1
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Lin S, Mo Z, Wang P, He C. Oxidation and Phenolysis of Peptide/Protein C-Terminal Hydrazides Afford Salicylaldehyde Ester Surrogates for Chemical Protein Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37470345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
With the growing popularity of serine/threonine ligation (STL) and cysteine/penicillamine ligation (CPL) in chemical protein synthesis, facile and general approaches for the preparation of peptide salicylaldehyde (SAL) esters are urgently needed, especially those viable for obtaining expressed protein SAL esters. Herein, we report the access of SAL ester surrogates from peptide hydrazides (obtained either synthetically or recombinantly) via nitrite oxidation and phenolysis by 3-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (SAL(-COOH)PDT). The resulting peptide SAL(-COOH)PDT esters can be activated to afford the reactive peptide SAL(-COOH) esters for subsequent STL/CPL. While being operationally simple for both synthetic peptides and expressed proteins, the current strategy facilitates convergent protein synthesis and combined application of STL with NCL. The generality of the strategy is showcased by the N-terminal ubiquitination of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (Gadd45a), the efficient synthesis of ubiquitin-like protein 5 (UBL-5) via a combined N-to-C NCL-STL strategy, and the C-to-N semisynthesis of a myoglobin (Mb) variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zeyuan Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunmao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Liu J, Li X. Serine/Threonine Ligation and Cysteine/Penicillamine Ligation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2530:33-43. [PMID: 35761040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2489-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine ligation (STL) and cysteine/penicillamine ligation (CPL) are highly chemo- and regioselective reactions between unprotected peptides with C-terminus salicylaldehyde esters and unprotected peptides with N-terminus serine/threonine or cysteine/penicillamine, which serve as powerful tools for cyclic peptide natural product and chemical protein synthesis. Herein, we introduce the preparation of C-terminal peptide salicylaldehyde esters, serine/threonine ligation, cysteine/penicillamine ligation, and subsequent acidolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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3
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Chow HY, Zhang Y, Matheson E, Li X. Ligation Technologies for the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9971-10001. [PMID: 31318534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have been attracting a lot of attention in recent decades, especially in the area of drug discovery, as more and more naturally occurring cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities have been discovered. Chemical synthesis of cyclic peptides is essential when studying their structure-activity relationships. Conventional peptide cyclization methods via direct coupling have inherent limitations, like the susceptibility to epimerization at the C-terminus, poor solubility of fully protected peptide precursors, and low yield caused by oligomerization. In this regard, chemoselective ligation-mediated cyclization methods have emerged as effective strategies for cyclic peptide synthesis. The toolbox for cyclic peptide synthesis has been expanded substantially in the past two decades, allowing more efficient synthesis of cyclic peptides with various scaffolds and modifications. This Review will explore different chemoselective ligation technologies used for cyclic peptide synthesis that generate both native and unnatural peptide linkages. The practical issues and limitations of different methods will be discussed. The advance in cyclic peptide synthesis will benefit the biological and medicinal study of cyclic peptides, an important class of macrocycles with potentials in numerous fields, notably in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Chow
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Eilidh Matheson
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH8 9LE , United Kingdom
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
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4
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Liu H, Liu H, Li X. Use of Serine/Threonine Ligation for the Total Chemical Synthesis of HMGA1a Protein with Site‐Specific Lysine Acetylations. Chempluschem 2019; 84:779-785. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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5
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Murale DP, Hong SC, Jang S, Lee J. Reinvestigation of an
O
‐Salicylaldehyde Ester Functional Group in Aqueous Buffer and Discovery of a Coumarin Scaffold Probe for Selective N‐Terminal Cysteine Labeling. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2545-2549. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj P. Murale
- Molecular Recognition Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Hong
- Molecular Recognition Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
- Division of Bio-MedKIST-School UST 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Se‐young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
- Division of Bio-MedKIST-School UST 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Jun‐Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
- Division of Bio-MedKIST-School UST 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
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6
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Grassi L, Roschger C, Stanojlović V, Cabrele C. An explorative study towards the chemical synthesis of the immunoglobulin G1 Fc CH3 domain. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3126. [PMID: 30346065 PMCID: PMC6646916 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins including the immunoglobulin fragment c (Ig Fc) CH2‐CH3 domains, and engineered antibodies are prominent representatives of an important class of drugs and drug candidates, which are referred to as biotherapeutics or biopharmaceuticals. These recombinant proteins are highly heterogeneous due to their glycosylation pattern. In addition, enzyme‐independent reactions, like deamidation, dehydration, and oxidation of sensitive side chains, may contribute to their heterogeneity in a minor amount. To investigate the biological impact of a spontaneous chemical modification, especially if found to be recurrent in a biotherapeutic, it would be necessary to reproduce it in a homogeneous manner. Herein, we undertook an explorative study towards the chemical synthesis of the IgG1 Fc CH3 domain, which has been shown to undergo spontaneous changes like succinimide formation and methionine oxidation. We used Fmoc‐solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and native chemical ligation (NCL) to test the accessibility of large fragments of the IgG1 Fc CH3 domain. In general, the incorporation of pseudoproline dipeptides improved the quality of the crude peptide precursors; however, sequences larger than 44 residues could not be achieved by standard stepwise elongation with Fmoc‐SPPS. In contrast, the application of NCL with cysteine residues, which were either native or introduced ad hoc, allowed the assembly of the C‐terminal IgG1 Fc CH3 sequence 371 to 450. The syntheses reported here show advantages and limitations of the chemical approaches chosen for the preparation of the synthetic IgG1 Fc CH3 domain and will guide future plans towards the synthesis of both the native and selectively modified full‐length domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Grassi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cornelia Roschger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlović
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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7
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Abstract
Synthetic proteins are expected to go beyond the boundary of recombinant DNA expression systems by being flexibly installed with site-specific natural or unnatural modification structures during synthesis. To enable protein chemical synthesis, peptide ligations provide effective strategies to assemble short peptide fragments obtained from solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) into long peptides and proteins. In this regard, chemoselective peptide ligation represents a simple but powerful transformation realizing selective amide formation between the C-terminus and N-terminus of two side-chain-unprotected peptide fragments. These reactions are highly chemo- and regioselective to tolerate the side-chain functionalities present on the unprotected peptides, highly reactive to work with millmolar or submillimolar concentrations of the substrates, and operationally simple with mild conditions and accessible building blocks. This Account focuses on our work in the development of serine/threonine ligation (STL), which originates from a chemoselective reaction between an unprotected peptide with a C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) ester and another unprotected peptide with an N-terminal serine or threonine residue. Mechanistically, STL involves imine capture, 5- endo-trig ring-chain tautomerization, O-to- N [1,5] acyl transfer to afford the N, O-benzylidene acetal-linked peptide, and acidolysis to regenerate the Xaa-Ser/Thr linkage (where Xaa is the amino acid) at the ligation site. The high abundance of serine and threonine residues (12.7%) in naturally occurring proteins and the good compatibility of STL with various C-terminal residues provide multiple choices for ligation sites. The requisite peptide C-terminal SAL esters can be prepared from the peptide fragments obtained from both Fmoc-SPPS and Boc-SPPS through four available methods (a safety-catch strategy based on phenolysis, direct coupling, ozonolysis, and the n + 1 strategy). In the synthesis of proteins (e.g., ACYP enzyme, MUC1 glycopeptide 40-mer to 80-mer, interleukin 25, and HMGA1a with variable post-translational modification patterns), both C-to- N and N-to- C sequential STL strategies have been developed through selection of temporal N-terminal protecting groups and proper design of the switch-on/off C-terminal SAL ester surrogate, respectively. In the synthesis of cyclic peptide natural products (e.g., daptomycin, teixobactin, cyclomontanin B, yunnanin C) and their analogues, intramolecular head-to-tail STL has been implemented on linear peptide SAL ester precursors containing four to 10 amino acid residues with good efficiency and minimized oligomerization. As a thiol-independent chemoselective ligation complementary to native chemical ligation, STL provides an alternative tool for the chemical synthesis of homogeneous proteins with site-specific and structure-defined modifications and cyclic peptide natural products, which lays foundation for chemical biology and medicinal studies of those molecules with biological importance and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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8
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Xu C, Xu J, Liu H, Li X. Development of aspartic acid ligation for peptide cyclization derived from serine/threonine ligation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Mendoza C, Emmanuel N, Páez CA, Dreesen L, Monbaliu JCM, Heinrichs B. Transitioning from conventional batch to microfluidic processes for the efficient singlet oxygen photooxygenation of methionine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Synthesis and antibacterial studies of teixobactin analogues with non-isostere substitution of enduracididine. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1062-1068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Zieliński GK, Majtczak J, Gutowski M, Grela K. A Selective and Functional Group-Tolerant Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis/Transfer Hydrogenation Tandem Sequence Using Formic Acid as Hydrogen Source. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2542-2553. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz K. Zieliński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosława Majtczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Gutowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of teixobactin analogues via convergent Ser ligation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4990-4995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Emmanuel N, Mendoza C, Winter M, Horn CR, Vizza A, Dreesen L, Heinrichs B, Monbaliu JCM. Scalable Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methionine under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Winter
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Clemens R. Horn
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Vizza
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
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14
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Tung CL, Wong CTT, Li X. Peptide 2-formylthiophenol esters do not proceed through a Ser/Thr ligation pathway, but participate in a peptide aminolysis to enable peptide condensation and cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6922-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00825e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide thiol salicylaldehyde esters unexpectedly do not follow a Ser/Thr ligation pathway, but proceed towards a peptide aminolysis in DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ling Tung
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
- Chong Yuet Ming Chemistry Building
| | - Clarence T. T. Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
- Chong Yuet Ming Chemistry Building
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
- Chong Yuet Ming Chemistry Building
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15
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Harmand TJR, Murar CE, Bode JW. New chemistries for chemoselective peptide ligations and the total synthesis of proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Liu H, Li X. Development and application of serine/threonine ligation for synthetic protein chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3768-73. [PMID: 24788202 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of proteins, especially those with post-translational modifications, has offered new opportunities to study the protein structure-function relationship. In the past four years, we have developed the serine/threonine ligation (STL), which involves the chemoselective reaction between peptide salicylaldehyde esters and peptides with N-terminal serine or threonine. The method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of both linear and cyclic peptides/proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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17
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Zhang Y, Farrants H, Li X. Adding a Functional Handle to Nature′s Building Blocks: The Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acids. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1752-64. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Levine PM, Craven TW, Bonneau R, Kirshenbaum K. Semisynthesis of Peptoid–Protein Hybrids by Chemical Ligation at Serine. Org Lett 2014; 16:512-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4033978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Bonneau
- Courant
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computer Science, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States
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19
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Levine PM, Craven TW, Bonneau R, Kirshenbaum K. Intrinsic bioconjugation for site-specific protein PEGylation at N-terminal serine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6909-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and site-specific method to introduce PEG chains onto the N-terminus of peptides and proteins through native amide linkages at serine is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy W. Craven
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology
- New York University
- New York, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology
- New York University
- New York, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
- New York University
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20
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Wong CTT, Lam HY, Li X. Effective synthesis of kynurenine-containing peptides via on-resin ozonolysis of tryptophan residues: synthesis of cyclomontanin B. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7616-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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