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Chappell HF, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ. Physiological silicon incorporation into bone mineral requires orthosilicic acid metabolism to SiO 44. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200145. [PMID: 32486955 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the predominant form of bioavailable silicon (Si) is orthosilicic acid (OSA). In this study, given Si's recognized positive effect on bone growth and integrity, we examined the chemical form and position of this natural Si source in the inorganic bone mineral hydroxyapatite (HA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) of rat tibia bone mineral showed that the mineral phase was similar to that of phase-pure HA. However, theoretical XRD patterns revealed that at the levels found in bone, the 'Si effect' would be virtually undetectable. Thus we used first principles density functional theory calculations to explore the energetic and geometric consequences of substituting OSA into a large HA model. Formation energy analysis revealed that OSA is not favourable as a neutral interstitial substitution but can be incorporated as a silicate ion substituting for a phosphate ion, suggesting that incorporation will only occur under specific conditions at the bone-remodelling interface and that dietary forms of Si will be metabolized to simpler chemical forms, specifically [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we show that this substitution, at the low silicate concentrations found in the biological environment, is likely to be a driver of calcium phosphate crystallization from an amorphous to a fully mineralized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen F Chappell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Leo BF, Fearn S, Gonzalez-Cater D, Theodorou I, Ruenraroengsak P, Goode AE, McPhail D, Dexter DT, Shaffer M, Chung KF, Porter AE, Ryan MP. Label-Free Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Sulfur-Producing Enzymes inside Microglia Cells following Exposure to Silver Nanowires. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11098-11107. [PMID: 31310103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are no methods sensitive enough to detect enzymes within cells, without the use of analyte labeling. Here we show that it is possible to detect protein ion signals of three different H2S-synthesizing enzymes inside microglia after pretreatment with silver nanowires (AgNW) using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Protein fragment ions, including the fragment of amino acid (C4H8N+ = 70 amu), fragments of the sulfur-producing cystathionine-containing enzymes, and the Ag+ ion signal could be detected without the use of any labels; the cells were mapped using the C4H8N+ amino acid fragment. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray chemical analysis showed that the AgNWs were inside the same cells imaged by TOF-SIMS and transformed chemically into crystalline Ag2S within cells in which the sulfur-producing proteins were detected. The presence of these sulfur-producing cystathionine-containing enzymes within the cells was confirmed by Western blots and confocal microscopy images of fluorescently labeled antibodies against the sulfur-producing enzymes. Label-free TOF-SIMS is very promising for the label-free identification of H2S-contributing enzymes and their cellular localization in biological systems. The technique could in the future be used to identify which of these enzymes are most contributory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bey Fen Leo
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K.,Central Unit for Advanced Research Imaging (CENTUARI), Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603 , Malaysia
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Cater
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine , 3 Chome-25-14, Tonomachi , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Angela E Goode
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - David McPhail
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - David T Dexter
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine , 3 Chome-25-14, Tonomachi , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Milo Shaffer
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K.,Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Kian F Chung
- Experimental Studies, National Heart & Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London SW3 6LY , U.K
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
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Nakhon S, Numthuam S, Charoensook R, Tartrakoon W, Incharoen P, Incharoen T. Growth performance, meat quality, and bone-breaking strength in broilers fed dietary rice hull silicon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:152-155. [PMID: 31193881 PMCID: PMC6544762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone problems have been a key issue that perilously affects broilers' health and welfare, resulting in severe economic loss. The present study was aimed at investigating the influence of dietary rice hull silicon (RHS) on the performance, meat quality, and bone-breaking strength of broilers. One hundred 10-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were used in the study. The birds were divided into 5 groups: one group was kept as the control, and other groups were provided with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/kg dietary RHS along with their basal diets. Results showed that diets containing various levels of dietary RHS did not adversely affect (P > 0.05) the body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Drip loss of thigh meat showed a reduced value in the group supplemented with 7.5 mg/kg dietary RHS compared with other groups (P < 0.05), and the lowest thawing loss was observed in the same group; however, it showed no significant difference among other groups. Similarly, thawing loss of breast meat tended to decrease in the dietary RHS groups and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the 7.5 mg/kg RHS group. The shear force of breast meat was higher in all RHS groups, and the highest was in the 7.5 mg/kg RHS group (P < 0.05). Although tibia breaking strength increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the 7.5 mg/kg RHS group (P < 0.05), but a significant difference in femur breaking strength was not found among groups. In conclusion, dietary RHS can be used as a natural mineral supplement for improving bone-breaking strength and reducing drip and thawing loss of breast and thigh muscles, particularly RHS at a level of 7.5 mg/kg in broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawoot Nakhon
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Numthuam
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Rangsun Charoensook
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wandee Tartrakoon
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Papichaya Incharoen
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Incharoen
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Pinteala T, Chiriac AE, Rosca I, Larese Filon F, Pinteala M, Chiriac A, Podoleanu C, Stolnicu S, Coros MF, Coroaba A. Nail Damage (Severe Onychodystrophy) Induced by Acrylate Glue: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Investigations. Skin Appendage Disord 2016; 2:137-142. [PMID: 28232921 DOI: 10.1159/000450791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques have been used in various fields of medical research, including different pathologies of the nails; however, no studies have focused on obtaining high-resolution microscopic images and elemental analysis of disorders caused by synthetic nails and acrylic adhesives. METHODS Damaged/injured fingernails caused by the use of acrylate glue and synthetic nails were investigated using SEM and EDX methods. RESULTS SEM and EDX proved that synthetic nails, acrylic glue, and nails damaged by contact with acrylate glue have a different morphology and different composition compared to healthy human nails. CONCLUSIONS SEM and EDX analysis can give useful information about the aspects of topography (surface sample), morphology (shape and size), hardness or reflectivity, and the elemental composition of nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Pinteala
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Irina Rosca
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Petru Poni, Iasi, Romania
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Medicina Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Petru Poni, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Chiriac
- Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania; Department of Dermato-Physiology, Apollonia University, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Podoleanu
- Cardiology Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu-Mures, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Simona Stolnicu
- Pathology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu-Mures, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Marius Florin Coros
- Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu-Mures, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Petru Poni, Iasi, Romania
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Theodorou IG, Botelho D, Schwander S, Zhang J(J, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Shaffer MSP, Gow A, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Static and Dynamic Microscopy of the Chemical Stability and Aggregation State of Silver Nanowires in Components of Murine Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8048-56. [PMID: 26061974 PMCID: PMC4780758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increase of production volumes of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and of consumer products incorporating them may lead to increased health risks from occupational and public exposures. There is currently limited information about the putative toxicity of AgNWs upon inhalation and incomplete understanding of the properties that control their bioreactivity. The lung lining fluid (LLF), which contains phospholipids and surfactant proteins, represents a first contact site with the respiratory system. In this work, the impact of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), Curosurf, and murine LLF on the stability of AgNWs was examined. Both the phospholipid and protein components of the LLF modified the dissolution kinetics of AgNWs, due to the formation of a lipid corona or aggregation of the AgNWs. Moreover, the hydrophilic proteins, but neither the hydrophobic surfactant proteins nor the phospholipids, induced agglomeration of the AgNWs. Finally, the generation of a secondary population of nanosilver was observed and attributed to the reduction of Ag(+) ions by the surface capping of the AgNWs. Our findings highlight that combinations of spatially resolved dynamic and static techniques are required to develop a holistic understanding of which parameters govern AgNW behavior at the point of exposure and to accurately predict their risks on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Botelho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Jugdaohsingh R, Pedro LD, Watson A, Powell JJ. Silicon and boron differ in their localization and loading in bone. Bone Rep 2014; 1:9-15. [PMID: 26665155 PMCID: PMC4643752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon and boron share many similarities, both chemically and biochemically, including having similar effects on bone, although their mechanisms of action are not known. Here we compared the loading of silicon and boron into bone, their localization and how they are influenced by age (growth & development), to obtain further clues as to the biological effects of these elements and, especially, to see if they behave the same or not. Bone samples were obtained from two different studies where female Sprague Dawley rats had been maintained on a normal maintenance diet for up to 43 weeks. Total bone elemental levels were determined by ICP-OES following microwave assisted acid digestion. Silicon and boron levels in the decalcified bones (i.e. the collagen fraction) were also investigated. Silicon and boron showed marked differences in loading and in their localization in bone. Highest silicon and lowest boron concentrations were found in the under-mineralized bone of younger rats and lowest silicon and highest boron concentrations were found in the fully mineralized bone of the adult rat. Overall, however total bone silicon content increased with age, as did boron content, the latter mirroring the increase in calcium (mineral) content of bone. However, whereas silicon showed equal distribution in the collagen and mineral fractions of bone, boron was exclusively localized in the mineral fraction. These findings confirm the reported association between silicon and collagen, especially at the early stages of bone mineralization, and show that boron is associated with the bone mineral but not connective tissues. These data suggest that silicon and boron have different biological roles and that one is unlikely, therefore, to substitute for the other, or at least boron would not substitute for Si in the connective tissues. Finally, we noted that silicon levels in the mineral fraction varied greatly between the two studies, suggesting that one or more nutritional factor(s) may influence the loading of Si into the mineral fraction of bone. This and the nature of the interaction between Si and collagen deserve further attention. Boron and silicon show marked differences in bone loading. Boron is exclusively found in the mineral fraction of bone. Silicon is distributed equally in the mineral and collagen fractions. Data suggest boron and silicon have different biological effects on bone. Silicon loading into bone mineral may be influenced by nutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK. Fax: + 44 1223 437515.
| | - Liliana D. Pedro
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Watson
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jonathan J. Powell
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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