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Sessi V, Ibarlucea B, Seichepine F, Klinghammer S, Ibrahim I, Heinzig A, Szabo N, Mikolajick T, Hierlemann A, Frey U, Weber WM, Baraban L, Cuniberti G. Multisite Dopamine Sensing With Femtomolar Resolution Using a CMOS Enabled Aptasensor Chip. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:875656. [PMID: 35720700 PMCID: PMC9204155 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.875656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biomarkers including neurotransmitters are found in external body fluids, such as sweat or saliva, but at lower titration levels than they are present in blood. Efficient detection of such biomarkers thus requires, on the one hand, to use techniques offering high sensitivity, and, on the other hand, to use a miniaturized format to carry out diagnostics in a minimally invasive way. Here, we present the hybrid integration of bottom-up silicon-nanowire Schottky-junction FETs (SiNW SJ-FETs) with complementary-metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) readout and amplification electronics to establish a robust biosensing platform with 32 × 32 aptasensor measurement sites at a 100 μm pitch. The applied hetero-junctions yield a selective biomolecular detection down to femtomolar concentrations. Selective and multi-site detection of dopamine is demonstrated at an outstanding sensitivity of ∼1 V/fM. The integrated platform offers great potential for detecting biomarkers at high dilution levels and could be applied, for example, to diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases or monitoring therapy progress based on patient samples, such as tear liquid, saliva, or eccrine sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Sessi
- Institute of Semiconductor and Microsystems, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Bergoi Ibarlucea,
| | - Florent Seichepine
- RIKEN Quantitative Biological Center, Kobe, Japan
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Klinghammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Imad Ibrahim
- Institute of Semiconductor and Microsystems, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - André Heinzig
- Institute of Semiconductor and Microsystems, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Mikolajick
- Institute of Semiconductor and Microsystems, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- NaMLab gGmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- RIKEN Quantitative Biological Center, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter M. Weber
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- NaMLab gGmbH, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Walter Weber,
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Larysa Baraban,
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Gianaurelio Cuniberti,
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Basak M, Mitra S, Agnihotri SK, Jain A, Vyas A, Bhatt MLB, Sachan R, Sachdev M, Nemade HB, Bandyopadhyay D. Noninvasive Point-of-Care Nanobiosensing of Cervical Cancer as an Auxiliary to Pap-Smear Test. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5378-5390. [PMID: 35007017 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potential cancer antigen (Ag), protein-phosphatase-1-gamma-2 (PP1γ2), with a restricted expression in testis and sperms has been identified as a biomarker specific to cervical cancer (CaCx). Detection of this cancer biomarker antigen (NCB-Ag) in human urine opens up the possibility of noninvasive detection of CaCx to supplement the dreaded and invasive Pap-smear test. A colorimetric response of an assembly of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) has been employed for the quantitative, noninvasive, and point-of-care-testing of CaCx in the urine. In order to fabricate the immunosensor, Au NPs of sizes ∼5-20 nm have been chemically modified with a linker, 3,3'-di-thio-di-propionic-acid-di(n-hydroxy-succinimide-ester) (DTSP) to attach the antibody (Ab) specific to the NCB-Ag. Interestingly, the addition of Ag to the composite of Ab-DTSP-Au NPs leads to a significant hypsochromic shift due to a localized surface plasmon resonance phenomenon, which originates from the specific epitope-paratope interaction between the NCB-Ag and Ab-DTSP-Au NPs. The variations in the absorbance and wavelength shift during such attachments of different concentrations of NCB-Ag on the Ab-DTSP-Au NPs composite have been employed as a calibration to identify NCB-Ag in human urine. An in-house prototype has been assembled by integrating a light-emitting diode of a narrow range wavelength in one side of a cuvette in which the reaction has been performed while a sensitive photodetector to the other side to transduce the transmitted signal associated with the loading of NCB-Ag in the Ab-DTSP-Au NPs composite. The proposed immunosensing platform has been tested against other standard proteins to ensure noninterference alongside proving the proof-for-specificity of the NCB detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Basak
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Shirsendu Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Agnihotri
- Endocrinology, Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Ankita Jain
- Endocrinology, Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Akanksha Vyas
- Endocrinology, Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | | | - Rekha Sachan
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 003, India
| | - Monika Sachdev
- Endocrinology, Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Harshal B Nemade
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Chang SM, Palanisamy S, Wu TH, Chen CY, Cheng KH, Lee CY, Yuan SSF, Wang YM. Utilization of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors for the detection of a cardiac biomarker, cardiac troponin I and their applications involving animal models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22027. [PMID: 33328513 PMCID: PMC7745037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study develops an ultrasensitive electrical device, the silicon nanowire-field effect transistor (SiNW-FET) for detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in obesity induced myocardial injury. The biosensor device utilizes metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) compatible top-down methodology for the fabrication process. After fabrication, the surface of the SiNW is modified with the cTnI monoclonal antibody (Mab-cTnI) upon covalent immobilization to capture cTnI antigen. The sensitivity of the device is also examined using cTnI at different concentrations with the lowest detection limit of 0.016 ng/mL. The electrocardiogram (ECG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and superior vena cave (SVC) provide more information about cardiac responses in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Further, magnetic resonance imaging helps to evaluate the cardiac output of an obesity induced myocardial injury mouse model. These methods play an essential role in monitoring the obesity based cardiac injury and hence, these studies were carried out. This is the first report to use the ECG, MRI, and SVC sampling methods to study the obesity based cardiac injury involving Syrian hamsters as animal models. The proposed SiNW-FET in this study shows greater sensitivity than the previously developed devices and demonstrates great potential for future applications in point-of-care (POC) diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Mein Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sathyadevi Palanisamy
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Ho Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Surgical Critical Care, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 813, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Imaging, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Yi Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. .,Faculty and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan, ROC.
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Forouhi S, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Applications of CMOS Devices for the Diagnosis and Control of Infectious Diseases. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E1003. [PMID: 33202888 PMCID: PMC7698050 DOI: 10.3390/mi11111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in recent years have threatened the health and security of the global community as one of the greatest factors of mortality in the world. Accurate and immediate diagnosis of infectious agents and symptoms is a key to control the outbreak of these diseases. Rapid advances in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology offers great advantages like high accuracy, high throughput and rapid measurements in biomedical research and disease diagnosis. These features as well as low cost, low power and scalability of CMOS technology can pave the way for the development of powerful devices such as point-of-care (PoC) systems, lab-on-chip (LoC) platforms and symptom screening devices for accurate and timely diagnosis of infectious diseases. This paper is an overview of different CMOS-based devices such as optical, electrochemical, magnetic and mechanical sensors developed by researchers to mitigate the problems associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Forouhi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
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Baraban L, Ibarlucea B, Baek E, Cuniberti G. Hybrid Silicon Nanowire Devices and Their Functional Diversity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900522. [PMID: 31406669 PMCID: PMC6685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the pool of nanostructured materials, silicon nanostructures are known as conventionally used building blocks of commercially available electronic devices. Their application areas span from miniaturized elements of devices and circuits to ultrasensitive biosensors for diagnostics. In this Review, the current trends in the developments of silicon nanowire-based devices are summarized, and their functionalities, novel architectures, and applications are discussed from the point of view of analog electronics, arisen from the ability of (bio)chemical gating of the carrier channel. Hybrid nanowire-based devices are introduced and described as systems decorated by, e.g., organic complexes (biomolecules, polymers, and organic films), aimed to substantially extend their functionality, compared to traditional systems. Their functional diversity is explored considering their architecture as well as areas of their applications, outlining several groups of devices that benefit from the coatings. The first group is the biosensors that are able to represent label-free assays thanks to the attached biological receptors. The second group is represented by devices for optoelectronics that acquire higher optical sensitivity or efficiency due to the specific photosensitive decoration of the nanowires. Finally, the so-called new bioinspired neuromorphic devices are shown, which are aimed to mimic the functions of the biological cells, e.g., neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Baraban
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Eunhye Baek
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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6
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Hong L, Li H, Yang H, Sengupta K. Nano-plasmonics and electronics co-integration in CMOS enabling a pill-sized multiplexed fluorescence microarray system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5735-5758. [PMID: 30460159 PMCID: PMC6238921 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-miniaturization of massively multiplexed fluorescence-based bio-molecular sensing systems for proteins and nucleic acids into a chip-scale form, small enough to fit inside a pill (∼ 0.1cm3), can revolutionize sensing modalities in-vitro and in-vivo. Prior miniaturization techniques have been limited to focusing on traditional optical components (multiple filter sets, lenses, photo-detectors, etc.) arranged in new packaging systems. Here, we report a method that eliminates all external optics and miniaturizes an entire multiplexed fluorescence system into a 2 × 1 mm2 chip through co-integration for the first time of massively scalable nano-plasmonic multi-functional optical elements and electronic processing circuitry realized in an industry standard complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) foundry process with absolutely 'no change' in fabrication or processing. The implemented nano-waveguide based filters operating in the visible and near-IR realized with the embedded sub-wavelength multi-layer copper-based electronic interconnects inside the chip show for the first time a sub-wavelength surface plasmon polariton mode inside CMOS. This is the principle behind the angle-insensitive nature of the filtering that operates in the presence of uncollimated and scattering environments, enabling the first optics-free 96-sensor CMOS fluorescence sensing system. The chip demonstrates the surface sensitivity of zeptomoles of quantum dot-based labels, and volume sensitivities of ∼ 100 fM for nucleic acids and ∼ 5 pM for proteins that are comparable to, if not better, than commercial fluorescence readers. The ability to integrate multi-functional nano-optical structures in a commercial CMOS process, along with all the complex electronics, can have a transformative impact and enable a new class of miniaturized and scalable chip-sized optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering. Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Haw Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering. Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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Sposito AJ, Kurdekar A, Zhao J, Hewlett I. Application of nanotechnology in biosensors for enhancing pathogen detection. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29528198 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection and identification of pathogenic microorganisms is fundamental to minimizing the spread of infectious disease, and informing clinicians on patient treatment strategies. This need has led to the development of enhanced biosensors that utilize state of the art nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and represent the next generation of diagnostics. A primer on nanoscale biorecognition elements such as, nucleic acids, antibodies, and their synthetic analogs (molecular imprinted polymers), will be presented first. Next the application of various nanotechnologies for biosensor transduction will be discussed, along with the inherent nanoscale phenomenon that leads to their improved performance and capabilities in biosensor systems. A future outlook on characterization and quality assurance, nanotoxicity, and nanomaterial integration into lab-on-a-chip systems will provide the closing thoughts. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Sposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Aditya Kurdekar
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, India
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Lee JK, Wang IS, Huang CH, Chen YF, Huang NT, Lin CT. Pre-Clinical Tests of an Integrated CMOS Biomolecular Sensor for Cardiac Diseases Diagnosis. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122733. [PMID: 29186872 PMCID: PMC5751442 DOI: 10.3390/s17122733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease and its related complications pose great threats to human health. In this work, we aim to clinically evaluate a CMOS field-effect biomolecular sensor for cardiac biomarkers, cardiac-specific troponin-I (cTnI), N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The CMOS biosensor is implemented via a standard commercialized 0.35 μm CMOS process. To validate the sensing characteristics, in buffer conditions, the developed CMOS biosensor has identified the detection limits of IL-6, cTnI, and NT-proBNP as being 45 pM, 32 pM, and 32 pM, respectively. In clinical serum conditions, furthermore, the developed CMOS biosensor performs a good correlation with an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) obtained from a hospital central laboratory. Based on this work, the CMOS field-effect biosensor poses good potential for accomplishing the needs of a point-of-care testing (POCT) system for heart disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Kuang Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Telehealth Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - I-Shun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hsien Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Yih-Fan Chen
- Insisute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Nien-Tsu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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A Multipurpose CMOS Platform for Nanosensing. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122034. [PMID: 27916911 PMCID: PMC5191015 DOI: 10.3390/s16122034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a customizable sensing system based on functionalized nanowires (NWs) assembled onto complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The Micro-for-Nano (M4N) chip integrates on top of the electronics an array of aluminum microelectrodes covered with gold by means of a customized electroless plating process. The NW assembly process is driven by an array of on-chip dielectrophoresis (DEP) generators, enabling a custom layout of different nanosensors on the same microelectrode array. The electrical properties of each assembled NW are singularly sensed through an in situ CMOS read-out circuit (ROC) that guarantees a low noise and reliable measurement. The M4N chip is directly connected to an external microcontroller for configuration and data processing. The processed data are then redirected to a workstation for real-time data visualization and storage during sensing experiments. As proof of concept, ZnO nanowires have been integrated onto the M4N chip to validate the approach that enables different kind of sensing experiments. The device has been then irradiated by an external UV source with adjustable power to measure the ZnO sensitivity to UV-light exposure. A maximum variation of about 80% of the ZnO-NW resistance has been detected by the M4N system when the assembled 5 μ m × 500 nm single ZnO-NW is exposed to an estimated incident radiant UV-light flux in the range of 1 nW-229 nW. The performed experiments prove the efficiency of the platform conceived for exploiting any kind of material that can change its capacitance and/or resistance due to an external stimulus.
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Lei KM, Mak PI, Law MK, Martins RP. CMOS biosensors for in vitro diagnosis - transducing mechanisms and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3664-3681. [PMID: 27713991 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology enables low-cost and large-scale integration of transistors and physical sensing materials on tiny chips (e.g., <1 cm2), seamlessly combining the two key functions of biosensors: transducing and signal processing. Recent CMOS biosensors unified different transducing mechanisms (impedance, fluorescence, and nuclear spin) and readout electronics have demonstrated competitive sensitivity for in vitro diagnosis, such as detection of DNA (down to 10 aM), protein (down to 10 fM), or bacteria/cells (single cell). Herein, we detail the recent advances in CMOS biosensors, centering on their key principles, requisites, and applications. Together, these may contribute to the advancement of our healthcare system, which should be decentralized by broadly utilizing point-of-care diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Meng Lei
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, China. and Faculty of Science and Technology, Dept. of ECE, University of Macau, China
| | - Pui-In Mak
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, China. and Faculty of Science and Technology, Dept. of ECE, University of Macau, China
| | - Man-Kay Law
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, China.
| | - Rui P Martins
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, China. and Faculty of Science and Technology, Dept. of ECE, University of Macau, China and On leave from Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Kuan DH, Wang IS, Lin JR, Yang CH, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CT, Huang NT. A microfluidic device integrating dual CMOS polysilicon nanowire sensors for on-chip whole blood processing and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3105-13. [PMID: 27314254 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00410e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The hemoglobin-A1c test, measuring the ratio of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to hemoglobin (Hb) levels, has been a standard assay in diabetes diagnosis that removes the day-to-day glucose level variation. Currently, the HbA1c test is restricted to hospitals and central laboratories due to the laborious, time-consuming whole blood processing and bulky instruments. In this paper, we have developed a microfluidic device integrating dual CMOS polysilicon nanowire sensors (MINS) for on-chip whole blood processing and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. The micromachined polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic device consisted of a serpentine microchannel with multiple dam structures designed for non-lysed cells or debris trapping, uniform plasma/buffer mixing and dilution. The CMOS-fabricated polysilicon nanowire sensors integrated with the microfluidic device were designed for the simultaneous, label-free electrical detection of multiple analytes. Our study first measured the Hb and HbA1c levels in 11 clinical samples via these nanowire sensors. The results were compared with those of standard Hb and HbA1c measurement methods (Hb: the sodium lauryl sulfate hemoglobin detection method; HbA1c: cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography) and showed comparable outcomes. Finally, we successfully demonstrated the efficacy of the MINS device's on-chip whole blood processing followed by simultaneous Hb and HbA1c measurement in a clinical sample. Compared to current Hb and HbA1c sensing instruments, the MINS platform is compact and can simultaneously detect two analytes with only 5 μL of whole blood, which corresponds to a 300-fold blood volume reduction. The total assay time, including the in situ sample processing and analyte detection, was just 30 minutes. Based on its on-chip whole blood processing and simultaneous multiple analyte detection functionalities with a lower sample volume requirement and shorter process time, the MINS device can be effectively applied to real-time diabetes diagnostics and monitoring in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Han Kuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - I-Shun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Rue Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Graduate Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tsu Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Derkus B. Applying the miniaturization technologies for biosensor design. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:901-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Kim K, Park C, Kwon D, Kim D, Meyyappan M, Jeon S, Lee JS. Silicon nanowire biosensors for detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with high sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:695-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Controllable electrical and physical breakdown of poly-crystalline silicon nanowires by thermally assisted electromigration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19314. [PMID: 26782708 PMCID: PMC4726027 DOI: 10.1038/srep19314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si) in semiconductor manufacturing is rapidly increasing due to its highly controllable conductivity and excellent, uniform deposition quality. With the continuing miniaturization of electronic components, low dimensional structures such as 1-dimensional nanowires (NWs) have attracted a great deal of attention. But such components have a much higher current density than 2- or 3- dimensional films, and high current can degrade device lifetime and lead to breakdown problems. Here, we report on the electrical and thermal characteristics of poly-Si NWs, which can also be used to control electrical and physical breakdown under high current density. This work reports a controllable catastrophic change of poly-Si NWs by thermally-assisted electromigration and underlying mechanisms. It also reports the direct and real time observation of these catastrophic changes of poly-Si nanowires for the first time, using scanning electron microscopy.
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15
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Livi P, Kwiat M, Shadmani A, Pevzner A, Navarra G, Rothe J, Stettler A, Chen Y, Patolsky F, Hierlemann A. Monolithic integration of a silicon nanowire field-effect transistors array on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor chip for biochemical sensor applications. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9982-90. [PMID: 26348408 PMCID: PMC5424868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a monolithic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based sensor system comprising an array of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) and the signal-conditioning circuitry on the same chip. The silicon nanowires were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition methods and then transferred to the CMOS chip, where Ti/Pd/Ti contacts had been patterned via e-beam lithography. The on-chip circuitry measures the current flowing through each nanowire FET upon applying a constant source-drain voltage. The analog signal is digitized on chip and then transmitted to a receiving unit. The system has been successfully fabricated and tested by acquiring I-V curves of the bare nanowire-based FETs. Furthermore, the sensing capabilities of the complete system have been demonstrated by recording current changes upon nanowire exposure to solutions of different pHs, as well as by detecting different concentrations of Troponin T biomarkers (cTnT) through antibody-functionalized nanowire FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Livi
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moria Kwiat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Amir Shadmani
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Giulio Navarra
- Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Rothe
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Stettler
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yihui Chen
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Tran DP, Wolfrum B, Stockmann R, Pai JH, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M, Offenhäusser A, Thierry B. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible silicon nanowires-on-a-chip: fabrication and preclinical validation for the detection of a cancer prognostic protein marker in serum. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1662-8. [PMID: 25531273 DOI: 10.1021/ac503374j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An integrated translational biosensing technology based on arrays of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW FETs) is described and has been preclinically validated for the ultrasensitive detection of the cancer biomarker ALCAM in serum. High-quality SiNW arrays have been rationally designed toward their implementation as molecular biosensors. The FET sensing platform has been fabricated using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible process. Reliable and reproducible electrical performance has been demonstrated via electrical characterization using a custom-designed portable readout device. Using this platform, the cancer prognostic marker ALCAM could be detected in serum with a detection limit of 15.5 pg/mL. Importantly, the detection could be completed in less than 30 min and span a wide dynamic detection range (∼10(5)). The SiNW-on-a-chip biosensing technology paves the way to the translational clinical application of FET in the detection of cancer protein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy P Tran
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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17
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Pei-Wen Y, Che-Wei H, Yu-Jie H, Min-Cheng C, Hsin-Hao L, Shey-Shi L, Chih-Ting L. A device design of an integrated CMOS poly-silicon biosensor-on-chip to enhance performance of biomolecular analytes in serum samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:112-8. [PMID: 24861571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
For on-site clinical diagnosis of biomolecules, the detection performances of most point-of-care (POC) biosensor devices are limited by undesired cross-detection of other non-analyte proteins in patient serum samples and other complex samples. To conquer this obstacle, this work presents a fully integrated bottom-gate poly-silcion nanowire (polySi NW) biosensor system-on-chip (SoC) to enhance the detection performance of cardiac-specific troponin-I (cTnI) concentration levels in serum samples. By applying proper electrical potential at the bottom gate under polySi NW biosensor, the biosensor response to cTnI biomarker can be improved by at least 16 fold in 50% phantom serum samples. The experimental result shows its detection range is from 3.2 × 10(-13)M(mol l(-1)) to 3.2 × 10(-10)M. This enhancement can be attributed to the electrostatic interactions between target biomolecules and voltage-applied bottom gate electrodes. This is the first time that a polySi NW CMOS biosensor chip has shown feasibilities to detect specific biomarkers in serum samples. Therefore, the developed technology paves the way toward on-field applications of CMOS compatible SiNW biosensing technologies and it can be employed for future biomolecular analysis in on-site serum diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Pei-Wen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang Che-Wei
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang Yu-Jie
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Min-Cheng
- National Nano Device Laboratory, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Liao Hsin-Hao
- National Chip Implementation Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu Shey-Shi
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lin Chih-Ting
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Shen SH, Cheng H, Kao TY, Chen MJ, Lin CT. Silicon-based Multi-nanowire Biosensor with High-k Dielectric and Stacked Oxide Sensing Membrane for Cardiac Troponin I Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Lin HH, Wang IS, Yen PW, Cheng H, Tsai HH, Liao HH, Lu SJ, Chou FC, Lin CT. A CMOS Based Polysilicon Nanowire Biosensor Platform for Different Biological Targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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