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Isanta B, Delgado A, Ciudad CJ, Busquets MA, Griera R, Llor N, Noé V. Synthesis and Validation of TRIFAPYs as a Family of Transfection Agents for Therapeutic Oligonucleotides. Biomolecules 2024; 14:390. [PMID: 38672408 PMCID: PMC11048556 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfection agents play a crucial role in facilitating the uptake of nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells offering potential therapeutic solutions for genetic disorders. However, progress in this field needs the development of improved systems that guarantee efficient transfection. Here, we describe the synthesis of a set of chemical delivery agents (TRIFAPYs) containing alkyl chains of different lengths based on the 1,3,5-tris[(4-alkyloxy-1pyridinio)methyl]benzene tribromide structure. Their delivery properties for therapeutic oligonucleotides were evaluated using PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs) as a silencing tool. The binding of liposomes to PPRHs was evaluated by retardation assays in agarose gels. The complexes had a size of 125 nm as determined by DLS, forming well-defined concentrical vesicles as visualized by Cryo-TEM. The prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was used to study the internalization of the nanoparticles by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The mechanism of entrance involved in the cellular uptake was mainly by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cytotoxicity analyses determined the intrinsic toxicity caused by each TRIFAPY and the effect on cell viability upon transfection of a specific PPRH (HpsPr-C) directed against the antiapoptotic target survivin. TRIFAPYs C12-C18 were selected to expand these studies in the breast cancer cell line SKBR-3 opening the usage of TRIFAPYs for both sexes and, in the hCMEC/D3 cell line, as a model for the blood-brain barrier. The mRNA levels of survivin decreased, while apoptosis levels increased upon the transfection of HpsPr-C with these TRIFAPYs in PC-3 cells. Therefore, TRIFAPYs can be considered novel lipid-based vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Isanta
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.I.); (R.G.); (N.L.)
| | - Ana Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlos J. Ciudad
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mª Antònia Busquets
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Griera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.I.); (R.G.); (N.L.)
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Núria Llor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.I.); (R.G.); (N.L.)
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Véronique Noé
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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Kaukulis M, Rucins M, Lacis D, Plotniece A, Sobolev A. Development of Self-Assembling bis-1,4-Dihydropyridines: Detailed Studies of Bromination of Four Methyl Groups and Bromine Nucleophilic Substitution. Molecules 2023; 29:161. [PMID: 38202746 PMCID: PMC10779897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important steps in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) amphiphiles is the bromination of methyl groups in positions 2 and 6 of the entire ring. However, up to now, only N-bromosuccinimide was mainly used for bromination 1,4-DHPs. In this work, the synthesis of bis-1,4-DHP derivatives with ethyl and dodecyl ester groups attached to 1,4-DHP ring at positions 3 and 5 was performed by Hantzsch synthesis. The experimental studies were carried out to find out the best conditions and the agent for the tetra bromination of bis-1,4-DHP methyl groups at positions 2 and 6. Four different brominating agents were screened. The use of pyridinium bromide-perbromide in ethyl acetate was found to be optimal for the bromination of methyl groups. The bromination reaction was followed by the synthesis of cationic pyridine moiety containing amphiphilic bis-1,4-DHP derivatives. By nucleophilic substitution of bromine with various substituted pyridines, 12 new amphiphilic bis-1,4-DHP derivatives were obtained. Evaluation of self-assembling properties of tetracationic bis-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Kaukulis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Davis Lacis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
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Krapivina A, Lacis D, Rucins M, Plotniece M, Pajuste K, Sobolev A, Plotniece A. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Amphiphilic N-Benzyl 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives-Evaluation of Lipid Monolayer and Self-Assembling Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4206. [PMID: 37374390 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes and other nanoparticles have been widely studied as innovative nanomaterials because of their unique properties. Pyridinium salts, on the basis of 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) core, have gained significant attention due to their self-assembling properties and DNA delivery activity. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize original N-benzyl substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines and evaluate the influence on structure modifications on compound physicochemical and self-assembling properties. Studies of monolayers composed of 1,4-DHP amphiphiles revealed that the mean molecular areas values were dependent on the compound structure. Therefore, the introduction of N-benzyl substituent to the 1,4-DHP ring enlarged the mean molecular area by almost half. All nanoparticle samples obtained by ethanol injection method possessed positive surface charge and average diameter of 395-2570 nm. The structure of the cationic head-group affects the size of the formed nanoparticles. The diameter of lipoplexes formed by 1,4-DHP amphiphiles and mRNA at nitrogen/phosphate (N/P) charge ratios of 1, 2, and 5 were in the range of 139-2959 nm and were related to the structure of compound and N/P charge ratio. The preliminary results indicated that more prospective combination are the lipoplexes formed by pyridinium moieties containing N-unsubstituted 1,4-DHP amphiphile 1 and pyridinium or substituted pyridinium moieties containing N-benzyl 1,4-DHP amphiphiles 5a-c at N/P charge ratio of 5, which would be good candidates for potential application in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krapivina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Davis Lacis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Delgado A, Griera R, Llor N, López-Aguilar E, Busquets MA, Noé V, Ciudad CJ. Trioleyl Pyridinium, a Cationic Transfection Agent for the Lipofection of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides into Mammalian Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020420. [PMID: 36839742 PMCID: PMC9960667 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most significant limitations that therapeutic oligonucleotides present is the development of specific and efficient delivery vectors for the internalization of nucleic acids into cells. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new transfection agents that ensure a proper and efficient delivery into mammalian cells. METHODS We describe the synthesis of 1,3,5-tris[(4-oelyl-1-pyridinio)methyl]benzene tribromide (TROPY) and proceeded to the validation of its binding capacity toward oligonucleotides, the internalization of DNA into the cells, the effect on cell viability, apoptosis, and its capability to transfect plasmid DNA. RESULTS The synthesis and chemical characterization of TROPY, which can bind DNA and transfect oligonucleotides into mammalian cells through clathrin and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, are described. Using a PPRH against the antiapoptotic survivin gene as a model, we validated that the complex TROPY-PPRH decreased cell viability in human cancer cells, increased apoptosis, and reduced survivin mRNA and protein levels. TROPY was also able to stably transfect plasmid DNA, as demonstrated by the formation of viable colonies upon the transfection of a dhfr minigene into dhfr-negative cells and the subsequent metabolic selection. CONCLUSIONS TROPY is an efficient transfecting agent that allows the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as PPRHs and plasmid DNA, inside mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Griera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Llor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester López-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Véronique Noé
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos J. Ciudad
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-403-4455
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1,1′-{[3,5-Bis((dodecyloxycarbonyl)-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis(methylene)}bis[4-(anthracen-9-yl)pyridin-1-ium] Dibromide. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of a cationic moiety and fluorescent moieties containing amphiphilic 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives was performed starting with the Hantzsch-type cyclization of dodecyl acetoacetate, phenylaldehyde and ammonium acetate. Bromination of the 2,6-dimethyl groups of a parent 1,4-DHP compound, followed by nucleophilic substitution of bromine with 4-(anthracen-9-yl)pyridine, produced the desired 1,1′-{[3,5-bis((dodecyloxycarbonyl)-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis(methylene)}bis[4-(anthracen-9-yl)pyridin-1-ium] dibromide. The obtained target compound was fully characterized by the IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS data. Studies of the self-assembling properties and characterization of the nanoparticles obtained by the ethanol injection method were performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. DLS measurement data showed that 1,1′-{[3,5-bis((dodecyloxycarbonyl)-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis(methylene)}bis[4-(anthracen-9-yl)pyridin-1-ium] dibromide produced liposomes that had average diameters of 200 nm when the samples were freshly prepared, and 140 nm after 7 days or 1 month storage. The PDI values of the samples were approximately 0.50 and their zeta-potential values were approximately 41 mV when the samples were freshly prepared, and 33 mV after storage. The obtained nanoparticles were stored at room temperature for one month and remained stable during that period. The mean molecular area of the cationic 1,4-DHP-anthracene hybrid 4 was 118 Å2, while the mean molecular area of the cationic 1,4-DHP 5 without anthracene substituents was only 83 Å2. The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) value for the EtOH solution of the 1,4-DHP derivative 4 was 10.8%, but for the 1,4-DHP derivative 5 it was only 1.8%. These types of compounds could be used as synthetic lipids in the further development of prospective theranostic delivery systems.
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Self-Assembling Properties of 3-(3,5-Difluoro-3,5-bis((alkoxy)carbonyl)-2,6-dioxoheptan-4-yl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium Iodides. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of 3-(3,5-difluoro-3,5-bis((alkoxy)carbonyl)-2,6-dioxoheptan-4-yl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodides with ethyl or nonyl ester groups at positions 3 and 5 was performed. Treatment of the corresponding 2’,6’-dimethyl-1’,4’-dihydro-[3,4’-bipyridine]-3’,5’-dicarboxylates with Selectfluor® followed by quaternization of pyridine moiety in the obtained dialkyl 2,4-diacetyl-2,4-difluoro-3-(pyridin-3-yl)pentanedioates with methyl iodide gave the desired 3-(3,5-difluoro-3,5-bis((alkoxy)carbonyl)-2,6-dioxoheptan-4-yl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodides. This type of compound would be useful as synthetic lipids for further development of the delivery systems. The obtained target compounds were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 19F NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS, IR and UV data. The estimation of self-assembling properties and characterization of the nanoparticles obtained by ethanol solution injection in an aqueous media were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. DLS measurement data showed that 3-(3,5-difluoro-3,5-bis((nonyloxy)carbonyl)-2,6-dioxoheptan-4-yl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide created liposomes with the average diameter of 300–400 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) value around 0.30–0.40, while 3-(3,5-difluoro-3,5-bis((ethyloxy)carbonyl)-2,6-dioxoheptan-4-yl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide formed a heterogeneous sample with PDI value 1, which was not prospective for delivery system development.
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1,1′-{[3,5-Bis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis(methylene)}bis{4-[(E)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)vinyl]pyridin-1-ium}dibromide. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of a double-charged cationic amphiphilic 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative with dodecyl ester groups at positions 3 and 5 of the 1,4-DHP ring was performed starting from Hantzsch type cyclization of dodecyl acetoacetate, 2-naphthaldehyde and ammonium acetate. Bromination of this compound followed by nucleophilic substitution of bromine with (E)-4-(2-(naphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)pyridine gave the desired cationic amphiphilic 1,1′-{[3,5-bis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis(methylene)}bis{4-[(E)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)vinyl]pyridin-1-ium}dibromide. The obtained target compound was fully characterized by IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS and microanalysis. The characterization of the cationic 1,4-DHP nanoparticles in an aqueous solution was performed by DLS measurements. The obtained results showed that the compound formed nanoparticles with an average diameter of around 300 nm, a PDI value of around 490 and a zeta-potential of around 20 mV for freshly prepared samples. However, after one week of storage at room temperature, an aggregation of nanoparticles was detected.
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Rucins M, Rodik R, Plotniece A, Pikun N, Plotniece M, Sobolev A, Kalchenko V, Pajuste K. Data for characterisation of nanoformulations formed by cationic 1,4-dihydopyridine and calix[4]arene compositions. Data Brief 2022; 41:107988. [PMID: 35252501 PMCID: PMC8891969 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this data file the characterisation of nanoformulations obtained from calix[4]arene/1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) compositions in the various component ratio in an aqueous medium was performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The hydrodynamic diameters of nanoparticle main population, polydispersity index and stability of nanoformulation were determined. In this article provided data are directly related to the previously published research articles - "Gene delivery agents possessing antiradical activity: Self-assembling cationic amphiphilic 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives" [1], and "Studies of the physicochemical and structural properties of self-assembling cationic pyridine derivatives as gene delivery agents" [2] where was described synthesis, transfection activity of 1,1'-((3,5-bis((dodecyloxy)carbonyl)-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(pyridin-1-ium) dibromide presented in this data file; and with articles "Cationic amphiphilic calixarenes to compact DNA into small nanoparticles for gene delivery" [3] and "Self-aggregation in aqueous solution of amphiphilic cationic calix[4]arenes. Potential use as vectors and nanocarriers" [4] where was described synthesis and ability to condense DNA for also mentioned calix[4]arenes - 5,11,17,23-tetra-(3-methylimidazolium)-methylene-25,26,27,28-etradodecyloxycalix[4]arene tetrachloride, 5,11,17,23-tetra(N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethylammonium)-methylene-25,26,27,28-tetradodecyloxycalix[4]arene tetrachloride and 5,11,17,23-tetra(N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethylammonium)-methylene-25,26,27,28-tetrahexadecyloxycalix[4]arene tetrachloride. Information provided in this data file can be used in medicinal chemistry for development of novel synthetic lipid nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Roman Rodik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska str. 5, Kiev 02660, Ukraine
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Nadiia Pikun
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Mara Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema str. 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Vitaly Kalchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska str. 5, Kiev 02660, Ukraine
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
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Synthesis and Characterisation of 1,1′-{[3,5-Bis(dodecyloxy-carbonyl)-4-(thiophen-3-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis-(methylene)}bis(pyridin-1-ium) Dibromide. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, construction of double-charged cationic amphiphilic 1,1′-{[3,5-bis(dodecyl¬oxy-carbonyl)-4-(thiophen-3-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]bis-(methylene)}bis(pyridin-1-ium) dibromide (7) was performed in four steps. Dodecyl 3-oxobutanoate (1) was condensed with thiophene-3-carbaldehyde (2) which was necessary for Hantzsch cyclisation dodecyl (E/Z)-3-oxo-2-(thiophen-3-ylmethylene)butanoate (3). Two-component Hantzsch type cyclisation of dodecyl (E/Z)-3-aminobut-2-enoate (4) and dodecyl (E/Z)-3-oxo-2-(thiophen-3-ylmethylene)butanoate (3) gave 3,5-bis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(thiophen-3-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine (5). Bromination of compound 5 followed by nucleophilic substitution of bromine with pyridine gave the desired cationic amphiphilic 1,4-dihydropyridine 7. The obtained target compound 7 and new intermediates 3, 5 and 6 were fully characterised by IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS or microanalysis. Characterisation of nanoparticles formed by the cationic 1,4-dihydropyridine 7 in an aqueous solution was performed by DLS measurements.
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Synthesis and validation of DOPY: A new gemini dioleylbispyridinium based amphiphile for nucleic acid transfection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:279-292. [PMID: 34033881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids therapeutics provide a selective and promising alternative to traditional treatments for multiple genetic diseases. A major obstacle is the development of safe and efficient delivery systems. Here, we report the synthesis of the new cationic gemini amphiphile 1,3-bis[(4-oleyl-1-pyridinio)methyl]benzene dibromide (DOPY). Its transfection efficiency was evaluated using PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs), a nucleic acid tool for gene silencing and gene repair developed in our laboratory. The interaction of DOPY with PPRHs was confirmed by gel retardation assays, and it forms complexes of 155 nm. We also demonstrated the prominent internalization of PPRHs using DOPY compared to other chemical vehicles in SH-SY5Y, PC-3 and DF42 cells. Regarding gene silencing, a specific PPRH against the survivin gene delivered with DOPY decreased survivin protein levels and cell viability more effectively than with N-[1-(2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium methylsulfate (DOTAP) in both SH-SY5Y and PC-3 cells. We also validated the applicability of DOPY in gene repair approaches by correcting a point mutation in the endogenous locus of the dhfr gene in DF42 cells using repair-PPRHs. All these results indicate both an efficient entry and release of PPRHs at the intracellular level. Therefore, DOPY can be considered as a new lipid-based vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
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Petrichenko O, Plotniece A, Pajuste K, Rucins M, Dimitrijevs P, Sobolev A, Sprugis E, Cēbers A. Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Amphiphilic 1,4-Dihydropyridines and Preparation of Magnetoliposomes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030593. [PMID: 33673422 PMCID: PMC7996955 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was focused on the estimation of the targeted modification of 1,4-DHP core with (1) different alkyl chain lengths at 3,5-ester moieties of 1,4-DHP (C12, C14 and C16); (2) N-substituent at position 1 of 1,4-DHP (N-H or N-CH3); (3) substituents of pyridinium moieties at positions 2 and 6 of 1,4-DHP (H, 4-CN and 3-Ph); (4) substituent at position 4 of 1,4-DHP (phenyl and napthyl) on physicochemical properties of the entire molecules and on the characteristics of the obtained magnetoliposomes formed by them. It was shown that thermal behavior of the tested 1,4-DHP amphiphiles was related to the alkyl chains length, the elongation of which decreased their transition temperatures. The properties of 1,4-DHP amphiphile monolayers and their polar head areas were determined. The packing parameters of amphiphiles were in the 0.43–0.55 range. It was demonstrated that the structure of 1,4-DHPs affected the physicochemical properties of compounds. “Empty” liposomes and magnetoliposomes were prepared from selected 1,4-DHP amphiphiles. It was shown that the variation of alkyl chains length or the change of substituents at positions 4 of 1,4-DHP did not show a significant influence on properties of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Petrichenko
- Laboratory of Magnetic Soft Materials, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.); (K.P.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, 21 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.); (K.P.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.); (K.P.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Pavels Dimitrijevs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.); (K.P.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, 21 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.); (K.P.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Einars Sprugis
- Laboratory of Chemical Technologies, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Andrejs Cēbers
- Laboratory of Magnetic Soft Materials, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
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Rucins M, Smits R, Sipola A, Vigante B, Domracheva I, Turovska B, Muhamadejev R, Pajuste K, Plotniece M, Sobolev A, Duburs G, Plotniece A. Pleiotropic Properties of Amphiphilic Dihydropyridines, Dihydropyridones, and Aminovinylcarbonyl Compounds. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8413713. [PMID: 33488932 PMCID: PMC7790557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8413713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of synthetic lipids are chosen for studies: (1) 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) containing two cationic moieties and their analogues; (2) 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridones containing a cationic moiety; and (3) acyclic, open-chain analogues, i.e., 2-amino-3-alkoxycarbonylalkylammonium derivatives. 1,4-DHPs possessing dodecyl alkyl chains in the ester groups in positions 3 and 5 and cationic nitrogen-containing groups in positions 2 and 6 have high cytotoxicity in cancer cells HT-1080 (human lung fibrosarcoma) and MH-22A (mouse hepatoma), but low cytotoxicity in the noncancerous NIH3T3 cells (mouse embryonic fibroblast). On the contrary, similar compounds having short (methyl, ethyl, or propoxyethyl) chains in the ester groups in positions 3 and 5 lack cytotoxicity in the cancer cells HT-1080 and MH-22A even at high doses. Inclusion of fluorine atoms in the alkyl chains in positions 3 and 5 of the DHP cycle decreases the cytotoxicity of the mentioned compounds. Structurally related dihydropyridones with a polar head group are substantially more toxic to normal and cancerous cells than the DHP analogues. Open-chain analogues of DHP lipids comprise the same conjugated aminovinylcarbonyl moiety and possess anticancer activity, but they also have high basal cytotoxicity. Electrochemical oxidation data demonstrate that oxidation potentials of selected compounds are in the range of 1.6-1.7 V for cationic 1,4-DHP, 2.0-2.4 V for cationic 3,4-dihydropyridones, and 1.2-1.5 V for 2-amino-3-alkoxycarbonylalkylammonium derivatives. Furthermore, the tested cationic 1,4-DHP amphiphiles possess antiradical activity. Molecular topological polar surface area values for the tested compounds were defined in accordance with the main fragments of compound structures. The determined logP values were highest for dodecyl ester groups in positions 3 and 5 of the 1,4-DHP and lowest for short alkyl chain-containing amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Rufus Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Anda Sipola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Brigita Vigante
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Ilona Domracheva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Baiba Turovska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Ruslan Muhamadejev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Mara Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Gunars Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis of chiral 1,4-dihydropyridines and their fused analogues. 1,4-Dihydropyridines are among the most active calcium antagonists that are used for the treatment of hypertension. Enantiomers of unsymmetrical 1,4-dihydropyridines often show different biological activities and may have even an opposite action profile. Hantzsch synthesis usually produces racemic mixtures of unsymmetrical 1,4-dihydropyridines. Therefore, the development of stereoselective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines is one of the priorities of medicinal chemistry. Over the years, numerous methodologies have been developed for the production of enantiopure 1,4-dihydropyridines, such as stereoselective synthesis using chiral auxiliaries and chiral cyclocondensation partners, chromatographical methods, resolution of diastereomeric 1,4-dihydropyridine salts, enzyme catalysed kinetic resolution, or asymmetrisation of ester groups of 1,4-dihydropyridines. These approaches have been studied in detail and are relatively well established. The catalytic asymmetric approach holds the greatest promise in delivering the most practical and widely applicable methods. Substantial progress has been made toward the development of enantioselective organocatalytic methods for the construction of the chiral dihydropyridines. However, most of them do not provide a convenient way to pharmacologically important 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates. Organocatalytic enantioselective desymmetrisation of prochiral 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehydes also has great promise in the synthesis of pharmacologically important 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates.
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Contribution of Molecular Structure to Self-Assembling and Biological Properties of Bifunctional Lipid-Like 4-( N-Alkylpyridinium)-1,4-Dihydropyridines. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030115. [PMID: 30871041 PMCID: PMC6470589 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of nanoparticle delivery materials possessing biological activities is an attractive strategy for the development of various therapies. In this study, 11 cationic amphiphilic 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives differing in alkyl chain length and propargyl moiety/ties number and position were selected for the study of their self-assembling properties, evaluation of their cytotoxicity in vitro and toxicity on microorganisms, and the characterisation of their interaction with phospholipids. These lipid-like 1,4-DHPs have been earlier proposed as promising nanocarriers for DNA delivery. We have revealed that the mean diameter of freshly prepared nanoparticles varied from 58 to 513 nm, depending upon the 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP structure. Additionally, we have confirmed that only nanoparticles formed by 4-(N-dodecylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives 3 and 6, and by 4-(N-hexadecylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives 10 and 11 were stable after two weeks of storage. The nanoparticles of these compounds were found to be homogenous in size distribution, ranging from 124 to 221 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) values of 1,4-DHPs samples 3, 6, 10, and 11 were in the range of 0.10 to 0.37. We also demonstrated that the nanoparticles formed by 4-(N-dodecylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives 3, 6, and 9, and 4-(N-hexadecylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives 10 and 11 had zeta-potentials from +26.07 mV (compound 6) to +62.80 mV (compound 11), indicating a strongly positive surface charge and confirming the relative electrostatic stability of these nanoparticle solutions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of nanoaggregates formed by 1,4-DHPs 3 and 11 confirmed liposome-like structures with diameters around 70 to 170 nm. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) value interval for 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP was from 7.6 µM (compound 11) to 43.3 µM (compound 6). The tested 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives were able to quench the fluorescence of the binary 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH)—1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) system, demonstrating hydrophobic interactions of 1,4-DHPs with phospholipids. Thus, 4-(N-dodecylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivative 3 quenched the fluorescence of the DPH–DPPC system more efficiently than the other 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives. Likewise the compound 3, also 4-(N-dodecylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivative 9 interacted with the phospholipids. Moreover, we have established that increasing the length of the alkyl chain at the quaternised nitrogen of the 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP molecule or the introduction of propargyl moieties in the 1,4-DHP molecule significantly influences the cytotoxicity on HT-1080 (human fibrosarcoma) and MH-22A (mouse hepatocarcinoma) cell lines, as well as the estimated basal cytotoxicity. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the toxicity of the 4-(N-alkylpyridinium)-1,4-DHP derivatives on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species and eukaryotic microorganism depended on the presence of the alkyl chain length at the N-alkyl pyridinium moiety, as well as the number of propargyl groups. These lipid-like compounds may be proposed for the further development of drug formulations to be used in cancer treatment.
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Apsite G, Timofejeva I, Vezane A, Vigante B, Rucins M, Sobolev A, Plotniece M, Pajuste K, Kozlovska T, Plotniece A. Synthesis and Comparative Evaluation of Novel Cationic Amphiphile C12-Man-Q as an Efficient DNA Delivery Agent In Vitro. Molecules 2018; 23:E1540. [PMID: 29949910 PMCID: PMC6100083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New amphiphilic 1,4-DHP derivative C12-Man-Q with remoted cationic moieties at positions 2 and 6 was synthesised to study DNA delivery activity. The results were compared with data obtained for cationic 1,4-DHP derivative D19, which is known to be the most efficient one among the previously tested 1,4-DHP amphiphiles. We analysed the effects of C12-Man-Q concentration, complexation media, and complex/cell contact time on the gene delivery effectiveness and cell viability. Transmission electron microscopy data confirms that lipoplexes formed by the compound C12-Man-Q were quite uniform, vesicular-like structures with sizes of about 50 nm, and lipoplexes produced by compound D19 were of irregular shapes, varied in size in the range of 25⁻80 nm. Additionally, confocal microscopy results revealed that both amphiphiles effectively delivered green fluorescent protein expression plasmid into BHK-21 cells and produced a fluorescent signal with satisfactory efficiency, although compound C12-Man-Q was more cytotoxic to the BHK-21 cells with an increase of concentration. It can be concluded that optimal conditions for C12-Man-Q lipoplexes delivery in BHK-21 cells were the serum free media without 0.15 M NaCl, at an N/P ratio of 0.9. Compound D19 showed higher transfection efficiency to transfect BHK-21 and Cos-7 cell lines, when transfecting active proliferating cells. Although D19 was not able to transfect all studied cell lines we propose that it could be cell type specific. The compound C12-Man-Q showed modest delivery activity in all used cell lines, and higher activity was obtained in the case of H2-35 and B16 cells. The transfection efficiency in cell lines MCF-7, HeLa, and Huh-7 appears to be comparable to the reference compound D19 and minimal in the HepG2 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunita Apsite
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Irena Timofejeva
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Aleksandra Vezane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Brigita Vigante
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Mara Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
- Rīga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Tatjana Kozlovska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
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Pikun NV, Kolesnyk NP, Rusanov EB, Plotniece A, Rucins M, Sobolev A, Shermolovich YG. Synthesis of fluorinated 2,6-heptanediones and 2-oxa-6- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes from 1,4-dihydropyridines. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muhamadejev R, Petrova M, Smits R, Plotniece A, Pajuste K, Duburs G, Liepinsh E. Study of interactions of mononucleotides with 1,4-dihydropyridine vesicles using NMR and ITC techniques. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00160j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possible binding site of mononucleotides is the phosphate group with important hydrophobic interactions between the mononucleotides and the alkyl chains of DHP derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Muhamadejev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - M. Petrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - R. Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - A. Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - K. Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - G. Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - E. Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
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Khan MM, Saigal S, Khan S, Shareef S, Sahoo SC. Microwave irradiation: a green approach for the synthesis of functionalizedN-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridines. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41892-41903. [PMID: 35558769 PMCID: PMC9091863 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An eco-friendly and cost-effective, microwave-assisted green approach has been developed for the synthesis of diverse functionalized N-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs). This pseudo three-component reaction was carried out between two equivalents of (E)-N-methyl-1-(methylthio)-2-nitroethenamine (NMSM) and one equivalent of aromatic aldehydes under microwave irradiation at 100 °C without catalyst and solvent. Short reaction times, avoidance of toxic solvents or expensive, metallic and corrosive catalysts and no need for column chromatographic purification are among the valuable features of the presented method. Moreover, the “greenness” of the method was evaluated within the ambits of the defined green metrics such as atom economy, carbon efficiency, E-factor, reaction mass efficiency, overall efficiency, process mass intensity and solvent intensity and the method exhibited a good to excellent score. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of N-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridines under eco-friendly conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Musawwer Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | - Saigal Saigal
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | | | - Subash C. Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry
- Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
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Dihydropyridine Derivatives as Cell Growth Modulators In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4069839. [PMID: 28473879 PMCID: PMC5394904 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4069839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of eleven 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives (DHPs) used alone or together with prooxidant anticancer drug doxorubicin were examined on two cancer (HOS, HeLa) and two nonmalignant cell lines (HMEC, L929). Their effects on the cell growth (3H-thymidine incorporation) were compared with their antiradical activities (DPPH assay), using well-known DHP antioxidant diludine as a reference. Thus, tested DHPs belong to three groups: (1) antioxidant diludine; (2) derivatives with pyridinium moieties at position 4 of the 1,4-DHP ring; (3) DHPs containing cationic methylene onium (pyridinium, trialkylammonium) moieties at positions 2 and 6 of the 1,4-DHP ring. Diludine and DHPs of group 3 exerted antiradical activities, unlike compounds of group 2. However, novel DHPs had cell type and concentration dependent effects on 3H-thymidine incorporation, while diludine did not. Hence, IB-32 (group 2) suppressed the growth of HOS and HeLa, enhancing growth of L929 cells, while K-2-11 (group 3) enhanced growth of every cell line tested, even in the presence of doxorubicin. Therefore, growth regulating and antiradical activity principles of novel DHPs should be further studied to find if DHPs of group 2 could selectively suppress cancer growth and if those of group 3 promote wound healing.
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Ionic liquids, metal oxide nanoparticles, and enzymes in synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Formation of magnetoliposomes using self-assembling 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative and maghemite γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Studies of the physicochemical and structural properties of self-assembling cationic pyridine derivatives as gene delivery agents. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:25-37. [PMID: 26272034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New amphiphilic pyridine derivatives containing dodecyloxycarbonyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 and cationic moieties at positions 2 and 6 have been designed and synthesised. Compounds of this type can be considered as synthetic lipids. The corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives have earlier been proposed as a promising tool for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery in vitro. In this work studies of the self-assembling properties of amphiphilic pyridine derivatives leading to the formation of liposomes, determination of particle size, zeta-potential and critical micelle concentration (CMC) with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements are described. Furthermore, thermal analysis of pyridine derivatives was performed using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) as well as the ability to deliver the pEGFP-C1 plasmid DNA (that encodes GFP reporter) into the Baby hamster kidney-derived (BHK-21) cell line was used for evaluation of gene delivery properties. We have revealed that the new pyridine derivatives possessed self-assembling properties which were proved by formation of nanoparticles with the average size from 115 to 743nm, the zeta-potentials in the range of 48-79mV and CMC values in the range of 2-67μM. DTA data showed that all processes were endothermic for all compounds. Additionally, we established that among the tested pyridines the representatives with N-methylpyrrolidinium or pyridinium moieties as cationic head-group at the positions 2 and 6 possessed higher pEGFP-C1 transfection activity into the BHK-21 cell line. Nevertheless, the obtained results indicated that correlation of the physicochemical, structural properties and gene delivery activities of the tested compounds were not completely elucidated yet. On the other hand, the synthesised pyridines as possible metabolites of promising delivery systems on the 1,4-DHP core possessed lower pDNA transfection activity than the corresponding 1,4-DHP amphiphiles.
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