1
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Sicard AJ, Ghaffari B, Gabidullin BM, Ovens JS, Hughes RP, Baker RT. Nickel-Catalyzed Homologation of Vinylidene Difluoride (CH 2═CF 2): Selective β-F vs β-H Elimination. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22713-22721. [PMID: 36469940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) constitute the newest generation of fluorocarbon refrigerants and foam-blowing agents due to their reduced global warming potential vs their saturated analogues. To identify new synthetic routes to HFOs, we show that reactions of bulky Ni(0) phosphine and -NHC complexes with vinylidene difluoride (VF2) afford μ-fluoro-1,1,3-trifluorobut-3-enyl Ni complexes. Moreover, addition of triisopropylsilane allows for reductive elimination of the reduced product─2,4,4-trifluoro-1-butene─demonstrating the Ni-catalyzed hydrodefluorodimerization of VF2. Accompanying DFT calculations identify the T-shaped nickelacyclopentane intermediate that spontaneously undergoes selective intramolecular β-F (vs β-H) elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J Sicard
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Behnaz Ghaffari
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bulat M Gabidullin
- Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Ovens
- Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Russell P Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - R Tom Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Sinclair MJ, Chaplin AB. Oxidative ring expansion of a low-coordinate palladacycle: Synthesis of a robust T-shaped alkylpalladium(II) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Verdugo F, da Concepción E, Rodiño R, Calvelo M, Mascareñas JL, López F. Pd-Catalyzed (3 + 2) Heterocycloadditions between Alkylidenecyclopropanes and Carbonyls: Straightforward Assembly of Highly Substituted Tetrahydrofurans. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Verdugo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo da Concepción
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodiño
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Martín Calvelo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando López
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Quı́mica Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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5
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Anderson NH, Boncella JM, Tondreau AM. Reactivity of Silanes with (
t
Bu
PONOP)Ruthenium Dichloride: Facile Synthesis of Chloro-Silyl Ruthenium Compounds and Formic Acid Decomposition. Chemistry 2017; 23:13617-13622. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H. Anderson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; MPA Division; MS J514 Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 United States
| | - James M. Boncella
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; MPA Division; MS J514 Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 United States
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; MPA Division; MS J514 Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 United States
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7
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Chen L, Sanchez DR, Zhang B, Carrow BP. “Cationic” Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling with Acutely Base-Sensitive Boronic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12418-12421. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel R. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bufan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brad P. Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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8
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Crujeiras P, Rodríguez-Rey JL, Sousa-Pedrares A. Deactivation of the coordinating ability of the iminophosphorane group by the effect of ortho-carborane. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:2572-2593. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04592h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An electron-withdrawing carborane group deactivates the nitrogen donor atom of an iminophosphorane ligand, which is not observed for organic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Crujeiras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Rey
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Antonio Sousa-Pedrares
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
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9
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Werlé C, Dohm S, Bailly C, Karmazin L, Ricard L, Sieffert N, Pfeffer M, Hansen A, Grimme S, Djukic JP. trans–cis C–Pd–C rearrangement in hemichelates. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8125-8137. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00872d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the transition state of the trans–cis isomerization process, hemichelation dynamically offers alternative coordination positions to the Pd center.
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10
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Biewer C, Hamacher C, Kaiser A, Vogt N, Sandleben A, Chin MT, Yu S, Vicic DA, Klein A. Unsymmetrical N-Aryl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine Ligands in Organonickel(II) Complexes: More Than a Blend of 2,2'-Bipyridine and N,N-Diaryl-α-diimines? Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12716-12727. [PMID: 27989202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The new organonickel complexes [(R-PyMA)Ni(Mes)X] [R-PyMA = N-aryl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine; aryl = phenyl, 2,6-Me2-, 3,5-Me2-, 2,4,6-Me3-, 2,6-iPr2-, 3,5-(OMe)2-, 2-NO2-4-Me-, 4-NO2-, 2-CF3-, and 2-CF3-6-F-phenyl; Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl; X = F, Cl, Br, or I] were obtained as approximate 1/1 cis and trans isomeric mixtures or pure cis isomers depending on the PyMA ligand and X. The [(R-PyMA)Ni(Mes)X] complexes with X = Br or Cl were directly synthesized from the precursors trans-[(PPh3)2Ni(Mes)X], while [(PyMA)Ni(Mes)X] derivatives with X = F or I were obtained from [(PyMA)Ni(Mes)Br] through X exchange reactions. Although density functional theory (DFT) calculations show a preference for the sterically favored cis isomers, both isomers could be observed in many cases; in three cases, even single crystals for X-ray diffraction could be obtained for the trans isomers. Possible intermediates for the isomerization were investigated by DFT calculations. All complexes were studied by multiple spectroscopic means, electrochemistry, and spectroelectrochemistry (for the reduction processes). The long-wavelength metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorptions vary markedly with the R substituent of the ligand and the cathodic electrochemical potentials to a far smaller degree. Both are almost invariable upon variation of X. All of this is in line with Ni-based and π*-based lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs). In line with the unsymmetric character of the NPy^Nmethanimine ligand, electrochemistry and MLCT transitions seem to not correspond to the same type of π* LUMO, making these PyMA ligands more interesting than the symmetric heteroaromatic polypyridine ligands such as 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy; NPy^NPy) and N,N-diaryl-substituted aliphatic α-diimines (Nmethanimine^Nmethanimine) such as the diaza-1,3-butadienes (DAB). First attempts to use these complexes in Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions were successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Biewer
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Claudia Hamacher
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Andre Kaiser
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogt
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Aaron Sandleben
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Mason T Chin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Siqi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - David A Vicic
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Axel Klein
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
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11
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Investigation of agostic interaction through NBO analysis and its impact on β-hydride elimination and dehydrogenation: a DFT approach. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Sugawara S, Abe M, Fujiwara Y, Wakioka M, Ozawa F, Yamamoto Y. 1,8‐Disubstituted Xanthylidene‐Based Remote Carbenes: Photolytic Generation and Isolation of Low‐Coordinate Palladium(II) Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201403017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama, Higashi‐Hiroshima 739‐8526, Japan, http://home.hiroshima‐u.ac.jp/hetero2/
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama, Higashi‐Hiroshima 739‐8526, Japan, http://home.hiroshima‐u.ac.jp/hetero2/
| | - Yoshihisa Fujiwara
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama, Higashi‐Hiroshima 739‐8526, Japan
| | - Masayuki Wakioka
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611‐0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611‐0011, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama, Higashi‐Hiroshima 739‐8526, Japan, http://home.hiroshima‐u.ac.jp/hetero2/
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Werlé C, Bailly C, Karmazin-Brelot L, Le Goff XF, Pfeffer M, Djukic JP. First Stabilization of 14-Electron Rhodium(I) Complexes by Hemichelation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Werlé C, Bailly C, Karmazin-Brelot L, Le Goff XF, Pfeffer M, Djukic JP. First Stabilization of 14-Electron Rhodium(I) Complexes by Hemichelation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9827-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Werlé C, Bailly C, Karmazin-Brelot L, Le Goff XF, Ricard L, Djukic JP. Hemichelation, a Way To Stabilize Electron-Unsaturated Complexes: The Case of T-Shaped Pd and Pt Metallacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17839-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4076327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Werlé
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Corinne Bailly
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Lydia Karmazin-Brelot
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Xavier-Frédéric Le Goff
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Louis Ricard
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
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Ortuño MA, Conejero S, Lledós A. True and masked three-coordinate T-shaped platinum(II) intermediates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1352-82. [PMID: 23946831 PMCID: PMC3740817 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although four-coordinate square-planar geometries, with a formally 16-electron counting, are absolutely dominant in isolated Pt(II) complexes, three-coordinate, 14-electron Pt(II) complexes are believed to be key intermediates in a number of platinum-mediated organometallic transformations. Although very few authenticated three-coordinate Pt(II) complexes have been characterized, a much larger number of complexes can be described as operationally three-coordinate in a kinetic sense. In these compounds, which we have called masked T-shaped complexes, the fourth position is occupied by a very weak ligand (agostic bond, solvent molecule or counteranion), which can be easily displaced. This review summarizes the structural features of the true and masked T-shaped Pt(II) complexes reported so far and describes synthetic strategies employed for their formation. Moreover, recent experimental and theoretical reports are analyzed, which suggest the involvement of such intermediates in reaction mechanisms, particularly C-H bond-activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Ortuño
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Salvador Conejero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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17
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Shuttleworth TA, Huertos MA, Pernik I, Young RD, Weller AS. Bis(phosphine)boronium salts. Synthesis, structures and coordination chemistry. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:12917-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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