1
|
Wang Y, Zheng H, Jiang X, Wu H, Ren Y, Xi Z, Zheng C, Xu H. Caged xanthone derivatives to promote mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 103:117655. [PMID: 38493728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Caged xanthones represent a class of natural secondary metabolites exhibiting significant potential as antitumor agents. These compounds are characterized by their distinct cage-like structures, which offer novel and compelling frameworks for drug design. Nonetheless, there exists a dearth of research focused on the structural modification of these compounds, particularly in relation to their cage-like architectures. This study aims to address this gap by introducing an innovative synthetic method for constructing a novel caged structure that incorporates a widely employed maleimide group. Drawing upon the well-established synthetic approach for dihydroxanthones previously developed within our research group, we successfully synthesized 13 new caged xanthones using the Diels-Alder reaction. Subsequently, we evaluated their anti-proliferative activity against HepG2, A549, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The results revealed that compound 10i exhibited IC50 values of 15.86 µM ± 1.29, 19.27 µM ± 1.58, and 12.96 µM ± 0.09 against these cell lines, respectively. Further investigations into the mechanism of action of 10i demonstrated its ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and initiate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaimo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsuji G, Yusa M, Masada S, Yokoo H, Hosoe J, Hakamatsuka T, Demizu Y, Uchiyama N. Facile Synthesis of Kwakhurin, a Marker Compound of Pueraria mirifica and Its Quantitative NMR Analysis for Standardization as a Reagent. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:797-801. [PMID: 32434998 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The side effects of kwao keur dietary supplements (obtained from the tuberous root of Pueraria mirifica) have recently been reported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. To control the quality of kwao keur products, its ingredients need to be maintained by characteristic marker compounds, such as miroestrol, deoxymiroestrol, and kwakhurin (KWA). In this study, we described the facile synthesis of KWA, a marker compound of P. mirifica. Our revised synthetic method produced KWA with shorter steps and higher yield than the reported method. Furthermore, the absolute purity of KWA was determined by quantitative NMR analysis for standardization as a reagent, and its purity was 92.62 ± 0.12%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hidetomo Yokoo
- National Institute of Health Sciences.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University
| | | | | | - Yosuke Demizu
- National Institute of Health Sciences.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Resende DISP, Durães F, Maia M, Sousa E, Pinto MMM. Recent advances in the synthesis of xanthones and azaxanthones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A useful chemical toolbox for (aza)xanthones from 2012 to 2020 that covers the optimization of known procedures and novel methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. S. P. Resende
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Fernando Durães
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Miguel Maia
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiral resolution of a caged xanthone and evaluation across a broad spectrum of breast cancer subtypes. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
6
|
Chantarasriwong O, Milcarek AT, Morales TH, Settle AL, Rezende CO, Althufairi BD, Theodoraki MA, Alpaugh ML, Theodorakis EA. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and in vitro pharmacodynamics of A-ring modified caged xanthones in a preclinical model of inflammatory breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Fernandes C, Carraro ML, Ribeiro J, Araújo J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM. Synthetic Chiral Derivatives of Xanthones: Biological Activities and Enantioselectivity Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:E791. [PMID: 30813236 PMCID: PMC6412826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many naturally occurring xanthones are chiral and present a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Some of them have been exhaustively studied and subsequently, obtained by synthesis. In order to obtain libraries of compounds for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies as well as to improve the biological activity, new bioactive analogues and derivatives inspired in natural prototypes were synthetized. Bioactive natural xanthones compromise a large structural multiplicity of compounds, including a diversity of chiral derivatives. Thus, recently an exponential interest in synthetic chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) has been witnessed. The synthetic methodologies can afford structures that otherwise could not be reached within the natural products for biological activity and SAR studies. Another reason that justifies this trend is that both enantiomers can be obtained by using appropriate synthetic pathways, allowing the possibility to perform enantioselectivity studies. In this work, a literature review of synthetic CDXs is presented. The structures, the approaches used for their synthesis and the biological activities are described, emphasizing the enantioselectivity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Letícia Carraro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Araújo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
K P, D A, M S, Sripadi P, Vemula M, Komarraju VS, Gorai B, Prakash S. Synthesis of 8',11'-dihydrospiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-oxepino[2,3- h] chromen]-4'(3' H)-ones with ring closing metathesis as a key step. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38673-38680. [PMID: 35559090 PMCID: PMC9090623 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel hybrid molecular entities incorporating various spiro chromanone scaffolds onto the benzannulated oxepine core moiety were synthesised using allylation, Claisen rearrangement, Kabbe condensation and Ring Closing Metathesis (RCM) as a key step. During the synthesis we found that the nitrogen functionality in the substrate influences significantly the catalyst load due to electronic effects. Several iterations have been carried out to achieve complete conversion to products 6a-6e.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathima K
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University Hyderabad India
| | - Ashok D
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University Hyderabad India
| | - Sarasija M
- Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University Karimnagar Telangana India 505001
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology India
| | - Madhu Vemula
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology India
| | - Venkata S Komarraju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences India
| | - Biswajit Gorai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences India
| | - Shyam Prakash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Caged Garcinia Xanthones, a Novel Chemical Scaffold with Potent Antimalarial Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 61:AAC.01220-16. [PMID: 27799215 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01220-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Caged Garcinia xanthones (CGXs) constitute a family of natural products that are produced by tropical/subtropical trees of the genus Garcinia CGXs have a unique chemical architecture, defined by the presence of a caged scaffold at the C ring of a xanthone moiety, and exhibit a broad range of biological activities. Here we show that synthetic CGXs exhibit antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative parasite of human malaria, at the intraerythrocytic stages. Their activity can be substantially improved by attaching a triphenylphosphonium group at the A ring of the caged xanthone. Specifically, CR135 and CR142 were found to be highly effective antimalarial inhibitors, with 50% effective concentrations as low as ∼10 nM. CGXs affect malaria parasites at multiple intraerythrocytic stages, with mature stages (trophozoites and schizonts) being more vulnerable than immature rings. Within hours of CGX treatment, malaria parasites display distinct morphological changes, significant reduction of parasitemia (the percentage of infected red blood cells), and aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation. CGXs do not, however, target the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the target of the drug atovaquone and several preclinical candidates. CGXs are cytotoxic to human HEK293 cells at the low micromolar level, which results in a therapeutic window of around 150-fold for the lead compounds. In summary, we show that CGXs are potent antimalarial compounds with structures distinct from those of previously reported antimalarial inhibitors. Our results highlight the potential to further develop Garcinia natural product derivatives as novel antimalarial agents.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gambogic acid identifies an isoform-specific druggable pocket in the middle domain of Hsp90β. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4801-9. [PMID: 27466407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606655113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their importance in maintaining protein homeostasis, molecular chaperones, including heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), represent attractive drug targets. Although a number of Hsp90 inhibitors are in preclinical/clinical development, none strongly differentiate between constitutively expressed Hsp90β and stress-induced Hsp90α, the two cytosolic paralogs of this molecular chaperone. Thus, the importance of inhibiting one or the other paralog in different disease states remains unknown. We show that the natural product, gambogic acid (GBA), binds selectively to a site in the middle domain of Hsp90β, identifying GBA as an Hsp90β-specific Hsp90 inhibitor. Furthermore, using computational and medicinal chemistry, we identified a GBA analog, referred to as DAP-19, which binds potently and selectively to Hsp90β. Because of its unprecedented selectivity for Hsp90β among all Hsp90 paralogs, GBA thus provides a new chemical tool to study the unique biological role of this abundantly expressed molecular chaperone in health and disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Theodoraki MA, Rezende CO, Chantarasriwong O, Corben AD, Theodorakis EA, Alpaugh ML. Spontaneously-forming spheroids as an in vitro cancer cell model for anticancer drug screening. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21255-67. [PMID: 26101913 PMCID: PMC4673263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited translational value in clinic of analyses performed on 2-D cell cultures has prompted a shift toward the generation of 3-dimensional (3-D) multicellular systems. Here we present a spontaneously-forming in vitro cancer spheroid model, referred to as spheroidsMARY-X, that precisely reflects the pathophysiological features commonly found in tumor tissues and the lymphovascular embolus. In addition, we have developed a rapid, inexpensive means to evaluate response following drug treatment where spheroid dissolution indices from brightfield image analyses are used to construct dose-response curves resulting in relevant IC50 values. Using the spheroidsMARY-X model, we demonstrate the unique ability of a new class of molecules, containing the caged Garcinia xanthone (CGX) motif, to induce spheroidal dissolution and apoptosis at IC50 values of 0.42 +/−0.02 μM for gambogic acid and 0.66 +/−0.02 μM for MAD28. On the other hand, treatment of spheroidsMARY-X with various currently approved chemotherapeutics of solid and blood-borne cancer types failed to induce any response as indicated by high dissolution indices and subsequent poor IC50 values, such as 7.8 +/−3.1 μM for paclitaxel. Our studies highlight the significance of the spheroidsMARY-X model in drug screening and underscore the potential of the CGX motif as a promising anticancer pharmacophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso O Rezende
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adriana D Corben
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel A Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Alpaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Novel natural-product-like caged xanthones with improved druglike properties and in vivo antitumor potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2584-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
The Fe-S cluster-containing NEET proteins mitoNEET and NAF-1 as chemotherapeutic targets in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3698-703. [PMID: 25762074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502960112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel drug targets and chemotherapeutic agents is a high priority in the fight against cancer. Here, we report that MAD-28, a designed cluvenone (CLV) derivative, binds to and destabilizes two members of a unique class of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 2Fe-2S proteins, mitoNEET (mNT) and nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1), recently implicated in cancer cell proliferation. Docking analysis of MAD-28 to mNT/NAF-1 revealed that in contrast to CLV, which formed a hydrogen bond network that stabilized the 2Fe-2S clusters of these proteins, MAD-28 broke the coordinative bond between the His ligand and the cluster's Fe of mNT/NAF-1. Analysis of MAD-28 performed with control (Michigan Cancer Foundation; MCF-10A) and malignant (M.D. Anderson-metastatic breast; MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7) human epithelial breast cells revealed that MAD-28 had a high specificity in the selective killing of cancer cells, without any apparent effects on normal breast cells. MAD-28 was found to target the mitochondria of cancer cells and displayed a surprising similarity in its effects to the effects of mNT/NAF-1 shRNA suppression in cancer cells, causing a decrease in respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as an increase in mitochondrial iron content and glycolysis. As expected, if the NEET proteins are targets of MAD-28, cancer cells with suppressed levels of NAF-1 or mNT were less susceptible to the drug. Taken together, our results suggest that NEET proteins are a novel class of drug targets in the chemotherapeutic treatment of breast cancer, and that MAD-28 can now be used as a template for rational drug design for NEET Fe-S cluster-destabilizing anticancer drugs.
Collapse
|