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Rady GS, El Deeb MA, Sarg MTM, Taher AT, Helwa AA. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel morpholinopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives as dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:733-752. [PMID: 38389871 PMCID: PMC10880895 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel morpholinopyrimidine-5-carbonitriles were designed and synthesized as dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors and apoptosis inducers. The integration of a heterocycle at position 2, with or without spacers, of the new key intermediate 2-hydrazinyl-6-morpholinopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (5) yielded compounds 6-10, 11a-c and 12a-h. The National Cancer Institute (USA) tested all compounds for antiproliferative activity. Schiff bases, 12a-h analogs, were the most active ones. The most promising compounds 12b and 12d exhibited excellent antitumor activity against the leukemia SR cell line, which is the most sensitive cell line, with IC50 0.10 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.01 μM, respectively, along with significant effects on PI3Kα/PI3Kβ/PI3Kδ with IC50 values of 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.76 ± 0.04 μM, respectively, for 12b and 1.27 ± 0.07, 3.20 ± 0.16 and 1.98 ± 0.11, respectively, for 12d compared to LY294002. Compared to Afinitor, these compounds inhibited mTOR with IC50 values of 0.83 ± 0.05 and 2.85 ± 0.17 μM, respectively. Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) double labeling showed that compounds 12b and 12d promote cytotoxic leukemia SR apoptosis. Compounds 12b and 12d also caused a G2/M cell cycle arrest in the leukaemia SR cell line. The findings of this study indicate that the highest effect was observed for 12b, which was supported by western blot and docking analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S Rady
- Directorate of Health Affairs in Giza, Ministry of Health Egypt
| | - Moshira A El Deeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt
| | - Marwa T M Sarg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt
| | - Azza T Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U) 6th of October city Giza 12585 Egypt
| | - Amira A Helwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) Al-Motamayez District, P.O. Box: 77, 6th of October city Giza Egypt
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Zhu J, Jiang Y, Jia L, Xu L, Cai Y, Chen Y, Zhu N, Li H, Jin J. A multi-conformational virtual screening approach based on machine learning targeting PI3Kγ. Mol Divers 2021; 25:1271-1282. [PMID: 34160714 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more attention has been attracted to develop selective PI3Kγ inhibitors, but the unique structural features of PI3Kγ protein make it a very big challenge. In the present study, a virtual screening strategy based on machine learning with multiple PI3Kγ protein structures was developed to screen novel PI3Kγ inhibitors. First, six mainstream docking programs were chosen to evaluate their scoring power and screening power; CDOCKER and Glide show satisfactory reliability and accuracy against the PI3Kγ system. Next, virtual screening integrating multiple PI3Kγ protein structures was demonstrated to significantly improve the screening enrichment rate comparing to that with an individual protein structure. Last, a multi-conformational Naïve Bayesian Classification model with the optimal docking programs was constructed, and it performed a true capability in the screening of PI3Kγ inhibitors. Taken together, the current study could provide some guidance for the docking-based virtual screening to discover novel PI3Kγ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingmin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhu J, Jia L, Jiang Y, Yu Q, Xu L, Cai Y, Chen Y, Li H, Gang H, Liang W, Jin J. Integrated molecular modeling techniques to reveal selective mechanisms of inhibitors to PI3Kδ with marketed Idelalisib. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:1158-1169. [PMID: 33657663 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) is important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and the diverse physiological roles of different PI3K isoforms have highlighted the significance of the development of PI3Kδ inhibitors. A large number of PI3Kδ inhibitors have been reported after the FDA approval of Idelalisib, but the clinical use of Idelalisib was limited because of its serious side effects. Therefore, great efforts have been made on the development of PI3Kδ inhibitors with higher selectivity and lower toxicity, but there is no new PI3Kδ inhibitor coming into the market so far. Even so, as the first listed PI3K inhibitor, Idelalisib could be used as an effective tool to investigate the selective inhibition mechanism of PI3Kδ. Thus, in this study, a modeling strategy integrated 3D-QSAR, pharmacophore model, and molecular dynamics simulation was employed to reveal the key chemical characteristics of Idelalisib analogs and the binding pattern between the inhibitors and PI3Kδ. First, the CoMFA model with high statistical significance was built to reveal the general structure-activity relationships. And then, a reliable pharmacophore model with a robust discrimination capability was constructed to expound the main chemical characteristics of the PI3Kδ inhibitors. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to explore the binding modes and some key residues refer to δ-selective binding were highlighted with binding-free energy calculation. In summary, these models and results would provide some effective help for the discovery or the rational design of novel PI3Kδ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lei Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingmin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huang Gang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Zhu J, Li K, Yu L, Chen Y, Cai Y, Jin J, Hou T. Targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ): Discovery and development of its selective inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1599-1621. [PMID: 33300614 DOI: 10.1002/med.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) has been regarded as a promising drug target for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the high level of structural conservation among the members of the PI3K family and the diverse physiological roles of Class I PI3K isoforms (α, β, δ, and γ) highlight the importance of isoform selectivity in the development of PI3Kγ inhibitors. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural features of PI3Kγ that influence γ-isoform selectivity and discuss the structure-selectivity-activity relationship of existing clinical PI3Kγ inhibitors. Additionally, we summarize the experimental and computational techniques utilized to identify PI3Kγ inhibitors. The insights gained so far could be used to overcome the main challenges in development and accelerate the discovery of PI3Kγ-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Inspection and Testing Certification, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhu J, Wu Y, Xu L, Jin J. Theoretical Studies on the Selectivity Mechanisms of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK3β) with Pyrazine ATP-competitive Inhibitors by 3DQSAR, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Free Energy Calculations. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2020; 16:17-30. [PMID: 31284868 PMCID: PMC6967214 DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666190708102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is associated with various key biological processes and has been considered as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of many diseases. Great efforts have been made on the development of GSK3 inhibitors, especially ATP-competitive GSK3β inhibitor, but it is still a great challenge to develop selective GSK3β inhibitors because of the high sequence homology with other kinases. Objective In order to reveal the selectivity mechanisms of GSK3β inhibition at the molecular level, a series of ATP-competitive GSK3β inhibitor was analyzed by a systematic computational method, combining 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations and free energy calculations. Methods Firstly, 3D-QSAR with CoMFA was built to explore the general structure activity relationships. Secondly, CDOCKER and Flexible docking were employed to predicted the reasonable docking poses of all studied inhibitors. And then, both GSK3β and CDK2 complexes were selected to conduct molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the free energy calculations were employed to find the key selective-residues. Results CoMFA model suggested the steric, hydrophobic fields play key roles in the bioactivities of inhibitors, and the binding mechanisms were well analyzed through molecular docking. The binding free energies predicted are in good agreement with the experimental bioactivities and the free energy calculations showed that the binding of GSK3β/inhibitors was mainly contributed from hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Conclusion Some key residues for selective binding were highlighted, which may afford important guidance for the rational design of novel ATP-competitive GSK3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuanqing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Zhu J, Zhang H, Yu L, Sun H, Chen Y, Cai Y, Li H, Jin J. Computational investigation of the selectivity mechanisms of PI3Kδ inhibition with marketed idelalisib: combined molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculation. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhu J, Ke K, Xu L, Jin J. Theoretical studies on the selectivity mechanisms of PI3Kδ inhibition with marketed idelalisib and its derivatives by 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2019; 25:242. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li K, Zhu J, Xu L, Jin J. Rational Design of Novel Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Gamma (PI3Kγ) Selective Inhibitors: A Computational Investigation Integrating 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900105. [PMID: 31111650 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) draws an increasing attention due to its link with deadly cancer, chronic inflammation and allergy. But the development of PI3Kγ selective inhibitors is still a challenging endeavor because of the high sequence homology with the other PI3K isoforms. In order to acquire valuable information about the interaction mechanism between potent inhibitors and PI3Kγ, a series of PI3Kγ isoform-selective inhibitors were analyzed by a systematic computational method, combining 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, free energy calculations and decomposition. The general structure-activity relationships were revealed and some key residues relating to selectivity and high activity were highlighted. It provides precious guidance for rational virtual screening, modification and design of selective PI3Kγ inhibitors. Finally, ten novel inhibitors were optimized and P10 showed satisfactory predicted bioactivity, demonstrating the feasibility to develop potent PI3Kγ inhibitors through this computational modeling and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, P. R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
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Shi F, Zhang J, Liu H, Wu L, Jiang H, Wu Q, Liu T, Lou M, Wu H. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor dactolisib elicits anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 9:706-717. [PMID: 29416647 PMCID: PMC5787502 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are among the most malignant of all human tumors and have poor prognosis. The current standard of care (SOC) includes maximal surgical tumor resection followed by adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) and concomitant radiotherapy (RT). However, even with this treatment, the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%, and thus, follow-up treatment is required to improve efficacy. In GBMs as well as many other solid cancers, PI3K/mTOR signaling is overactivated. Therefore, multiple tumor-based PI3K inhibitors have been studied in various cancers. In the current study, we investigated the effect of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor dactolisib on TMZ+RT treatment in three human GBM cell lines and a orthotopic xenograft model. Dactolisib alone induced cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects, which act as antitumor factors. Combined with SOC treatment, dactolisib inhibited cell viability, induced enhanced pro-apoptotic effect, and attenuated migration/invasion in all three cell lines, thereby enhancing the SOC therapeutic effect. Protein microarray analysis showed that A172 cells treated with TMZ+RT+dactolisib had higher p27 and lower Bcl-2 expression than other groups. Moreover, in the xenograft model, oral dactolisib combined with TMZ+RT inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival. Thus, SOC combined with dactolisib shows potent anti-tumor activity and has promising potential for solid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi Third People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, China
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Meiqing Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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Shi D, Zhou S, Liu X, Zhao C, Liu H, Yao X. Understanding the structural and energetic basis of PD-1 and monoclonal antibodies bound to PD-L1: A molecular modeling perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:576-588. [PMID: 29203283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhibitors blocking the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) can activate the immune response of T cell and eliminate cancer cells. The crystallographic studies have provided structural insights of the interactive interfaces between PD-L1 and its protein ligands. However, the hotspot residues on PD-L1 as well as structural and energetic basis for different protein ligands still need to be further investigated. METHODS Molecular modeling methods including molecular dynamics simulation, per-residue free energy decomposition, virtual alanine scanning mutagenesis and residue-residue contact analysis were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the interactions between PD-L1 and different protein ligands. RESULTS The results of virtual alanine scanning mutagenesis suggest that Y56, Q66, M115, D122, Y123, R125 are the hotspot residues on PD-L1. The residue-residue contact analysis further shows that PD-1 interacts with PD-L1 mainly by F and G strands while monoclonal antibodies like avelumab and BMS-936559 mainly interact with PD-L1 by CDR2 and CDR3 loops of the heavy chain. CONCLUSIONS A structurally similar β-hairpin peptide with 13 or 14 residues was extracted from each protein ligand and these β-hairpin peptides were found tightly binding to the putative hotspot residues on PD-L1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study recognizes the hotspot residues on PD-L1 and uncovers the common structural and energetic basis of different protein ligands binding to PD-L1. These results will be valuable for the design of small molecule or peptide inhibitors targeting on PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
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Shi F, Guo H, Zhang R, Liu H, Wu L, Wu Q, Liu J, Liu T, Zhang Q. The PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances radiosensitization and reduces chemoresistance to temozolomide in GBM cell lines. Neuroscience 2017; 346:298-308. [PMID: 28147244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the most lethal of all human tumors. It is the most frequently occurring malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The current standard of care (SOC) for GBM is initial surgical resection followed by treatment with a combination of temozolomide (TMZ) and ionizing radiation (IR). However, GBM has a dismal prognosis, and survivors have compromised quality of life owing to the adverse effects of radiation. GBM is characterized by overt activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. GDC-0941 is a highly specific PI3K inhibitor with promising anti-tumor activity in human solid tumors. It is being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of breast and non-squamous cell lung cancer. We hypothesized that GDC-0941 may act as an antitumor agent and potentiate the effects of TMZ and IR. In this study, GDC-0941 alone induced cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects. Moreover, combined with the standard GBM therapy (TMZ and IR), it suppressed cell viability, showed enhanced pro-apoptotic effects, augmented autophagy response, and attenuated migratory/invasive capacity in three glioma cell lines. Protein microarray analyses showed that treatment with TMZ+GDC-0941+IR induced higher levels of p53 and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-β) expression in SHG44GBM cells than those induced by other treatments. This was verified in all cell lines by western blot analysis. Furthermore, the combination of TMZ and GDC-0941 with or without IR reduced the levels of p-AKT and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in T98G cells. The results of this study suggest that the combination of TMZ, IR, and GDC-0941 is a promising choice for future treatments of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shi
- Department of Skull Base Surgery Center, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Hongchuan Guo
- Department of Skull Base Surgery Center, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), 6-5-1Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Qiuhang Zhang
- Department of Skull Base Surgery Center, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
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12
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Zhao S, Zhu J, Xu L, Jin J. Theoretical studies on the selective mechanisms of GSK3β and CDK2 by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:846-855. [PMID: 27863047 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which is widely involved in cell signaling and controls a broad number of cellular functions. GSK3 contains α and β isoforms, and GSK3β has received more attention and becomes an attractive drug target for the treatment of several diseases. The binding pocket of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) shares high sequence identity to that of GSK3β, and therefore, the design of highly selective inhibitors toward GSK3β remains a big challenge. In this study, a computational strategy, which combines molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and umbrella sampling simulations, was employed to explore the binding mechanisms of two selective inhibitors to GSK3β and CDK2. The simulation results highlighted the key residues critical for GSK3β selectivity. It was observed that although GSK3β and CDK2 share the conserved ATP-binding pockets, some different residues have significant contributions to protein selectivity. This study provides valuable information for understanding the GSK3β-selective binding mechanisms and the rational design of selective GSK3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 2nd Hospital of Shenzhen (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), ShenZhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Kumar V, Siddiqi MI. Structural insight into inhibition of human Class II PI3K isoforms: homology modeling, binding site characterization, docking and molecular dynamics studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15417d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are family of lipid kinases, involved in cell survival, growth and proliferation. Role of Class II PI3Ks in cancer is emerging and gaining importance for the therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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Tripeptide SQL Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation by Affecting PI3K/Akt Signaling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:254-60. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Zhu J, Wang M, Yu Y, Qi H, Han K, Tang J, Zhang Z, Zeng Y, Cao B, Qiao C, Zhang H, Hou T, Mao X. A novel PI3K inhibitor PIK-C98 displays potent preclinical activity against multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:185-95. [PMID: 25474140 PMCID: PMC4381587 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have demonstrated targeting PI3K pathway is a promising strategy for the treatment of blood cancers. To identify novel PI3K inhibitors, we performed a high throughput virtual screen and identified several novel small molecule compounds, including PIK-C98 (C98). The cell-free enzymatic studies showed that C98 inhibited all class I PI3Ks at nano- or low micromolar concentrations but had no effects on AKT or mTOR activity. Molecular docking analysis revealed that C98 interfered with the ATP-binding pockets of PI3Ks by forming H-bonds and arene-H interactions with specific amino acid residues. The cellular assays demonstrated that C98 specifically inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, but had no effects on other kinases and proteins including IGF-1R, ERK, p38, c-Src, PTEN, and STAT3. Inhibition of PI3K by C98 led to myeloma cell apoptosis. Furthermore, oral administration of C98 delayed tumor growth in two independent human myeloma xenograft models in nude mice but did not show overt toxicity. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed that C98 was well penetrated into myeloma tumors. Therefore, through a high throughput virtual screen we identified a novel PI3K inhibitor that is orally active against multiple myeloma with great potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixin Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kunkun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanying Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Qiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Tang J, Zhu J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Chen G, Zhou X, Qiao C, Hou T, Mao X. A virtual screen identified C96 as a novel inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that displays potent preclinical activity against multiple myeloma in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3836-48. [PMID: 25003534 PMCID: PMC4116524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for multiple myeloma (MM). In the present study, we performed a virtual screen against 800,000 of small molecule compounds by targeting PI3Kγ. C96, one of such compounds, inhibited PI3K activated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), but did not suppress IGF-1R activation. The cell-free assay revealed that C96 preferred to inhibit PI3Kα and δ, but was not active against AKT1, 2, 3 or mTOR. C96 inhibited PI3K activation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Consistent with its inhibition on PI3K/AKT, C96 downregulated the activation of mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, but did not suppress other kinases such as ERK and c-Src. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by C96 led to MM cell apoptosis which was demonstrated by Annexin V staining and activation of the pro-apoptotic signals. Furthermore, C96 displayed potent anti-myeloma activity in a MM xenograft model in nude mice. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg bodyweight almost fully suppressed tumor growth within 16 days, but without gross toxicity. Importantly, AKT activation was suppressed in tumor tissues from C96-treated mice, which was consistent with delayed tumor growth. Thus, we identified a novel PI3K inhibitor with a great potential for MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China;Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinliang Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China;Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou, China
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17
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Li T, Wang G. Computer-aided targeting of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: toxicity reduction and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18856-91. [PMID: 25334061 PMCID: PMC4227251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays an essential role in a wide range of biological functions, including metabolism, macromolecular synthesis, cell growth, proliferation and survival. Its versatility, however, makes it a conspicuous target of many pathogens; and the consequential deregulations of this pathway often lead to complications, such as tumorigenesis, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Molecular targeted therapy, aimed at modulating the deregulated pathway, holds great promise for controlling these diseases, though side effects may be inevitable, given the ubiquity of the pathway in cell functions. Here, we review a variety of factors found to modulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, including gene mutations, certain metabolites, inflammatory factors, chemical toxicants, drugs found to rectify the pathway, as well as viruses that hijack the pathway for their own synthetic purposes. Furthermore, this evidence of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway alteration and related pathogenesis has inspired the exploration of computer-aided targeting of this pathway to optimize therapeutic strategies. Herein, we discuss several possible options, using computer-aided targeting, to reduce the toxicity of molecularly-targeted therapy, including mathematical modeling, to reveal system-level control mechanisms and to confer a low-dosage combination therapy, the potential of PP2A as a therapeutic target, the formulation of parameters to identify patients who would most benefit from specific targeted therapies and molecular dynamics simulations and docking studies to discover drugs that are isoform specific or mutation selective so as to avoid undesired broad inhibitions. We hope this review will stimulate novel ideas for pharmaceutical discovery and deepen our understanding of curability and toxicity by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
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