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Ipe RS, Kumar S, Benny F, Jayan J, Manoharan A, Sudevan ST, George G, Gahtori P, Kim H, Mathew B. A Concise Review of the Recent Structural Explorations of Chromones as MAO-B Inhibitors: Update from 2017 to 2023. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1310. [PMID: 37765118 PMCID: PMC10534638 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a family of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous amines. Multiple neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), are closely correlated with altered biogenic amine concentrations in the brain caused by MAO. Toxic byproducts of this oxidative breakdown, including hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species, and ammonia, can cause oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells. Certain MAO-B blockers have been recognized as effective treatment options for managing neurological conditions, including AD and PD. There is still a pressing need to find potent therapeutic molecules to fight these disorders. However, the focus of neurodegeneration studies has recently increased, and certain compounds are now in clinical trials. Chromones are promising structures for developing therapeutic compounds, especially in neuronal degeneration. This review focuses on the MAO-B inhibitory potential of several synthesized chromones and their structural activity relationships. Concerning the discovery of a novel class of effective chromone-based selective MAO-B-inhibiting agents, this review offers readers a better understanding of the most recent additions to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Susan Ipe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Feba Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Jayalakshmi Jayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Amritha Manoharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Sachitra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Ginson George
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Prashant Gahtori
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
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2
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Benzothiazole and Chromone Derivatives as Potential ATR Kinase Inhibitors and Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144637. [PMID: 35889508 PMCID: PMC9324009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies and the great variety of existing anticancer agents, cancer treatment remains an aggravating and challenging problem. Therefore, the development of novel anticancer drugs with a better therapeutic profile and fewer side effects to combat this persistent disease is still necessary. In this study, we report a novel series of benzothiazole and chromone derivatives that were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity as an inhibitor of ATR kinase, a master regulator of the DDR pathway. The cell viability of a set of 25 compounds was performed using MTT assay in HCT116 and HeLa cell lines, involving 72 h incubation of the compounds at a final concentration of 10 µM. Cells incubated with compounds 2c, 7h and 7l were found to show viability ≤50%, and were taken forward for dose–response studies. Among the tested compounds, three of them (2c, 7h and 7l) showed higher potency, with compound 7l exhibiting the best IC50 values in both the cell lines. Compounds 2c and 7l were found to be equally cytotoxic towards both the cell lines, namely, HCT116 and HeLa, while compound 7h showed better cytotoxicity towards HeLa cell line. For these three compounds, an immunoblot assay was carried out in order to analyze the inhibition of phosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser 317 in HeLa and HCT116 cells. Compound 7h showed inhibition of pChk1 at Ser 317 in HeLa cells at a concentration of 3.995 µM. Further analysis for Chk1 and pChk1 expression was carried out in Hela cells by treatment against all the three compounds at a range of concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 µM, wherein compound 7h showed Chk1 inhibition at 2 and 5 µM, while pChk1 expression was observed for compound 7l at a concentration of 5 µM. To support the results, the binding interactions of the compounds with the ATR kinase domain was studied through molecular docking, wherein compounds 2c, 7h and 7l showed binding interactions similar to those of Torin2, a known mTOR/ATR inhibitor. Further studies on this set of molecules is in progress for their specificity towards the ATR pathway.
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Saini A, Patel R, Gaba S, Singh G, Gupta GD, Monga V. Adenosine receptor antagonists: Recent advances and therapeutic perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113907. [PMID: 34695776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine-based nucleoside expressed nearly in all body tissues. It regulates various body functions by activating four G-protein coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are widely acknowledged as drug targets for treating different neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Although numerous adenosine receptor inhibitors have been developed worldwide, achieving target selectivity is still a big hurdle in drug development. However, the identification of specific radioligands-based affinity assay, fluorescent ligands, and MS-based ligand assay have contributed to the development of selective and potent adenosine ligands. In recent years various small heterocyclic-based molecules have shown some promising results. Istradefylline has been approved for treating Parkinson's in Japan, while preladenant, tozadenant, CVT-6883, MRS-1523, and many more are under different phases of clinical development. The present review is focused on the quest to develop potent and selective adenosine inhibitors from 2013 to early 2021 by various research groups. The review also highlights their biological activity, selectivity, structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and mechanistic studies. A special emphsesis on drug designing strategies has been also given the manuscript. The comprehensive compilation of research work carried out in the field will provide inevitable scope for designing and developing novel adenosine inhibitors with improved selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sobhi Gaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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4
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Nonadditivity in public and inhouse data: implications for drug design. J Cheminform 2021; 13:47. [PMID: 34215341 PMCID: PMC8254291 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-021-00525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous ligand-based drug discovery projects are based on structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, such as Free-Wilson (FW) or matched molecular pair (MMP) analysis. Intrinsically they assume linearity and additivity of substituent contributions. These techniques are challenged by nonadditivity (NA) in protein-ligand binding where the change of two functional groups in one molecule results in much higher or lower activity than expected from the respective single changes. Identifying nonlinear cases and possible underlying explanations is crucial for a drug design project since it might influence which lead to follow. By systematically analyzing all AstraZeneca (AZ) inhouse compound data and publicly available ChEMBL25 bioactivity data, we show significant NA events in almost every second assay among the inhouse and once in every third assay in public data sets. Furthermore, 9.4% of all compounds of the AZ database and 5.1% from public sources display significant additivity shifts indicating important SAR features or fundamental measurement errors. Using NA data in combination with machine learning showed that nonadditive data is challenging to predict and even the addition of nonadditive data into training did not result in an increase in predictivity. Overall, NA analysis should be applied on a regular basis in many areas of computational chemistry and can further improve rational drug design.
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Cheng J, Chen M, Wang S, Liang T, Chen H, Chen CJ, Feng Z, Xie XQ. Binding Characterization of Agonists and Antagonists by MCCS: A Case Study from Adenosine A 2A Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1606-1620. [PMID: 33856784 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the structural basis of ligand recognition of adenosine A2A receptor (AA2AR) will facilitate its rational design and development of small molecules with high affinity and selectivity, as well as optimal therapeutic effects for pain, cancers, drug abuse disorders, etc. In the present work, we applied our reported algorithm, molecular complex characterizing system (MCCS), to characterize the binding features of AA2AR based on its reported 3D structures of protein-ligand complexes. First, we compared the binding score to the reported experimental binding affinities of each compound. Then, we calculated an output example of residue energy contribution using MCCS and compared the results with data obtained from MM/GBSA. The consistency in results indicated that MCCS is a powerful, fast, and accurate method. Sequentially, using a receptor-ligand data set of 57 crystallized structures of AA2ARs, we characterized the binding features of the binding pockets in AA2AR, summarized the key residues that distinguish antagonist from agonist, produced heatmaps of residue energy contribution for clustering various statuses of AA2ARs, explored the selectivity between AA2AR and AA1AR, etc. All the information provided new insights into the protein features of AA2AR and will facilitate its rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States.,Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, China
| | - Maozi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Siyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Tianjian Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, and National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Jespers W, Verdon G, Azuaje J, Majellaro M, Keränen H, García‐Mera X, Congreve M, Deflorian F, de Graaf C, Zhukov A, Doré AS, Mason JS, Åqvist J, Cooke RM, Sotelo E, Gutiérrez‐de‐Terán H. X-Ray Crystallography and Free Energy Calculations Reveal the Binding Mechanism of A 2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16536-16543. [PMID: 32542862 PMCID: PMC7540567 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust protocol based on iterations of free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations, chemical synthesis, biophysical mapping and X-ray crystallography to reveal the binding mode of an antagonist series to the A2A adenosine receptor (AR). Eight A2A AR binding site mutations from biophysical mapping experiments were initially analyzed with sidechain FEP simulations, performed on alternate binding modes. The results distinctively supported one binding mode, which was subsequently used to design new chromone derivatives. Their affinities for the A2A AR were experimentally determined and investigated through a cycle of ligand-FEP calculations, validating the binding orientation of the different chemical substituents proposed. Subsequent X-ray crystallography of the A2A AR with a low and a high affinity chromone derivative confirmed the predicted binding orientation. The new molecules and structures here reported were driven by free energy calculations, and provide new insights on antagonist binding to the A2A AR, an emerging target in immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Jespers
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical CenterBox 596UppsalaSweden
| | - Grégory Verdon
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | - Jhonny Azuaje
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Maria Majellaro
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Henrik Keränen
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical CenterBox 596UppsalaSweden
- Present address: H. Lundbeck A/SOttiliavej 92500ValbyDenmark
| | - Xerardo García‐Mera
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Miles Congreve
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | | | - Chris de Graaf
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | - Andrei Zhukov
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | - Andrew S. Doré
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical CenterBox 596UppsalaSweden
| | - Robert M. Cooke
- Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6DGUK
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez‐de‐Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical CenterBox 596UppsalaSweden
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7
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Jespers W, Verdon G, Azuaje J, Majellaro M, Keränen H, García‐Mera X, Congreve M, Deflorian F, Graaf C, Zhukov A, Doré AS, Mason JS, Åqvist J, Cooke RM, Sotelo E, Gutiérrez‐de‐Terán H. X‐Ray Crystallography and Free Energy Calculations Reveal the Binding Mechanism of A
2A
Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Jespers
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical Center Box 596 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Grégory Verdon
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - Jhonny Azuaje
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Maria Majellaro
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Henrik Keränen
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical Center Box 596 Uppsala Sweden
- Present address: H. Lundbeck A/S Ottiliavej 9 2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Xerardo García‐Mera
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Miles Congreve
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | | | - Chris Graaf
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - Andrei Zhukov
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - Andrew S. Doré
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical Center Box 596 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Robert M. Cooke
- Sosei Heptares Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Departament of Organic ChemistryFaculty of FarmacyUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez‐de‐Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala University, BMC, Biomedical Center Box 596 Uppsala Sweden
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Al-Attraqchi OH, Attimarad M, Venugopala KN, Nair A, Al-Attraqchi NH. Adenosine A2A Receptor as a Potential Drug Target - Current Status and Future Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2716-2740. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by
the endogenous substance adenosine. ARs are classified into 4 subtype receptors, namely, the A1, A2A, A2B and A3
receptors. The wide distribution and expression of the ARs in various body tissues as well as the roles they have
in controlling different functions in the body make them potential drug targets for the treatment of various pathological
conditions, such as cardiac diseases, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, inflammation and glaucoma. Therefore,
in the past decades, there have been extensive investigations of ARs with a high number of agonists and antagonists
identified that can interact with these receptors. This review shall discuss the A2A receptor (A2AAR) subtype
of the ARs. The structure, properties and the recent advances in the therapeutic potential of the receptor are discussed
with an overview of the recent advances in the methods of studying the receptor. Also, molecular modeling
approaches utilized in the design of A2AAR ligands are highlighted with various recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H.A. Al-Attraqchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University-19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Congreve M, Brown GA, Borodovsky A, Lamb ML. Targeting adenosine A2A receptor antagonism for treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:997-1003. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1534825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles Congreve
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited, Steinmetz Building, Cambridge, Granta Park, UK
| | - Giles A. Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited, Steinmetz Building, Cambridge, Granta Park, UK
| | | | - Michelle L. Lamb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Jaiteh M, Zeifman A, Saarinen M, Svenningsson P, Bréa J, Loza MI, Carlsson J. Docking Screens for Dual Inhibitors of Disparate Drug Targets for Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5269-5278. [PMID: 29792714 PMCID: PMC6716773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of multiple biological targets with a single drug can lead to synergistic therapeutic effects and has been demonstrated to be essential for efficient treatment of CNS disorders. However, rational design of compounds that interact with several targets is very challenging. Here, we demonstrate that structure-based virtual screening can guide the discovery of multi-target ligands of unrelated proteins relevant for Parkinson's disease. A library with 5.4 million molecules was docked to crystal structures of the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Twenty-four compounds that were among the highest ranked for both binding sites were evaluated experimentally, resulting in the discovery of four dual-target ligands. The most potent compound was an A2AAR antagonist with nanomolar affinity ( Ki = 19 nM) and inhibited MAO-B with an IC50 of 100 nM. Optimization guided by the predicted binding modes led to the identification of a second potent dual-target scaffold. The two discovered scaffolds were shown to counteract 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neuronal-like SH-SY5Y cells. Structure-based screening can hence be used to identify ligands with specific polypharmacological profiles, providing new avenues for drug development against complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Jaiteh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Alexey Zeifman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Marcus Saarinen
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Karolinska Institute , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Karolinska Institute , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jose Bréa
- USEF Screening Platform-BioFarma Research Group, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases , University of Santiago de Compostela , 15706 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- USEF Screening Platform-BioFarma Research Group, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases , University of Santiago de Compostela , 15706 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
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11
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Christopher JA, Orgován Z, Congreve M, Doré AS, Errey JC, Marshall FH, Mason JS, Okrasa K, Rucktooa P, Serrano-Vega MJ, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Structure-Based Optimization Strategies for G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Allosteric Modulators: A Case Study from Analyses of New Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 (mGlu5) X-ray Structures. J Med Chem 2018; 62:207-222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Christopher
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Miles Congreve
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Andrew S. Doré
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - James C. Errey
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Fiona H. Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Krzysztof Okrasa
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Prakash Rucktooa
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | | | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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12
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Matricon P, Ranganathan A, Warnick E, Gao ZG, Rudling A, Lambertucci C, Marucci G, Ezzati A, Jaiteh M, Dal Ben D, Jacobson KA, Carlsson J. Fragment optimization for GPCRs by molecular dynamics free energy calculations: Probing druggable subpockets of the A 2A adenosine receptor binding site. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6398. [PMID: 28743961 PMCID: PMC5526870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based lead discovery is becoming an increasingly popular strategy for drug discovery. Fragment screening identifies weakly binding compounds that require optimization to become high-affinity leads. As design of leads from fragments is challenging, reliable computational methods to guide optimization would be invaluable. We evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations and the free energy perturbation method (MD/FEP) in fragment optimization for the A2A adenosine receptor, a pharmaceutically relevant G protein-coupled receptor. Optimization of fragments exploring two binding site subpockets was probed by calculating relative binding affinities for 23 adenine derivatives, resulting in strong agreement with experimental data (R2 = 0.78). The predictive power of MD/FEP was significantly better than that of an empirical scoring function. We also demonstrated the potential of the MD/FEP to assess multiple binding modes and to tailor the thermodynamic profile of ligands during optimization. Finally, MD/FEP was applied prospectively to optimize three nonpurine fragments, and predictions for 12 compounds were evaluated experimentally. The direction of the change in binding affinity was correctly predicted in a majority of the cases, and agreement with experiment could be improved with rigorous parameter derivation. The results suggest that MD/FEP will become a powerful tool in structure-driven optimization of fragments to lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Matricon
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anirudh Ranganathan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eugene Warnick
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States
| | - Axel Rudling
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Aitakin Ezzati
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariama Jaiteh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Spyrakis F, Ahmed MH, Bayden AS, Cozzini P, Mozzarelli A, Kellogg GE. The Roles of Water in the Protein Matrix: A Largely Untapped Resource for Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6781-6827. [PMID: 28475332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The value of thoroughly understanding the thermodynamics specific to a drug discovery/design study is well known. Over the past decade, the crucial roles of water molecules in protein structure, function, and dynamics have also become increasingly appreciated. This Perspective explores water in the biological environment by adopting its point of view in such phenomena. The prevailing thermodynamic models of the past, where water was seen largely in terms of an entropic gain after its displacement by a ligand, are now known to be much too simplistic. We adopt a set of terminology that describes water molecules as being "hot" and "cold", which we have defined as being easy and difficult to displace, respectively. The basis of these designations, which involve both enthalpic and entropic water contributions, are explored in several classes of biomolecules and structural motifs. The hallmarks for characterizing water molecules are examined, and computational tools for evaluating water-centric thermodynamics are reviewed. This Perspective's summary features guidelines for exploiting water molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spyrakis
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mostafa H Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
| | - Alexander S Bayden
- CMD Bioscience , 5 Science Park, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Modellistica Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 59/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43121 Parma, Italy.,Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
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14
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Kuhne S, Kooistra AJ, Bosma R, Bortolato A, Wijtmans M, Vischer HF, Mason JS, de Graaf C, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Identification of Ligand Binding Hot Spots of the Histamine H1 Receptor following Structure-Based Fragment Optimization. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9047-9061. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Kuhne
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Kooistra
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reggie Bosma
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bortolato
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark,
Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Maikel Wijtmans
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F. Vischer
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark,
Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam
Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of
Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Jazayeri A, Andrews SP, Marshall FH. Structurally Enabled Discovery of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists. Chem Rev 2016; 117:21-37. [PMID: 27333206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been a revolution in the field of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structural biology. Many years of innovative research from different areas have come together to fuel this significant change in the fortunes of this field, which for many years was characterized by the paucity of high-resolution structures. The determination to succeed has been in part due to the recognized importance of these proteins as drug targets, and although the pharmaceutical industry has been focusing on these receptors, it can be justifiably argued and demonstrated that many of the approved and commercially successful GPCR drugs can be significantly improved to increase efficacy and/or reduce undesired side effects. In addition, many validated targets in this class remain to be drugged. It is widely recognized that application of structure-based drug design approaches can help medicinal chemists a long way toward discovering better drugs. The achievement of structural biologists in providing high-resolution insight is beginning to transform drug discovery efforts, and there are a number of GPCR drugs that have been discovered by use of structural information that are in clinical development. This review aims to highlight the key developments that have brought success to GPCR structure resolution efforts and exemplify the practical application of structural information for the discovery of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists that have potential to treat multiple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jazayeri
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
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16
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Radoux CJ, Olsson TSG, Pitt WR, Groom CR, Blundell TL. Identifying Interactions that Determine Fragment Binding at Protein Hotspots. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4314-25. [PMID: 27043011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Locating a ligand-binding site is an important first step in structure-guided drug discovery, but current methods do little to suggest which interactions within a pocket are the most important for binding. Here we illustrate a method that samples atomic hotspots with simple molecular probes to produce fragment hotspot maps. These maps specifically highlight fragment-binding sites and their corresponding pharmacophores. For ligand-bound structures, they provide an intuitive visual guide within the binding site, directing medicinal chemists where to grow the molecule and alerting them to suboptimal interactions within the original hit. The fragment hotspot map calculation is validated using experimental binding positions of 21 fragments and subsequent lead molecules. The ligands are found in high scoring areas of the fragment hotspot maps, with fragment atoms having a median percentage rank of 97%. Protein kinase B and pantothenate synthetase are examined in detail. In each case, the fragment hotspot maps are able to rationalize a Free-Wilson analysis of SAR data from a fragment-based drug design project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Radoux
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre , 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Tjelvar S G Olsson
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre , 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, United Kingdom.,John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park , Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Will R Pitt
- UCB , 208 Bath Road, Slough, West Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R Groom
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre , 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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17
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Advances in Computational Techniques to Study GPCR–Ligand Recognition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:878-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Cooke RM, Brown AJ, Marshall FH, Mason JS. Structures of G protein-coupled receptors reveal new opportunities for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1355-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Kowalski K, Szczupak Ł, Bernaś T, Czerwieniec R. Luminescent rhenium(I)–chromone bioconjugate: Synthesis, photophysical properties, and confocal luminescence microscopy investigation. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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21
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Kooistra AJ, de Graaf C, Timmerman H. The receptor concept in 3D: from hypothesis and metaphor to GPCR-ligand structures. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1850-61. [PMID: 25103230 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first mentioning of the word "receptor" for the structure with which a bioactive compound should react for obtaining its specific influence on a physiological system goes back to the years around 1900. The receptor concept was adapted from the lock and key theory for the enzyme substrate and blockers interactions. Through the years the concept, in the beginning rather being a metaphor, not a model, was refined and became reality in recent years. Not only the structures of receptors were elucidated, also the receptor machineries were unraveled. Following a brief historical review we will describe how the recent breakthroughs in the experimental determination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crystal structures can be complemented by computational modeling, medicinal chemistry, biochemical, and molecular pharmacological studies to obtain new insights into the molecular determinants of GPCR-ligand binding and activation. We will furthermore discuss how this information can be used for structure-based discovery of novel GPCR ligands that bind specific (allosteric) binding sites with desired effects on GPCR functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Kooistra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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