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Abstract
In 1986, Rizzardo et al. discovered the nitroxide-mediated polymerization which relies on the reversibility of homolysis of the C-ON bond of alkoxyamine R1R2NOR3, a unique property of these molecules. This discovery has generated a tremendous endeavor in the field of polymer chemistry. Alkoxyamines have been used as initiators/controllers for nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Moreover, photoexcitable alkoxyamines that dissociate under light at different wavelengths have also been developed for polymer chemistry. Over the past few years, alkoxyamines have started to be used in materials sciences. In many cases (e.g., self-healing polymers), the development of smart materials requires the use of smart building blocks, that is, molecules or systems whose properties and/or structures change upon external stimuli. Alkoxyamines exhibit a unique property: reversible homolysis (i.e., homolysis of the C-ON bond into alkyl R3• and nitroxyl R1R2NO• radicals and reformation via the coupling of these two species). Until now, this property has been controlled only by changes in temperatures or by light irradiation. Chemical and/or biochemical control of the homolysis event would open new gates for the application of these molecules in different fields such as biology and medicine. Thus, the concept of smart alkoxyamines is discussed and exemplified via the activation of alkoxyamines using chemical or/and biochemical changes amplifying the polar, steric, and stabilization effects. In situ activation is also discussed. It is shown that (i) increasing the electron-withdrawing properties of the alkyl fragment weakens the C-ON bond and thus favors homolysis but is opposite for the nitroxyl fragment; (ii) increasing the steric hindrance on the nonactive site affords dramatic conformation changes which weaken the C-ON bond; and (iii) increasing the stabilization of the released alkyl radical weakens the C-ON bond. Solvent effects and intramolecular hydrogen bonding are also discussed. Reactions used to highlight our purpose are either reversible or nonreversible and used under conditions that are as mild as possible (temperatures below 40 °C and atmospheric pressure). For example, a several (thousands of millions of) millions of orders of magnitude enhancement of the homolysis rate constant is observed upon enzymatic hydrolysis at 37 °C, meaning that a shift from a stable alkoxyamine (t1/2 = 42 000 milleniums) to a highly labile alkoxyamine (tmax = 1500 s for 35% conversion) is achieved. Applications of this concept are discussed for safe NMP initiators and for theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille, Cedex
20, France
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille, Cedex
20, France
| | - Philippe Mellet
- INSERM, 33076 Bordeaux, Cedex, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS, Case 93, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, Cedex, France
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Edeleva M, Audran G, Marque S, Bagryanskaya E. Smart Control of Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization Initiators' Reactivity by pH, Complexation with Metals, and Chemical Transformations. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12050688. [PMID: 30813542 PMCID: PMC6427375 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because alkoxyamines are employed in a number of important applications, such as nitroxide-mediated polymerization, radical chemistry, redox chemistry, and catalysis, research into their reactivity is especially important. Typically, the rate of alkoxyamine homolysis is strongly dependent on temperature. Nonetheless, thermal regulation of such reactions is not always optimal. This review describes various ways to reversibly change the rate of C–ON bond homolysis of alkoxyamines at constant temperature. The major methods influencing C–ON bond homolysis without alteration of temperature are protonation of functional groups in an alkoxyamine, formation of metal–alkoxyamine complexes, and chemical transformation of alkoxyamines. Depending on the structure of an alkoxyamine, these approaches can have a significant effect on the homolysis rate constant, by a factor of up to 30, and can shorten the half-lifetime from days to seconds. These methods open new prospects for the application of alkoxyamines in biology and increase the safety of (and control over) the nitroxide-mediated polymerization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- National Research University-Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Gerard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France.
| | - Sylvain Marque
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France.
| | - Elena Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- National Research University-Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Audran G, Bagryanskaya E, Bagryanskaya I, Edeleva M, Joly JP, Marque SRA, Iurchenkova A, Kaletina P, Cherkasov S, Hai TT, Tretyakov E, Zhivetyeva S. How intramolecular coordination bonding (ICB) controls the homolysis of the C–ON bond in alkoxyamines. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25776-25789. [PMID: 35530086 PMCID: PMC9070044 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05334d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the C–ON bond homolysis rate constant kd is an essential parameter of alkoxyamine reactivity, it is especially important to tune kd without a major alteration of the structure of the molecule. Recently, several approaches have become known, e.g., protonation of functional groups and formation of metal complexes. In this paper, coordination reactions of [Zn(hfac)2(H2O)2] with a series of new SG1-based alkoxyamines affording complexes with different structures are presented. The kd values of the complexed forms of the alkoxyamines were compared to those of free and protonated ones to reveal the contribution of the electron-withdrawing property and structure stabilization. Together with previously published data, this work provides clues to the design of alkoxyamines that can be effectively activated upon coordination with metal ions. Furthermore, our results provide insight into the mechanism underlying the influence of complexation on the reactivity of alkoxyamines. This led us to describe different types of coordination: intramolecular in nitroxyl fragment, intramolecular in alkyl fragment, intramolecular between alkyl and nitroxyl fragment, and intermolecular one. All of them exhibit different trends which are dramatically altered by changes in conformation. Because the C–ON bond homolysis rate constant kd is an essential parameter of alkoxyamine reactivity, it is especially important to tune kd without a major alteration of the structure of the molecule.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR
- UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
| | - Elena Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Irina Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | | | | | | | - Polina Kaletina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Sergey Cherkasov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Tung To Hai
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR
- UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
| | - Evgeny Tretyakov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Svetlana Zhivetyeva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
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Edeleva MV, Marque SR, Bagryanskaya EG. Imidazoline and imidazolidine nitroxides as controlling agents in nitroxide-mediated pseudoliving radical polymerization. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Audran G, Bikanga R, Brémond P, Edeleva M, Joly JP, Marque SRA, Nkolo P, Roubaud V. How intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) controls the C-ON bond homolysis in alkoxyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8425-8439. [PMID: 28952643 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent amazing results (Nkolo et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, 6167) on the effect of solvents and polarity on the C-ON bond homolysis rate constants kd of alkoxyamine R1R2NOR3 led us to re-investigate the antagonistic effect of intramolecular hydrogen-bonding (IHB) on kd. Here, IHB is investigated both in the nitroxyl fragment R1R2NO and in the alkyl fragment R3, as well as between fragments, that is, the donating group on the alkyl fragment and the accepting group on the nitroxyl fragment, and conversely. It appears that IHB between fragments (inter IHB) strikingly decreases the homolysis rate constant kd, whereas IHB within the fragment (intra IHB) moderately increases kd. For one alkoxyamine, the simultaneous occurrence of IHB within the nitroxyl fragment and between fragments is reported. The protonation effect is weaker in the presence than in the absence of IHB. A moderate solvent effect is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Raphael Bikanga
- Laboratoire de Substances Naturelles et de Synthèse Organométalliques Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, B.P. 943 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Paul Brémond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jean-Patrick Joly
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Sylvain R A Marque
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France. and N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Paulin Nkolo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Valérie Roubaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Audran G, Bagryanskaya E, Edeleva M, Marque SRA, Parkhomenko D, Tretyakov E, Zhivetyeva S. Coordination-Initiated Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (CI-NMP). Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of materials by nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) is well known nowadays. To increase the possible usefulness of NMP for the production of hybrid materials or polymer-decorated complexes, coordination-initiated NMP (CI-NMP) was developed and investigated here. CI-NMP was exemplified using the instantaneous and spontaneous reaction of alkoxyamines carrying a pyridyl moiety on the alkyl group and the Zn(hfac)2 (hfac: hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complex as a metal centre. NMP of styrene and n-butyl acrylate was carried out with either previously or in situ-prepared complexes. Both approaches afforded NMP of the same quality. The positive influence of metal centre coordination is highlighted by efficient NMP at 90°C.
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Audran G, Bagryanskaya E, Bagryanskaya I, Edeleva M, Marque SRA, Parkhomenko D, Tretyakov E, Zhivetyeva S. Zinc(II) Hexafluoroacetylacetonate Complexes of Alkoxyamines: NMR and Kinetic Investigations. First Step for a New Way to Prepare Hybrid Materials. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551; Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Elena Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogova Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Irina Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 2 Pirogova Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551; Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Dmitriy Parkhomenko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Evgeny Tretyakov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Svetlana Zhivetyeva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS; Pr. Lavrentjeva 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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Audran G, Brémond P, Marque SRA, Yamasaki T. C-ON Bond Homolysis of Alkoxyamines, Part 11: Activation of the Nitroxyl Fragment. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1981-8. [PMID: 26878593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A few years ago, Bagryanskaya and colleagues (J. Org. Chem. 2011) showed that protonation of the nitroxyl fragment deactivated the alkoxyamine C-ON bond. Conversely, our group showed that protonation (Chem. Commun. 2011), as well as other chemical reactions such as oxidation or amine quaternization (Org. Lett. 2012), of the pyridyl moiety carried by the alkyl fragment was suitable to activate the homolysis of the C-ON bond. To pursue our goal of applying alkoxyamines as theranostic agents (Org. Biomol. Chem. 2014 and Mol. Pharmaceutics 2014) by activation of the C-ON bond homolysis, we turned our interest to the chemical activation of the nitroxyl fragment by oxidation/reduction of selected functions. Conversion of a hydroxyl group located close to the nitroxyl moiety successively into aldehyde, then acid, and eventually into ester, led to a successive decrease in kd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Paul Brémond
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Sylvain R A Marque
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.,N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS , Pr. Lavrentjeva 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Audran G, Bagryanskaya E, Bagryanskaya I, Brémond P, Edeleva M, Marque SRA, Parkhomenko D, Tretyakov E, Zhivetyeva S. C–ON bond homolysis of alkoxyamines triggered by paramagnetic copper(ii) salts. Inorg Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qi00277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine-based alkoxyamines were used as ligands for Cu(hfac)2 to prepare the first metallic complexes of alkoxyamines. Structures of complexes were determined by X-ray analysis and a 21-fold increase in the C–ON bond homolysis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Irina Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | | | - Mariya Edeleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | | | - Dmitriy Parkhomenko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Evgeny Tretyakov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Svetlana Zhivetyeva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
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