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Mathieu E, Sipos A, Demeyere E, Phipps D, Sakaveli D, Borbas KE. Lanthanide-based tools for the investigation of cellular environments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10021-10035. [PMID: 30101249 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological probes constructed from lanthanides can provide a variety of readout signals, such as the luminescence of Eu(iii), Tb(iii), Yb(iii), Sm(iii) and Dy(iii), and the proton relaxation enhancement of Gd(iii) and Eu(ii). For numerous applications the intracellular delivery of the lanthanide probe is essential. Here, we review the methods for the intracellular delivery of non-targeted complexes (i.e. where the overall complex structure enhances cellular uptake), as well as complexes attached to a targeting unit (i.e. to a peptide or a small molecule) that facilitates delivery. The cellular applications of lanthanide-based supramolecules (dendrimers, metal organic frameworks) are covered briefly. Throughout, we emphasize the techniques that can confirm the intracellular localization of the lanthanides and those that enable the determination of the fate of the probes once inside the cell. Finally, we highlight methods that have not yet been applied in the context of lanthanide-based probes, but have been successful in the intracellular delivery of other metal-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Giovenzana GB, Lattuada L, Negri R. Recent Advances in Bifunctional Paramagnetic Chelates for MRI. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B. Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”; L.go Donegani 2/3 I-28100 Novara Italy
| | - Luciano Lattuada
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre; Via Ribes 5 I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa TO, Italy
| | - Roberto Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”; L.go Donegani 2/3 I-28100 Novara Italy
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Gregory KJ, Velagaleti R, Thal DM, Brady RM, Christopoulos A, Conn PJ, Lapinsky DJ. Clickable Photoaffinity Ligands for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Based on Select Acetylenic Negative Allosteric Modulators. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1870-9. [PMID: 27115427 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of current drug targets. In particular, small-molecule allosteric modulators offer substantial potential for selectively "tuning" GPCR activity. However, there remains a critical need for experimental strategies that unambiguously determine direct allosteric ligand-GPCR interactions, to facilitate both chemical biology studies and rational structure-based drug design. We now report the development and use of first-in-class clickable allosteric photoprobes for a GPCR based on metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) negative allosteric modulator (NAM) chemotypes. Select acetylenic mGlu5 NAM lead compounds were rationally modified to contain either a benzophenone or an aryl azide as a photoreactive functional group, enabling irreversible covalent attachment to mGlu5 via photoactivation. Additionally, a terminal alkyne or an aliphatic azide was incorporated as a click chemistry handle, allowing chemoselective attachment of fluorescent moieties to the irreversibly mGlu5-bound probe via tandem photoaffinity labeling-bioorthogonal conjugation. These clickable photoprobes retained submicromolar affinity for mGlu5 and negative cooperativity with glutamate, interacted with the "common allosteric-binding site," displayed slow binding kinetics, and could irreversibly label mGlu5 following UV exposure. We depleted the number of functional mGlu5 receptors using an irreversibly bound NAM to elucidate and delineate orthosteric agonist affinity and efficacy. Finally, successful conjugation of fluorescent dyes via click chemistry was demonstrated for each photoprobe. In the future, these clickable photoprobes are expected to aid our understanding of the structural basis of mGlu5 allosteric modulation. Furthermore, tandem photoaffinity labeling-bioorthogonal conjugation is expected to be a broadly applicable experimental strategy across the entire GPCR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Gregory
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ranganadh Velagaleti
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - David M. Thal
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan M. Brady
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - David J. Lapinsky
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Sim N, Parker D. Critical design issues in the targeted molecular imaging of cell surface receptors. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2122-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular imaging of cell-surface receptors draws closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Sim
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE
- UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE
- UK
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Mishra A, Mishra R, Gottschalk S, Pal R, Sim N, Engelmann J, Goldberg M, Parker D. Microscopic visualization of metabotropic glutamate receptors on the surface of living cells using bifunctional magnetic resonance imaging probes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:128-37. [PMID: 24251400 DOI: 10.1021/cn400175m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of bimodal metabotropic glutamate-receptor targeted MRI contrast agents has been developed and evaluated, based on established competitive metabotropic Glu receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) antagonists. In order to directly visualize mGluR5 binding of these agents on the surface of live astrocytes, variations in the core structure were made. A set of gadolinium conjugates containing either a cyanine dye or a fluorescein moiety was accordingly prepared, to allow visualization by optical microscopy in cellulo. In each case, surface receptor binding was compromised and cell internalization observed. Another approach, examining the location of a terbium analogue via sensitized emission, also exhibited nonspecific cell uptake in neuronal cell line models. Finally, biotin derivatives of two lead compounds were prepared, and the specificity of binding to the mGluR5 cell surface receptors was demonstrated with the aid of their fluorescently labeled avidin conjugates, using both total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sven Gottschalk
- High Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | | | | | - Joern Engelmann
- High Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
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Sim N, Pal R, Parker D, Engelmann J, Mishra A, Gottschalk S. Magnetic resonance and optical imaging probes for NMDA receptors on the cell surface of neurons: synthesis and evaluation in cellulo. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9389-404. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A second generation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-targeted MRI contrast agents has been synthesised, based on bicyclic NMDA receptor antagonists and show selective and reversible cell-surface binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Sim
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Joern Engelmann
- High Field MR Centre
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anurag Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Center
| | - Sven Gottschalk
- High Field MR Centre
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Center
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