have been demonstrated, current generators can hardly produce ultra-long linear concentration gradients. In this paper, we propose a concentration-gradient flow/droplet generator which consists of a microfluidic flow switch, a cavity array for stage-by-stage concentration dilution, and an optional T-junction for droplet formation. The generator can realize an ultra-long continuously-varying concentration gradient along the flow direction. Generation of a 38 mm concentration gradient was demonstrated. The length can be further extended by enlarging the capacity of the cavities and increasing the number of the stages. The concentration gradient showed high linearity in the range of 10% to 90%. Moreover, cyclic generation of a concentration gradient flow and droplets with different concentrations was realized by the generator. In a demonstration of drug screening, the generator was employed to produce paclitaxel in different concentrations. A negative correlation between the 4T1 cell viability and the paclitaxel concentration was observed after the treatment. We envision that the concentration gradient generator will be a promising candidate for various drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Yan Long
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shaoqi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Chunxian Tao
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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8
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Xie Y, Rufo J, Zhong R, Rich J, Li P, Leong KW, Huang TJ. Microfluidic Isolation and Enrichment of Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16220-16240. [PMID: 33252215 PMCID: PMC8164652 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, nanoparticles have increased in implementation to a variety of applications ranging from high-efficiency electronics to targeted drug delivery. Recently, microfluidic techniques have become an important tool to isolate and enrich populations of nanoparticles with uniform properties (e.g., size, shape, charge) due to their precision, versatility, and scalability. However, due to the large number of microfluidic techniques available, it can be challenging to identify the most suitable approach for isolating or enriching a nanoparticle of interest. In this review article, we survey microfluidic methods for nanoparticle isolation and enrichment based on their underlying mechanisms, including acoustofluidics, dielectrophoresis, filtration, deterministic lateral displacement, inertial microfluidics, optofluidics, electrophoresis, and affinity-based methods. We discuss the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of each method. We also provide comparisons with bulk methods, perspectives for future developments and commercialization, and next-generation applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ruoyu Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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9
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Nguyen HV, Kim KY, Nam H, Lee SY, Yu T, Seo TS. Centrifugal microfluidic device for the high-throughput synthesis of Pd@AuPt core-shell nanoparticles to evaluate the performance of hydrogen peroxide generation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3293-3301. [PMID: 32766653 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel high-throughput screening platform using a centrifugal microfluidic device for producing combinatorial tri-metallic catalysts. The centrifugal device was designed to perform 60 reactions under different conditions on a single device. As a model to search for an optimal tri-metallic catalyst, we synthesized a variety of Pd@AuPt nanoparticles (NPs), in which Pd nanocubes served as a core, and Au and Pt atoms formed a shell. The centrifugal microfluidic device was etched on the top and bottom sides, in which two zigzag-shaped microchannels were patterned on the top side, and 60 reaction chambers were fabricated on the bottom side. Through the sophisticated zigzag-shaped microchannels, Pt2+ ion and Pd nanocube solutions were injected into the channel in one shot, and the centrifugal force equally and automatically divided the injected solutions into 60 aliquots during the rotation. By controlling the sophisticated channel dimensions and designing the passive valve structure, the Pt2+ ion, Pd nanocube, and Au3+ solutions were loaded into the reaction chamber in sequential order depending on the programmed rotational direction and speed. Therefore, the ratio of Au to Pt to synthesize Pd@AuPt core-shell NPs was changed from 0.028 : 1 to 12 : 1, and accordingly, the resultant 60 types of Pd@AuPt catalysts presented with different ratios of metal atom compositions. Then, we screened the catalytic activity of the Pd@AuPt NPs for generating H2O2 according to the degree of coating of Au and Pt, and the Pd@AuPt catalyst with the Au/Pt ratio at 0.5 turned out to be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Van Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.
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10
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Yang CG, Cheng L, Ye WQ, Zheng DH, Xu ZR. Preparation of encoded bar-like core-shell microparticles on a microfluidic chip. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Flow rate independent gradient generator and application in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Pan LJ, Tu JW, Ma HT, Yang YJ, Tian ZQ, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Controllable synthesis of nanocrystals in droplet reactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 18:41-56. [PMID: 29098217 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a broad range of nanocrystals have been synthesized in droplet-based microfluidic reactors which provide obvious advantages, such as accurate manipulation, better reproducibility and reliable automation. In this review, we initially introduce general concepts of droplet reactors followed by discussions of their main functional regions including droplet generation, mixing of reactants, reaction controlling, in situ monitoring, and reaction quenching. Subsequently, the enhanced mass and heat transport properties are discussed. Next, we focus on research frontiers including sequential multistep synthesis, intelligent synthesis, reliable scale-up synthesis, and interfacial synthesis. Finally, we end with an outlook on droplet reactors, especially highlighting some aspects such as large-scale production, the integrated process of synthesis and post-synthetic treatments, automated droplet reactors with in situ monitoring and optimizing algorithms, and rapidly developing strategies for interfacial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Chen X, Ren C. A microfluidic chip integrated with droplet generation, pairing, trapping, merging, mixing and releasing. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a microfluidic chip with multiple functions is highly demanded for practical applications, such as chemical analysis, diagnostics, particles synthesis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Carolyn L. Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada N2L 3G1
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14
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Wang X, Liu Z, Pang Y. Concentration gradient generation methods based on microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various concentration gradient generation methods based on microfluidic systems are summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Zhaomiao Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Yan Pang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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15
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A single-cell encapsulation method based on a microfluidic multi-step droplet splitting system. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Passos ML, Pinto PC, Santos JL, Saraiva MLM, Araujo AR. Nanoparticle-based assays in automated flow systems: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:22-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Chen J, Ji X, He Z. High-throughput droplet analysis and multiplex DNA detection in the microfluidic platform equipped with a robust sample-introduction technique. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Lin G, Makarov D, Medina-Sánchez M, Guix M, Baraban L, Cuniberti G, Schmidt OG. Magnetofluidic platform for multidimensional magnetic and optical barcoding of droplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:216-24. [PMID: 25353316 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01160k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a concept of multidimensional magnetic and optical barcoding of droplets based on a magnetofluidic platform. The platform comprises multiple functional areas, such as an encoding area, an encoded droplet pool and a magnetic decoding area with integrated giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors. To prove this concept, penicillin functionalized with fluorescent dyes is coencapsulated with magnetic nanoparticles into droplets. While fluorescent dyes are used as conventional optical barcodes which are decoded with an optical decoding setup, an additional dimensionality of barcodes is created by using magnetic nanoparticles as magnetic barcodes for individual droplets and integrated micro-patterned GMR sensors as the corresponding magnetic decoding devices. The strategy of incorporating a magnetic encoding scheme provides a dynamic range of ~40 dB in addition to that of the optical method. When combined with magnetic barcodes, the encoding capacity can be increased by more than 1 order of magnitude compared with using only optical barcodes, that is, the magnetic platform provides more than 10 unique magnetic codes in addition to each optical barcode. Besides being a unique magnetic functional element for droplet microfluidics, the platform is capable of on-demand facile magnetic encoding and real-time decoding of droplets which paves the way for the development of novel non-optical encoding schemes for highly multiplexed droplet-based biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
A microfluidic design for generating concentration gradients in nanoliter droplets using on-chip peristaltic pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Thakur
- Birck Nanotechnoloy Center
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | | | - Steve Wereley
- Birck Nanotechnoloy Center
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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20
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Pandoli O, Del Rosso T, Aucélio RQ, Massi A, Xiang C, Hysing SR. Novel Compact Mesh Structure Micromixer with Multiple Outlets for Generation of Concentration Gradients. J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-13-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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