1
|
Zhu M, Zhang H, Yao Y, Wen M, Ran G, Yu Y, Zhang R, Liang XJ, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang JL. More is different: progressive β-thiolation induced-porphyrin aggregation switches singlet oxygen photosensitization. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03642e. [PMID: 39129766 PMCID: PMC11309087 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03642e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Incorporating sulfur atoms into photosensitizers (PSs) has been well-established to populate triplet states and increase singlet oxygen (1O2) production when exposed to light. In this work, we found that progressive thiolation of porphyrin β-periphery does promote intersystem crossing (ISC) between triplets and singlets, as seen in the excited state dynamics in dichloromethane or PS nanoparticles in water. However, in the latter case, more sulfur substitution deactivates 1O2 photosensitization, in contrast to the expected trend observed in dichloromethane. This observation was further supported by photocytotoxicity studies, where 1O2 photosensitization was switched off in living cells and multicellular spheroids despite being switched on in in vivo mice models. To understand the inconsistency, we performed molecular dynamics simulation and time-dependent density functional theory calculations to investigate possible aggregation and related excited states. We found that the extent of thiolation could regulate molecular packing inside nanoparticles, which gradually lowers the energy levels of triplet states even lower than that of 1O2 and, in turn, alters their energy dissipation pathways. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the design of metal-free PSs and sheds light on the excited state dynamics in aqueous media beyond the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Mingpu Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pogorilyy V, Ostroverkhov P, Efimova V, Plotnikova E, Bezborodova O, Diachkova E, Vasil'ev Y, Pankratov A, Grin M. Thiocarbonyl Derivatives of Natural Chlorins: Synthesis Using Lawesson's Reagent and a Study of Their Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104215. [PMID: 37241955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sulfur-containing pharmaceutical compounds is important in the advancement of medicinal chemistry. Photosensitizers (PS) that acquire new properties upon incorporation of sulfur-containing groups or individual sulfur atoms into their structure are not neglected, either. In this work, a synthesis of sulfur-containing derivatives of natural chlorophyll a using Lawesson's reagent was optimized. Thiocarbonyl chlorins were shown to have a significant bathochromic shift in the absorption and fluorescence bands. The feasibility of functionalizing the thiocarbonyl group at the macrocycle periphery by formation of a Pt(II) metal complex in the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin was shown. The chemical stability of the resulting conjugate in aqueous solution was studied, and it was found to possess a high cytotoxic activity against sarcoma S37 tumor cells that results from the combined photodynamic and chemotherapeutic effect on these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Pogorilyy
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Ostroverkhov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Efimova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Plotnikova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Bezborodova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Diachkova
- Department of Oral Surgery, Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), str Trubetskaya 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), str Trubetskaya 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Vasil'ev
- Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), str Trubetskaya 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Pankratov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Grin
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khatoon H, Abdulmalek E. A Focused Review of Synthetic Applications of Lawesson's Reagent in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2021; 26:6937. [PMID: 34834028 PMCID: PMC8618327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawesson's reagent (LR) is a well-known classic example of a compound with unique construction and unusual chemical behavior, with a wide range of applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Its main functions were rounded for the thionation of various carbonyl groups in the early days, with exemplary results. However, the role of Lawesson's reagent in synthesis has changed drastically, and now its use can help the chemistry community to understand innovative ideas. These include constructing biologically valuable heterocycles, coupling reactions, and the thionation of natural compounds. The ease of availability and the convenient usage of LR as a thionating agent made us compile a review on the new diverse applications on some common functional groups, such as ketones, esters, amides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, with biological applications. Since the applications of LR are now diverse, we have also included some new classes of heterocycles such as thiazepines, phosphine sulfides, thiophenes, and organothiophosphorus compounds. Thionation of some biologically essential steroids and terpenoids has also been compiled. This review discusses the recent insights into and synthetic applications of this famous reagent from 2009 to January 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hena Khatoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emilia Abdulmalek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thuita D, Damunupola D, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins 21. Most Efficient Access to meso-Tetraphenyl- and meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactones, and Their Zinc(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4351. [PMID: 32972021 PMCID: PMC7570530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
meso-Phenyl- and meso-pentafluorophenyl-porpholactones, their metal complexes, as well as porphyrinoids directly derived from them are useful in a number of technical and biomedical applications, and more uses are expected to be discovered. About a dozen competing and complementary pathways toward their synthesis were reported. The suitability of the methods changes with the meso-aryl group and whether the free base or metal derivatives are sought. These circumstances make it hard for anyone outside of the field of synthetic porphyrin chemistry to ascertain which pathway is the best to produce which specific derivative. We report here on what we experimentally evaluated to be the most efficient pathways to generate the six key compounds from the commercially available porphyrins, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP): free base meso-tetraphenylporpholactone (TPL) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone (TFPL), and their platinum(II) and zinc(II) complexes TPLPt, TFPLPt, TPLZn, and TFPLZn, respectively. Detailed procedures are provided to make these intriguing molecules more readily available for their further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269–3060, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin GQ, Xue HZ, Zhang JL. Porpholactone Chemistry: Shining New Light on an Old Cofactor. Chempluschem 2020; 86:71-81. [PMID: 32844583 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of porpholactone chemistry, discovered over 30 years ago, has significantly stimulated the development of biomimetic tetrapyrrole chemistry. It offers an opportunity, through modifications of non-pyrrolic building blocks, to clarify the relationship between chemical structure and excited-state properties, deciphering the structural code for the biological functions of life pigments. With intriguing photophysical properties in the red to near-infrared (NIR) regions, facile modulation of their electronic nature by fine-tuning chemical structures, and coordination ability with diverse metal ions, these novel porphyrinoids have favorable prospects in the fields of optical materials, bioimaging and therapy, and catalysis. In this Minireview, we summarize the brief history of porpholactone chemistry, and focus on the studies carried out in our group, particularly on the regioisomeric effect, NIR lanthanide luminescence, and metal catalysis. We outline the perspectives of these compounds in the construction of porpholactone-related biomedical applications and optical and energy materials, in order to inspire more interest and further advance bioinspired inorganic chemistry and lanthanide chemical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Zong Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loredo A, Tang J, Wang L, Wu KL, Peng Z, Xiao H. Tetrazine as a general phototrigger to turn on fluorophores. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4410-4415. [PMID: 33384859 PMCID: PMC7690217 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-activated fluorescence affords a powerful tool for monitoring subcellular structures and dynamics with enhanced temporal and spatial control of the fluorescence signal. Here, we demonstrate a general and straightforward strategy for using a tetrazine phototrigger to design photoactivatable fluorophores that emit across the visible spectrum. Tetrazine is known to efficiently quench the fluorescence of various fluorophores via a mechanism referred to as through-bond energy transfer. Upon light irradiation, restricted tetrazine moieties undergo a photolysis reaction that generates two nitriles and molecular nitrogen, thus restoring the fluorescence of fluorophores. Significantly, we find that this strategy can be successfully translated and generalized to a wide range of fluorophore scaffolds. Based on these results, we have used this mechanism to design photoactivatable fluorophores targeting cellular organelles and proteins. Compared to widely used phototriggers (e.g., o-nitrobenzyl and nitrophenethyl groups), this study affords a new photoactivation mechanism, in which the quencher is photodecomposed to restore the fluorescence upon light irradiation. Because of the exclusive use of tetrazine as a photoquencher in the design of fluorogenic probes, we anticipate that our current study will significantly facilitate the development of novel photoactivatable fluorophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Loredo
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Kuan-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Zane Peng
- Department of Biosciences , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
- Department of Biosciences , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA
- Department of Bioengineering , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brückner C, Atoyebi AO, Girouard D, Lau KSF, Akhigbe J, Samankumara L, Damunupola D, Khalil GE, Gouterman M, Krause JA, Zeller M. Stepwise Preparation of
meso
‐Tetraphenyl‐ and
meso
‐Tetrakis(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)bacteriodilactones and their Zinc(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Adewole O. Atoyebi
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Derek Girouard
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Kimberly S. F. Lau
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Lalith Samankumara
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Dinusha Damunupola
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Gamal E. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Martin Gouterman
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati 45221‐0172 Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 47907‐2084 West Lafayette IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ning Y, Jin GQ, Zhang JL. Porpholactone Chemistry: An Emerging Approach to Bioinspired Photosensitizers with Tunable Near-Infrared Photophysical Properties. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2620-2633. [PMID: 31298833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls, known as the key building blocks of natural light-harvesting antennae, are essential to utilize solar energy from visible to near-infrared (NIR) region during the photosynthesis process. The fundamental studies for the relationship between structure and photophysical properties of chlorophylls disclosed the importance of β-peripheral modification and thus boosted the fast growth of NIR absorbing/emissive porphyrinoids via altering the extent of π-conjugation and the degree of distortion from the planarity of macrocycle. Despite the tremendous progress made in various porphyrin-based synthetic models, it still remains a challenge to precisely modulate photophysical properties through fine-tuning of β-peripheral structures in the way natural chlorophylls do. With this in mind, we initiated a program and focused on meso-C6F5-substituted porpholactone (F20TPPL), in which one β-pyrrolic double bond was replaced by a lactone moiety, as an attractive platform to construct the bioinspired library of NIR porphyrinoids. In this Account, we summarize our recent contributions to the bioinspired design, synthesis, photophysical characterization, and applications of porpholactones and their derivatives. We have developed a general, convenient method to directly prepare porpholactones in large scale up to gram, which forms the chemical basis of porpholactone chemistry. By modulation of the saturation level and in particular regioisomerization of β-dilactone moieties, a synthetic library constituted by a series of porpholactones and their derivatives has been established. Thanks to the electron-withdrawing nature of lactone moiety, derivation of the saturation levels gives help to build stable models for chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and tunichlorin. It is worth noting that regioisomerization of dilactone moieties mimics the relative orientation of β-substituents in natural chlorophylls and hemes, which was considered as the key factor to tune NIR absorption and reactivity. Porpholactones can illustrate the capability of fine-tuning photophysical properties including the excited triplet states by subtle alteration of β-peripheral structures in the presence of transition metals and lanthanides (Ln). Furthermore, they can serve as efficient photosensitizers for singlet oxygen and NIR Ln, showing potential applications in cell imaging and photocytotoxicity studies. The high luminescence, tunable structures, high cellular uptake, and intense NIR absorption render them as promising and competitive candidates for theranostics in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, extending the studies of "porpholactone chemistry" not only tests the fundamental understanding of the structure-function relationship that governs NIR photophysical properties of natural tetrapyrrole cofactors such as chlorophylls but also provides the guiding principles for the bioinspired design of NIR luminescent molecular probes with various applications. Taken together, as a new synthetic porphyrin derivative, porpholactone chemistry shines light on synthetic porphyrin, bioinorganic, and lanthanide chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Lalisse RF, Hewage N, Brückner C, Gascón JA. Origins of the Electronic Modulations of Bacterio- and Isobacteriodilactone Regioisomers. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7470-7485. [PMID: 31361130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the utilization of porphyrinoids for photomedicine, catalysis, and artificial photosynthesis require a fundamental understanding of the relationships between their molecular connectivity and resulting electronic structures. Herein, we analyze how the replacement of two pyrrolic Cβ═Cβ bonds of a porphyrin by two lactone (O═C-O) moieties modulates the ground-state thermodynamic stability and electronic structure of the resulting five possible pyrrole-modified porphyrin isomers. We made these determinations based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT computations of the optical spectra of all regioisomers. We also analyzed the computed magnetically induced currents of their aromatic π-systems. All regioisomers adopt the tautomeric state that maximizes aromaticity, whether or not transannular steric strains are incurred. In all isomers, the O═Cβ-Oβ bonds were found to support a macrocycle diatropic ring current. We attributed this to the delocalization of nonbonding electrons from the ring oxa- and oxo-atoms into the macrocycle. As a consequence of this delocalization, the dilactone regioisomers are as-or even more-aromatic than their hydroporphyrin congeners. The electronic structures follow different trends for the bacteriochlorin- and isobacteriochlorin-type isomers. The presence of either oxo- or oxa-oxygens conjugated with the macrocyclic π-system was found to be the minimal structural requirement for the regioisomers to exhibit distinct electronic properties. Our computational methods and mechanistic insights provide a basis for the systematic exploration of the physicochemical properties of porphyrinoids as a function of the number, relative orientation, and degree of macrocycle-π-conjugation of β-substituents, in general, and for dilactone-based porphyrinic chromophores, in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu ZY, Wang T, Meng YS, Rao Y, Wang BW, Zheng J, Gao S, Zhang JL. Enhancing the reactivity of nickel(ii) in hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) by β-hydrogenation of porphyrinoid ligands. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5953-5961. [PMID: 28989625 PMCID: PMC5620542 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuning of the porphyrin β-periphery is important for naturally occurring metal tetrapyrroles to exert diverse biological roles. Here we describe how this approach is also applied to design molecular catalysts, as exemplified by Ni(ii) porphyrinoids catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We found that β-hydrogenation of porphyrin remarkably enhances the electrocatalytic HER reactivity (turnover frequencies of 6287 vs. 265 s-1 for Ni(ii) chlorin (Ni-2) and porphyrin (Ni-1), and of 1737 vs. 342 s-1 for Ni(ii) hydroporpholactone (Ni-4) and porpholactone (Ni-3), respectively) using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the proton source. DFT calculations suggested that after two-electron reduction, β-hydrogenation renders more electron density located on the Ni center and thus prefers to generate a highly reactive nickel hydride intermediate. To demonstrate this, decamethylcobaltocene Co(Cp*)2 was used as a chemical reductant. [Ni-2]2- reacts ca. 30 times faster than [Ni-1]2- with TFA, which is in line with the electrocatalysis and computational results. Thus, such subtle structural changes inducing the distinctive reactivity of Ni(ii) not only test the fundamental understanding of natural Ni tetrapyrroles but also provide a valuable clue to design metal porphyrinoid catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Teng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Yin-Shan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Yu Rao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Jie Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China . ; ;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 1. Baeyer–Villiger‐Oxidation Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University One University Plaza 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li R, Zeller M, Bruhn T, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 3. Schmidt‐Reaction Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| | - Mathias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University One University Plaza 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soni D, Gangada S, Duvva N, Roy TK, Nimesh S, Arya G, Giribabu L, Chitta R. Hypochlorite-promoted inhibition of photo-induced electron transfer in phenothiazine–borondipyrromethene donor–acceptor dyad: a cost-effective and metal-free “turn-on” fluorescent chemosensor for hypochlorite. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
APTZ-BODIPY based fluorescent chemosensor was designed and used for hypochlorite detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Disha Soni
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- Bandar Sindri
- India
| | - Suneel Gangada
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- Bandar Sindri
- India
| | - Naresh Duvva
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Tapta Kanchan Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Jammu
- Jammu – 180001
- India
| | - Surendra Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Central University of Rajasthan
- Bandar indri
- India
| | - Geeta Arya
- Department of Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Central University of Rajasthan
- Bandar indri
- India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- Bandar Sindri
- India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu JY, Wu ZY, Chai K, Yang ZS, Meng YS, Ning Y, Zhang J, Zhang JL. β-Fluorinated porpholactones and metal complexes: synthesis, characterization and some spectroscopic studies. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of β-fluorinated porpholactones by oxidation of the fluorinated CC bond of the pyrrolic subunit in porphyrin using the “RuCl3 + Oxone®” protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Zhuo-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Ke Chai
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yin-Shan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matano
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sharma M, Meehan E, Mercado BQ, Brückner C. β-Alkyloxazolochlorins: Revisiting the Ozonation of Octaalkylporphyrins, and Beyond. Chemistry 2016; 22:11706-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Eileen Meehan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Chemical & Biophysical Instrumentation Center; Yale University, Chemistry Department; 350 Edwards St. New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Costa LD, Costa JIT, Tomé AC. Porphyrin Macrocycle Modification: Pyrrole Ring-Contracted or -Expanded Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2016; 21:320. [PMID: 27005605 PMCID: PMC6274216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several synthetic strategies aiming at the peripheral functionalization of porphyrins were developed. Particularly interesting are those involving the modification of β-pyrrolic positions leading to pyrrole-modified porphyrins containing four-, five-, six- or seven-membered heterocycles. Azeteoporphyrins, porpholactones and morpholinoporphyrins are representative examples of such porphyrinoids. These porphyrin derivatives have recently gained an increasing interest due to their potential application in PDT, as multimodal imaging contrast agents, NIR-absorbing dyes, optical sensors for oxygen, cyanide, hypochlorite and pH, and in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana I T Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Algi MP. A highly selective dual channel hypochlorite probe based on fluorescein and 1,10-phenanthroline. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
20
|
Ren M, Deng B, Zhou K, Kong X, Wang JY, Xu G, Lin W. A lysosome-targeted and ratiometric fluorescent probe for imaging exogenous and endogenous hypochlorous acid in living cells. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4739-4745. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the first small-molecule based, lysosomal-targeted ratiometric fluorescent HClO probe (Lyso-HA). Fluorescence imaging shows that it is suitable for ratiometric visualization of exogenous and endogenous HClO at lysosomes in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Ren
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Beibei Deng
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Kai Zhou
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Xiuqi Kong
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Jian-Yong Wang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Gaoping Xu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Worlinsky JL, Halepas S, Ghandehari M, Khalil G, Brückner C. High pH sensing with water-soluble porpholactone derivatives and their incorporation into a Nafion® optode membrane. Analyst 2015; 140:190-6. [PMID: 25406812 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01462f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The known optical high pH sensing chromophores, free base and metal complexes (M = 2H, Zn(ii), Pt(ii)) of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone, and the as yet untested Ga(iii) complex, were made freely water-soluble by derivatization at the aryl group with PEG chains. Their halochromic response profiles were determined and found to be surprisingly shifted toward greater base sensitivity when compared to the parent sensors in aqueous solution in the presence of a surfactant. Select PEG-derivatized chromophores were also incorporated into Nafion®-based membranes. The immobilized sensor was shown to be suitable for a moderately rapid (response time in minutes) sensing of high concentrations of hydroxides (pH 11 and above, up to 5 M NaOH concentrations). The lesser sensitivity of the indicators in the membrane is rationalized by the anionic nature of the membrane material. The membrane shows a perfectly reversible response and remains transparent and stable even under extended times of exposure to very caustic environments, and no leaching of the chromophore is observed. The membrane might find use in fiber optics-based optodes suitable for the monitoring of high hydroxide environments inside chemical reactors or fuel cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Worlinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meehan E, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Octaethyl-1,3-oxazinochlorin: A β-Octaethylchlorin Analogue Made by Pyrrole Expansion. Org Lett 2015; 17:2210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Meehan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of caffeic acid amides as synergists to sensitize fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans to fluconazole. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:34-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Zeller M, Banerjee S, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins. 14. Acta Crystallogr C 2014; 70:707-11. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229614013953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of 8-oxo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-7-oxaporphyrinN24-oxide, C43H28N4O3, (4B), shows thatN-oxidation of the pyrrole opposite the oxazolidone group cants the pyrrole out of the mean plane of the chromophore. This also affects the oxazolidone group, which is also slightly canted out. This conformation is qualitatively similar to that of the parentmeso-tetraphenylporphyrinN-oxide, but dissimilar to that of the porpholactoneN-oxide isomer 8-oxo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-7-oxaporphyrinN22-oxide, (4A), carrying theN-oxide at the oxazolidone group. While the degree of canting of theN-oxidized groups in both cases is comparable (and more pronounced than in the porphyrinN-oxide case), in (4A) the pyrrolic groups adjacent to theN-oxidized group are more affected than the opposing group. These differences in the conformational modes may contribute to rationalizing the distinctly different electronic properties of (4A) and (4B).
Collapse
|
25
|
Ke XS, Chang Y, Chen JZ, Tian J, Mack J, Cheng X, Shen Z, Zhang JL. Porphodilactones as Synthetic Chlorophylls: Relative Orientation of β-Substituents on a Pyrrolic Ring Tunes NIR Absorption. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9598-607. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502729x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| | - Jia-Zhen Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| | - John Mack
- Department
of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ke XS, Yang BY, Cheng X, Chan SLF, Zhang JL. Ytterbium(III) porpholactones: β-lactonization of porphyrin ligands enhances sensitization efficiency of lanthanide near-infrared luminescence. Chemistry 2014; 20:4324-33. [PMID: 24590671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The near-infrared (NIR) luminescence efficiency of lanthanide complexes is largely dependent on the electronic and photophysical properties of antenna ligands. Although porphyrin ligands are efficient sensitizers of lanthanide NIR luminescence, non-pyrrolic porphyrin analogues, which have unusual symmetry and electronic states, have been much less studied. In this work, we used porpholactones, a class of β-pyrrolic-modified porphyrins, as ligands and investigated the photophysical properties of lanthanide porpholactones Yb-1 a-5 a. Compared with Yb porphyrin complexes, the porpholactone complexes displayed remarkable enhancement of NIR emission (50-120 %). Estimating the triplet-state levels of porphyrin and porpholactone in Gd complexes revealed that β-lactonization of porphyrinic ligands lowers the ligand T1 state and results in a narrow energy gap between this state and the lowest excited state of Yb(3+) . Transient absorption spectra showed that Yb(III) porpholactone has a longer transient decay lifetime at the Soret band than the porphyrin analogue (30.8 versus 17.0 μs). Thus, the narrower energy gap and longer lifetime arising from β-lactonization are assumed to enhance NIR emission of Yb porpholactones. To demonstrate the potential applications of Yb porpholactone, a water-soluble Yb bioprobe was constructed by conjugating glucose to Yb-1 a. Interestingly, the NIR emission of this Yb porpholactone could be specifically switched on in the presence of glucose oxidase and then switched off by addition of glucose. This is the first demonstration that non-pyrrolic porphyrin ligands enhance the sensitization efficiency of lanthanide luminescence and also display switchable NIR emission in the region of biological analytes (800-1400 nm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistryand Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86) 1062767034
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Worlinsky JL, Halepas S, Brückner C. PEGylated meso-arylporpholactone metal complexes as optical cyanide sensors in water. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3991-4001. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A number of water-soluble metal complexes of PEGylatedmeso-fluorophenylporpholactones display a specific optical response upon addition of cyanide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Halepas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang J, Chen JJ, Jing J, Chen JZ, Lv H, Yu Y, Xu P, Zhang JL. β-Lactonization of fluorinated porphyrin enhances LDL binding affinity, cellular uptake with selective intracellular localization. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
29
|
Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. MS/MS fragmentation behavior study of meso-phenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and meso-thienyl-substituted porphyrins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:18-29. [PMID: 24135805 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Free base and cobalt(II) complexes of six meso-tetraphenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and of three meso-thienylporphyrins were investigated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their fragmentation was studied in a quadrupole ion trap as a function of the porphyrinoid macrocycle structure and compared with the fragmentation behavior of the benchmark compound meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. In situ oxidation of the neutral cobalt(II) complexes under ESI conditions produced singly charged cobalt(III) porphyrinoid ions; the free bases were ionized by protonation. For the porphyrinoids with an intact porphyrin core, the major fragmentation pathways observed were the losses of the meso-substituent (for meso-phenyl groups) and characteristic fragmentations of one or more meso-substituents (for the meso-thienyl group). Complex fragmentation pathways were observed for porphyrinoids with modifications to the porphyrin core but chemically reasonable structures could be assigned to most fragments, thus delineating general patterns for the behavior of pyrrole-modified porphyrins under CID conditions. ᅟ
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|