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Liu H, Baghayeri M, Amiri A, Karimabadi F, Nodehi M, Fayazi M, Maleki B, Zare EN, Kaffash A. A strategy for As(III) determination based on ultrafine gold nanoparticles decorated on magnetic graphene oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116177. [PMID: 37201707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new dendrimer modified magnetic graphene oxide (GO) was used as a substrate for electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles. The modified magnetic electrode was employed for sensitive measuring of As(III) ion as a well-established human carcinogen. The prepared electrochemical device exhibits excellent activity towards As(III) detection using the square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) protocol. At optimum conditions (deposition potential at -0.5 V for 100 s in 0.1 M acetate buffer with pH 5.0), a linear range from 1.0 to 125.0 μgL-1 with a low detection limit (calculated by S/N = 3) of 0.47 μg L-1 was obtained. In addition to the simplicity and sensitivity of the proposed sensor, its high selectivity against some major interfering agents, such as Cu(II) and Hg(II) makes it an appreciable sensing tool for the screening of As(III). In addition, the sensor revealed satisfactory results for detection of As(III) in different water samples, and the accuracy of obtained data were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) setup. Accounting for the high sensitivity, remarkable selectivity and good reproducibility, the established electrochemical strategy has great potential for analysis of As(III) in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhong Liu
- Department of Basic Courses, Wuhan Donghu University, Wuhan, China; School of Physics and Telecommunications, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China; Artificial Intelligence School, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, PO. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Amirhasan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, PO. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Nodehi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, PO. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Maryam Fayazi
- Department of Environment, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behrooz Maleki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Afsaneh Kaffash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Wu K, Chen R, Zhou Z, Chen X, Lv Y, Ma J, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Elucidating Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Kinetics via Intermediates by Time-Dependent Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217078. [PMID: 36591995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Facile evaluation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics for electrocatalysts is critical for sustainable fuel-cell development and industrial H2 O2 production. Despite great success in ORR studies using mainstream strategies, such as the membrane electrode assembly, rotation electrodes, and advanced surface-sensitive spectroscopy, the time and spatial distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates in the diffusion layer remain unknown. Using time-dependent electrochemiluminescence (Td-ECL), we report an intermediate-oriented method for ORR kinetics analysis. Owing to multiple ultrasensitive stoichiometric reactions between ROS and the ECL emitter, except for electron transfer numbers and rate constants, the potential-dependent time and spatial distribution of ROS were successfully obtained for the first time. Such exclusively uncovered information would guide the development of electrocatalysts for fuel cells and H2 O2 production with maximized activity and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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Silveri F, Della Pelle F, Scroccarello A, Mazzotta E, Di Giulio T, Malitesta C, Compagnone D. Carbon Black Functionalized with Naturally Occurring Compounds in Water Phase for Electrochemical Sensing of Antioxidant Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102008. [PMID: 36290731 PMCID: PMC9598705 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sustainable route to nanodispersed and functionalized carbon black in water phase (W-CB) is proposed. The sonochemical strategy exploits ultrasounds to disaggregate the CB, while two selected functional naturally derived compounds, sodium cholate (SC) and rosmarinic acid (RA), act as stabilizing agents ensuring dispersibility in water adhering onto the CB nanoparticles’ surface. Strategically, the CB-RA compound is used to drive the AuNPs self-assembling at room temperature, resulting in a CB surface that is nanodecorated; further, this is achieved without the need for additional reagents. Electrochemical sensors based on the proposed nanomaterials are realized and characterized both morphologically and electrochemically. The W-CBs’ electroanalytical potential is proved in the anodic and cathodic window using caffeic acid (CF) and hydroquinone (HQ), two antioxidant compounds that are significant for food and the environment. For both antioxidants, repeatable (RSD ≤ 3.3%; n = 10) and reproducible (RSD ≤ 3.8%; n = 3) electroanalysis results were obtained, achieving nanomolar detection limits (CF: 29 nM; HQ: 44 nM). CF and HQ are successfully determined in food and environmental samples (recoveries 97–113%), and also in the presence of other phenolic classes and HQ structural isomers. The water dispersibility of the proposed materials can be an opportunity for (bio) sensor fabrication and sustainable device realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Silveri
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.D.P.); (D.C.); Tel.: +39-0861-266948 (F.D.P.); +39-0861-266942 (D.C.)
| | - Annalisa Scroccarello
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universitaà del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universitaà del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universitaà del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.D.P.); (D.C.); Tel.: +39-0861-266948 (F.D.P.); +39-0861-266942 (D.C.)
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Han M, Uk Yoo B, Kim M, Lee JY, Hwan Lee K, Ho Park Y, Choe S. In-line detection of Cu+-related species in aged Cu plating bath using flow cell-based electrochemical method. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Li D, Tan R, Mi X, Fang C, Tu Y. An electrochemiluminescent biosensor for noninvasive glucose detection based on cluster-like AuAg hollowed-nanoparticles. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Du J, Quinson J, Zana A, Arenz M. Elucidating Pt-Based Nanocomposite Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Rotating Disk Electrode and Gas Diffusion Electrode Measurements. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Zana
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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Giménez-Gómez P, Baldi A, Ayora C, Fernández-Sánchez C. Automated Determination of As(III) in Waters with an Electrochemical Sensor Integrated into a Modular Microfluidic System. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3156-3165. [PMID: 31657207 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of high levels of arsenic in waters poses a threat to the human health in many countries all over the world. Effective surveillance programs of water quality require the implementation of in-field tests to assess early the presence of this metal ion and other contaminants. To date, there exist few market-available analytical approaches that suffer from important limitations related to cost, in addition to complex reactions, very long analysis times, and/or high limits of detection. This work describes a robust electrochemical sensor integrated into a modular microfluidic system that shows a clear potential to be deployed for the on-site monitoring of inorganic As(III) species. Flexible and transparent microfluidic modules are fabricated by rapid prototyping techniques and include different microfluidic components among them, flow cells where electrochemical sensors can be easily and reversibly inserted. The electrochemical sensor comprises a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified gold thin-film electrode that is readily applied to the sensitive detection of As(III) by anodic stripping linear sweep voltammetry. The microfluidic system enables the automatic sensor calibration, sample uptake, and preconditioning as well as As(III) detection. The system response to As(III) is linear in a concentration range of 1-150 μg L-1, with a detection limit of 0.42 μg L-1, which is well below the threshold value of 10 μg L-1 set by the World Health Organization. Analysis of tap water and two water samples from two Argentinean aquifers, spiked with different As(III) concentrations, demonstrates the excellent performance of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Giménez-Gómez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Baldi
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayora
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nonomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Opuchlik LJ, Kizling M, Bacal P, Bilewicz R. Catalytic Activity of Anisotropic Gold Nanoplates towards Oxygen Reduction. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Kizling
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematic and Natural Sciences (MISMaP) Stefana Banacha 2C Warsaw Poland
| | - Pawel Bacal
- University of WarsawFaculty of Chemistry Ludwika Pasteura 1 Warsaw Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- University of WarsawFaculty of Chemistry Ludwika Pasteura 1 Warsaw Poland
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Yadav DK, Gupta R, Ganesan V, Sonkar PK, Yadav M. Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated in a Zinc‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework as Multifunctional Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K. Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221 005, UP India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221 005, UP India
| | - Vellaichamy Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221 005, UP India
| | - Piyush K. Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221 005, UP India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221 005, UP India
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CO 2 reduction to acetate in mixtures of ultrasmall (Cu) n ,(Ag) m bimetallic nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:278-283. [PMID: 29279386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713962115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monodispersed mixtures of 6-nm Cu and Ag nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical reduction on electrochemically polymerized poly-Fe(vbpy)3(PF6)2 film electrodes on glassy carbon. Conversion of the complex to poly-Fe(vbpy)2(CN)2 followed by surface binding of salts of the cations and electrochemical reduction gave a mixture of chemically distinct clusters on the surface, (Cu) m ,(Ag) n |polymer|glassy carbon electrode (GCE), as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. A (Cu)2,(Ag)3|(80-monolayer-poly-Fe(vbpy)32+|GCE electrode at -1.33 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.5 M KHCO3, with 8 ppm added benzotriazole (BTA) at 0 °C, gave acetate with a faradaic efficiency of 21.2%.
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Le T, Lasseux D, Nguyen X, Vignoles G, Mano N, Kuhn A. Multi-scale modeling of diffusion and electrochemical reactions in porous micro-electrodes. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Liao H, Sun S, Li S, Ager JW, Xu ZJ. Activation Effect of Electrochemical Cycling on Gold Nanoparticles towards the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Sulfuric Acid. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Abstract
CO2 reduction in aqueous electrolytes suffers efficiency losses because of the simultaneous reduction of water to H2 We combine in situ surface-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and electrochemical kinetic studies to probe the mechanistic basis for kinetic bifurcation between H2 and CO production on polycrystalline Au electrodes. Under the conditions of CO2 reduction catalysis, electrogenerated CO species are irreversibly bound to Au in a bridging mode at a surface coverage of ∼0.2 and act as kinetically inert spectators. Electrokinetic data are consistent with a mechanism of CO production involving rate-limiting, single-electron transfer to CO2 with concomitant adsorption to surface active sites followed by rapid one-electron, two-proton transfer and CO liberation from the surface. In contrast, the data suggest an H2 evolution mechanism involving rate-limiting, single-electron transfer coupled with proton transfer from bicarbonate, hydronium, and/or carbonic acid to form adsorbed H species followed by rapid one-electron, one-proton, or H recombination reactions. The disparate proton coupling requirements for CO and H2 production establish a mechanistic basis for reaction selectivity in electrocatalytic fuel formation, and the high population of spectator CO species highlights the complex heterogeneity of electrode surfaces under conditions of fuel-forming electrocatalysis.
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Chen HH, Huang JF. EDTA Assisted Highly Selective Detection of As3+ on Au Nanoparticle Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Facile in Situ Electrochemical Characterization of Au Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12406-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504044w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jing-Fang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan R.O.C
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Wang Y, Laborda E, Tschulik K, Damm C, Molina A, Compton RG. Strong negative nanocatalysis: oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution at very small (2 nm) gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11024-11030. [PMID: 25137528 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electron transfer kinetics associated with both the reduction of oxygen and of protons to form hydrogen at gold nanoparticles are shown to display strong retardation when studied at citrate capped ultra small (2 nm) gold nanoparticles. Negative nanocatalysis in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Erikson H, Sarapuu A, Tammeveski K, Solla-Gullón J, Feliu JM. Shape-Dependent Electrocatalysis: Oxygen Reduction on Carbon-Supported Gold Nanoparticles. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Wang Y, Laborda E, Plowman BJ, Tschulik K, Ward KR, Palgrave RG, Damm C, Compton RG. The strong catalytic effect of Pb(ii) on the oxygen reduction reaction on 5 nm gold nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3200-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gara M, Laborda E, Holdway P, Crossley A, Jones CJV, Compton RG. Oxygen reduction at sparse arrays of platinum nanoparticles in aqueous acid: hydrogen peroxide as a liberated two electron intermediate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19487-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53684j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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