1
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He J, Ghosh P, Nitsche C. Biocompatible strategies for peptide macrocyclisation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2300-2322. [PMID: 38362412 PMCID: PMC10866349 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptides are increasingly important drug candidates, offering numerous advantages over conventional small molecules. However, they face significant challenges related to stability, cellular uptake and overall bioavailability. While individual modifications may not address all these challenges, macrocyclisation stands out as a single modification capable of enhancing affinity, selectivity, proteolytic stability and membrane permeability. The recent successes of in situ peptide modifications during screening in combination with genetically encoded peptide libraries have increased the demand for peptide macrocyclisation reactions that can occur under biocompatible conditions. In this perspective, we aim to distinguish biocompatible conditions from those well-known examples that are fully bioorthogonal. We introduce key strategies for biocompatible peptide macrocyclisation and contextualise them within contemporary screening methods, providing an overview of available transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming He
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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2
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Bao G, Wang P, Guo X, Li Y, He Z, Song X, E R, Yu T, Xie J, Sun W. Visible-Light Mediated Deoxygenation of Carboxylic Acid for Late-Stage Peptide Modification Targeting Dehydroalanine. Org Lett 2023; 25:8338-8343. [PMID: 37966281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light mediated deoxygenative radical addition of carboxylic acids to dehydroalanines has been disclosed. The method can be used in β-acyl alanine derivative synthesis, including those chiral and deuterated variants, and late-stage peptide modification with various functional groups, both in the homogeneous phase and on the resin in SPPS. It provides a new tool kit for rapid construction of bioactive peptide analogues, which has been demonstrated by modification of the antimicrobial peptide Feleucin-K3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao E
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tingli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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3
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Costa L, Sousa E, Fernandes C. Cyclic Peptides in Pipeline: What Future for These Great Molecules? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:996. [PMID: 37513908 PMCID: PMC10386233 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are molecules that are already used as drugs in therapies approved for various pharmacological activities, for example, as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer, and immunosuppressants. Interest in these molecules has been growing due to the improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the cyclic structure over linear peptides and by the evolution of chemical synthesis, computational, and in vitro methods. To date, 53 cyclic peptides have been approved by different regulatory authorities, and many others are in clinical trials for a wide diversity of conditions. In this review, the potential of cyclic peptides is presented, and general aspects of their synthesis and development are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of already approved cyclic peptides is also given, and the cyclic peptides in clinical trials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Costa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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4
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Liu J, Li X. Serine/Threonine Ligation and Cysteine/Penicillamine Ligation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2530:33-43. [PMID: 35761040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2489-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine ligation (STL) and cysteine/penicillamine ligation (CPL) are highly chemo- and regioselective reactions between unprotected peptides with C-terminus salicylaldehyde esters and unprotected peptides with N-terminus serine/threonine or cysteine/penicillamine, which serve as powerful tools for cyclic peptide natural product and chemical protein synthesis. Herein, we introduce the preparation of C-terminal peptide salicylaldehyde esters, serine/threonine ligation, cysteine/penicillamine ligation, and subsequent acidolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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5
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Complex cyclic peptide synthesis via serine/threonine ligation chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 54:128430. [PMID: 34757215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal cyclic peptides are abundant in natural sources, exhibiting attractive bioactivities and favorable pharmacological properties. Furthermore, their structural complexity renders them as attractive synthetic targets. A general task for cyclic peptide synthesis is the peptide cyclization. Compared to the traditional dehydration-based peptide macrolactamization, chemoselective peptide ligation provides an alternative, sometimes advantageous, strategy to cyclize peptides. Herein, we provide a series of structurally complex cyclic peptide examples whose total syntheses were achieved via peptide ligation-mediated peptide cyclization. The special features of these strategies for achieving the total synthesis are highlighted.
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6
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Zhou Y, Liang XW. Recent applications of solid-phase strategy in total synthesis of antibiotics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37942-37951. [PMID: 35498098 PMCID: PMC9043915 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics produced by soil microorganisms have been widespread and have cured the most prevalent diseases since 1940s. However, recent bacterial resistance to existing antibacterial drugs is causing a public health crisis. The structure–activity relationship of antibiotics needs to be established to search for existing antibiotics-based next-generation drug candidates that can conquer the challenge of bacterial resistance preparedness, which relies on the development of highly efficient total synthesis strategies. The solid-phase strategy has become important to circumvent tedious intermediate isolation and purification procedures with simple filtrations. This review will give a brief overview of recent applications of solid-phase strategy in the total synthesis of antibiotics. The recent applications of solid-phase strategy in total synthesis of antibiotics were summarized, and the structure–activity relationship could be established to conquer the challenge of bacterial resistance preparedness.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Jinling High School 169 Zhongshan Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210005 China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410008 China .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
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7
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Abstract
AbstractOver the past more than ten years, my laboratory has been engaged in the total synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology studies on daptomycin. Our efforts are expected to advance new understanding of this effective cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic. In this Account, this long journey is presented.1 Introduction2 Total Synthesis of Daptomycin3 Medicinal Chemistry of Daptomycin4 Molecular Comparison of Daptomycin and Kynomycin5 New Insight into How Daptomycin Exerts Bactericidal Effect6 Conclusion
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8
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Zhu F, Powell WC, Jing R, Walczak MA. Organometallic Ala M Reagents for Umpolung Peptide Diversification. CHEM CATALYSIS 2021; 1:870-884. [PMID: 34738092 PMCID: PMC8562471 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Selective modifications of peptides and proteins have emerged as a promising strategy to develop novel mechanistic probes and prepare compounds with translational potentials. Here, we report alanine carbastannatranes AlaSn as a universal synthon in various C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. These reagents are compatible with peptide manipulation techniques and can undergo chemoselective conjugation in minutes when promoted by Pd(0). Despite their increased nucleophilicity and propensity to transfer the alkyl group, C(sp3)-C(sp2) coupling with AlaSn can be accomplished at room temperature under buffered conditions (pH 6.5-8.5). We also show that AlaSn can be easily transformed into several canonical L- and D-amino acids in arylation, acylation, and etherification reactions. Furthermore, AlaSn can partake in macrocyclizations exemplified by the synthesis of medium size cyclic peptides with various topologies. Taken together, metalated alanine AlaSn demonstrates unparalleled scope and represents a new type of umpolung reagents suitable for structure-activity relationship studies and peptide diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. C
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ruiheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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9
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Hayes HC, Luk LYP, Tsai YH. Approaches for peptide and protein cyclisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3983-4001. [PMID: 33978044 PMCID: PMC8114279 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00411e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyclisation of polypeptides can play a crucial role in exerting biological functions, maintaining stability under harsh conditions and conferring proteolytic resistance, as demonstrated both in nature and in the laboratory. To date, various approaches have been reported for polypeptide cyclisation. These approaches range from the direct linkage of N- and C- termini to the connection of amino acid side chains, which can be applied both in reaction vessels and in living systems. In this review, we categorise the cyclisation approaches into chemical methods (e.g. direct backbone cyclisation, native chemical ligation, aldehyde-based ligations, bioorthogonal reactions, disulphide formation), enzymatic methods (e.g. subtiligase variants, sortases, asparaginyl endopeptidases, transglutaminases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases) and protein tags (e.g. inteins, engineered protein domains for isopeptide bond formation). The features of each approach and the considerations for selecting an appropriate method of cyclisation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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10
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Moreira R, Wolfe J, Taylor SD. A high-yielding solid-phase total synthesis of daptomycin using a Fmoc SPPS stable kynurenine synthon. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3144-3153. [PMID: 33508054 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-yielding total synthesis of daptomycin, an important clinical antibiotic, is described. Key to the development of this synthesis was the elucidation of a Camps cyclization reaction that occurs in the solid-phase when conventionally used kynurenine (Kyn) synthons, such as Fmoc-l-Kyn(Boc,CHO)-OH and Fmoc-l-Kyn(CHO,CHO)-OH, are exposed to 20% 2-methylpiperidine (2MP)/DMF. During the synthesis of daptomycin, this side reaction was accompanied by intractable peptide decomposition, which resulted in a low yield of Dap and a 4-quinolone containing peptide. The Camps cyclization was found to occur in solution when Boc-l-Kyn(Boc,CHO)-Ot-Bu and Boc-l-Kyn(CHO,CHO)-OMe were exposed to 20% 2MP/DMF giving the corresponding 4-quinolone amino acid. In contrast, Boc-l-Kyn(CHO)-OMe was stable under these conditions, demonstrating that removing one of the electron withdrawing groups from the aforementioned building blocks prevents enolization in 2MP/DMF. Hence, a new synthesis of daptomycin was developed using Fmoc-l-Kyn(Boc)-OH, which is prepared in two steps from Fmoc-l-Trp(Boc)-OH, that proceeded with an unprecedented 22% overall yield. The simplicity and efficiency of this synthesis will facilitate the preparation of analogs of daptomycin. In addition, the elucidation of this side reaction will simplify preparation of other Kyn-containing natural products via Fmoc SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaN2L 3G1.
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11
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Cheung CHP, Xu J, Lee CL, Zhang Y, Wei R, Bierer D, Huang X, Li X. Construction of diverse peptide structural architectures via chemoselective peptide ligation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7091-7097. [PMID: 34123337 PMCID: PMC8153220 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01174j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a facile synthetic strategy for constructing diverse peptide structural architectures via chemoselective peptide ligation. The key advancement involved is to utilize the benzofuran moiety as the peptide salicylaldehyde ester surrogate, and Dap-Ser/Lys-Ser dipeptide as the hydroxyl amino functionality, which could be successfully introduced at the side chain of peptides enabling peptide ligation. With this method, the side chain-to-side chain cyclic peptide, branched/bridged peptides, tailed cyclic peptides and multi-cyclic peptides have been designed and successfully synthesized with native peptidic linkages at the ligation sites. This strategy has provided an alternative strategic opportunity for synthetic peptide development. It also serves as an inspiration for the structural design of PPI inhibitors with new modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hey Pui Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Jianchao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Chi Lung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ruohan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer AG Aprather Weg 18A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
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12
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Buntasana S, Seankongsuk P, Vilaivan T, Padungros P. Household Ozone Disinfector as An Alternative Ozone Generator for Ozonolysis of Alkenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supanat Buntasana
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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13
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Vázquez A, Bonilla-Reyes E, Sánchez-Carrillo A. Synthesis of l-Kynurenine and Homo-l-Kynurenine via an Aza-Fries Rearrangement. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
l-Kynurenine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the primary metabolite of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Kynurenine is involved in a variety of biological processes occurring in the human body, notably in the central nervous system. Thus, the study of this molecule offers multiple opportunities for drug discovery; however, an essential prelude for biological studies is to secure the supply of kynurenine and analogues thereof. A simple synthetic procedure for the efficient preparation of enantiomerically pure l-kynurenine from l-aspartic acid and its implementation to prepare homo-l-kynurenine from l-glutamic acid is presented. The approach relies on a photochemical aza-Fries rearrangement of the corresponding acyl-aniline as the fundamental transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Edgar Bonilla-Reyes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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14
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1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol as an efficient medium for the room temperature oxidation of styrenes to benzaldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Heterologous Expression of the Unusual Terreazepine Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Reveals a Promising Approach for Identifying New Chemical Scaffolds. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01691-20. [PMID: 32843555 PMCID: PMC7448278 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01691-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genome sequencing have revitalized natural product discovery efforts, revealing the untapped biosynthetic potential of fungi. While the volume of genomic data continues to expand, discovery efforts are slowed due to the time-consuming nature of experiments required to characterize new molecules. To direct efforts toward uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters most likely to encode novel chemical scaffolds, we took advantage of comparative metabolomics and heterologous gene expression using fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs). By linking mass spectral profiles with structural clues provided by FAC-encoded gene clusters, we targeted a compound originating from an unusual gene cluster containing an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). With this approach, we isolate and characterize R and S forms of the new molecule terreazepine, which contains a novel chemical scaffold resulting from cyclization of the IDO-supplied kynurenine. The discovery of terreazepine illustrates that FAC-based approaches targeting unusual biosynthetic machinery provide a promising avenue forward for targeted discovery of novel scaffolds and their biosynthetic enzymes, and it also represents another example of a biosynthetic gene cluster "repurposing" a primary metabolic enzyme to diversify its secondary metabolite arsenal.IMPORTANCE Here, we provide evidence that Aspergillus terreus encodes a biosynthetic gene cluster containing a repurposed indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) dedicated to secondary metabolite synthesis. The discovery of this neofunctionalized IDO not only enabled discovery of a new compound with an unusual chemical scaffold but also provided insight into the numerous strategies fungi employ for diversifying and protecting themselves against secondary metabolites. The observations in this study set the stage for further in-depth studies into the function of duplicated IDOs present in fungal biosynthetic gene clusters and presents a strategy for accessing the biosynthetic potential of gene clusters containing duplicated primary metabolic genes.
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16
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Du L, Wang Z, Wu J. Iodobenzene-catalyzed oxidative cleavage of olefins to carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Mechanism, origin of diastereoselectivity and factors affecting reaction efficiency of serine/threonine ligation: A computational study. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Xu B, Hermant Y, Yang S, Harris PWR, Brimble MA. A Versatile Boc Solid Phase Synthesis of Daptomycin and Analogues Using Site Specific, On‐Resin Ozonolysis to Install the Kynurenine Residue. Chemistry 2019; 25:14101-14107. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buzhe Xu
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Yann Hermant
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sung‐Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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19
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Yu W, Zhao Z. Catalyst-Free Selective Oxidation of Diverse Olefins to Carbonyls in High Yield Enabled by Light under Mild Conditions. Org Lett 2019; 21:7726-7730. [PMID: 31524410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of olefins, in particular, aromatic olefins to carbonyls, is of significance in organic synthesis. In general, stoichiometric toxic oxidants or a high-cost catalyst is required. Herein we report a novel and practical light-enabled protocol for the synthesis of carbonlys in high yield through a catalyst-free oxidation of olefins using H2O2 as a clean oxidant. A broad scope of carbonyls can be synthesized in high yield, and no catalyst or toxic oxidant is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongkui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
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Chow HY, Zhang Y, Matheson E, Li X. Ligation Technologies for the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9971-10001. [PMID: 31318534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have been attracting a lot of attention in recent decades, especially in the area of drug discovery, as more and more naturally occurring cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities have been discovered. Chemical synthesis of cyclic peptides is essential when studying their structure-activity relationships. Conventional peptide cyclization methods via direct coupling have inherent limitations, like the susceptibility to epimerization at the C-terminus, poor solubility of fully protected peptide precursors, and low yield caused by oligomerization. In this regard, chemoselective ligation-mediated cyclization methods have emerged as effective strategies for cyclic peptide synthesis. The toolbox for cyclic peptide synthesis has been expanded substantially in the past two decades, allowing more efficient synthesis of cyclic peptides with various scaffolds and modifications. This Review will explore different chemoselective ligation technologies used for cyclic peptide synthesis that generate both native and unnatural peptide linkages. The practical issues and limitations of different methods will be discussed. The advance in cyclic peptide synthesis will benefit the biological and medicinal study of cyclic peptides, an important class of macrocycles with potentials in numerous fields, notably in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Chow
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Eilidh Matheson
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH8 9LE , United Kingdom
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
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21
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Liu H, Liu H, Li X. Use of Serine/Threonine Ligation for the Total Chemical Synthesis of HMGA1a Protein with Site‐Specific Lysine Acetylations. Chempluschem 2019; 84:779-785. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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Yuan F, Tian Y, Qin W, Li J, Yang D, Zhao B, Yin F, Li Z. Evaluation of topologically distinct constrained antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5764-5770. [PMID: 30004546 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic peptides with a high affinity for membranes and emerged as a promising therapeutic approach with potential for treating infectious diseases. Chemical stabilization of short peptides proved to be a successful approach for enhancing their bio-physical properties. Herein, we designed and synthesized a panel of conformationally constrained antimicrobial peptides with either α-helical or β-hairpin conformation using templating strategies. These synthetic short constrained peptides possess different topological distributions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues and displayed distinct antimicrobial activity. Notably, the conformationally constrained α-helical peptides displayed a faster internalization into the bacteria cells compared to their β-hairpin analogues. These synthetic short constrained peptides showed killing effects on a broad spectrum of microorganisms mainly through pore formation and membrane damage which provided a potentially promising skeleton for the next generation of stabilized antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing, 100038, China
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Abstract
Synthetic proteins are expected to go beyond the boundary of recombinant DNA expression systems by being flexibly installed with site-specific natural or unnatural modification structures during synthesis. To enable protein chemical synthesis, peptide ligations provide effective strategies to assemble short peptide fragments obtained from solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) into long peptides and proteins. In this regard, chemoselective peptide ligation represents a simple but powerful transformation realizing selective amide formation between the C-terminus and N-terminus of two side-chain-unprotected peptide fragments. These reactions are highly chemo- and regioselective to tolerate the side-chain functionalities present on the unprotected peptides, highly reactive to work with millmolar or submillimolar concentrations of the substrates, and operationally simple with mild conditions and accessible building blocks. This Account focuses on our work in the development of serine/threonine ligation (STL), which originates from a chemoselective reaction between an unprotected peptide with a C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) ester and another unprotected peptide with an N-terminal serine or threonine residue. Mechanistically, STL involves imine capture, 5- endo-trig ring-chain tautomerization, O-to- N [1,5] acyl transfer to afford the N, O-benzylidene acetal-linked peptide, and acidolysis to regenerate the Xaa-Ser/Thr linkage (where Xaa is the amino acid) at the ligation site. The high abundance of serine and threonine residues (12.7%) in naturally occurring proteins and the good compatibility of STL with various C-terminal residues provide multiple choices for ligation sites. The requisite peptide C-terminal SAL esters can be prepared from the peptide fragments obtained from both Fmoc-SPPS and Boc-SPPS through four available methods (a safety-catch strategy based on phenolysis, direct coupling, ozonolysis, and the n + 1 strategy). In the synthesis of proteins (e.g., ACYP enzyme, MUC1 glycopeptide 40-mer to 80-mer, interleukin 25, and HMGA1a with variable post-translational modification patterns), both C-to- N and N-to- C sequential STL strategies have been developed through selection of temporal N-terminal protecting groups and proper design of the switch-on/off C-terminal SAL ester surrogate, respectively. In the synthesis of cyclic peptide natural products (e.g., daptomycin, teixobactin, cyclomontanin B, yunnanin C) and their analogues, intramolecular head-to-tail STL has been implemented on linear peptide SAL ester precursors containing four to 10 amino acid residues with good efficiency and minimized oligomerization. As a thiol-independent chemoselective ligation complementary to native chemical ligation, STL provides an alternative tool for the chemical synthesis of homogeneous proteins with site-specific and structure-defined modifications and cyclic peptide natural products, which lays foundation for chemical biology and medicinal studies of those molecules with biological importance and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Xu C, Xu J, Liu H, Li X. Development of aspartic acid ligation for peptide cyclization derived from serine/threonine ligation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Liu W, Wu G, Gao W, Ding J, Huang X, Liu M, Wu H. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative CC bond cleavage with molecular oxygen: one-pot synthesis of quinazolinones from 2-amino benzamides and alkenes. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative cleavage/cyclization has been disclosed for the concise synthesis of various quinazolinone derivatives from readily available 2-aminobenzamides and terminal alkenes with excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchang Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Miaochang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
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Klare HFT, Goldberg AFG, Duquette DC, Stoltz BM. Oxidative Fragmentations and Skeletal Rearrangements of Oxindole Derivatives. Org Lett 2017; 19:988-991. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F. T. Klare
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander F. G. Goldberg
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Douglas C. Duquette
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Gupta SK, Sahoo SK, Choudhury J. Dramatic Effect of Ancillary NHC Ligand in the Highly Selective Catalytic Oxidative Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bond Cleavage. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj K. Gupta
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462 066, India
| | - Sandeep K. Sahoo
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462 066, India
| | - Joyanta Choudhury
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462 066, India
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Fouché M, Masse F, Roth HJ. Hydroxymethyl Salicylaldehyde Auxiliary for a Glycine-Dependent Amide-Forming Ligation. Org Lett 2015; 17:4936-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fouché
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Florence Masse
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jörg Roth
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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Gonzalez-de-Castro A, Xiao J. Green and Efficient: Iron-Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Olefins to Carbonyls with O2. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8206-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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30
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Chow HY, Li X. Development of thiol-independent peptide ligations for protein chemical synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Lee CL, Lam HY, Li X. Serine/threonine ligation for natural cyclic peptide syntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1274-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00001g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of Ser/Thr ligation-mediated peptide cyclization has been demonstrated by the synthesis of cyclic peptide natural products, such as daptomycin, cyclomontanin B, yunnanin C and mahafacyclin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lung Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation of The University of Hong Kong
| | - Hiu Yung Lam
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation of The University of Hong Kong
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
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32
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Effective synthesis of cyclic peptide yunnanin C and analogues via Ser/Thr ligation (STL)-mediated peptide cyclization. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Lee CL, Li X. Serine/threonine ligation for the chemical synthesis of proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Lam HY, Gaarden RI, Li X. A Journey to the Total Synthesis of Daptomycin. CHEM REC 2014; 14:1086-99. [PMID: 25205345 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yung Lam
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | | | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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35
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Gamon LF, White JM, Wille U. Oxidative damage of aromatic dipeptides by the environmental oxidants NO2˙ and O3. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8280-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01577k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Liu H, Li X. Development and application of serine/threonine ligation for synthetic protein chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3768-73. [PMID: 24788202 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of proteins, especially those with post-translational modifications, has offered new opportunities to study the protein structure-function relationship. In the past four years, we have developed the serine/threonine ligation (STL), which involves the chemoselective reaction between peptide salicylaldehyde esters and peptides with N-terminal serine or threonine. The method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of both linear and cyclic peptides/proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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37
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Wong CTT, Li T, Lam HY, Zhang Y, Li X. Realizing serine/threonine ligation: scope and limitations and mechanistic implication thereof. Front Chem 2014; 2:28. [PMID: 24904921 PMCID: PMC4033038 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine ligation (STL) has emerged as an alternative tool for protein chemical synthesis, bioconjugations as well as macrocyclization of peptides of various sizes. Owning to the high abundance of Ser/Thr residues in natural peptides and proteins, STL is expected to find a wide range of applications in chemical biology research. Herein, we have fully investigated the compatibility of the STL strategy for X-Ser/Thr ligation sites, where X is any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Our studies have shown that 17 amino acids are suitable for ligation, while Asp, Glu, and Lys are not compatible. Among the working 17 C-terminal amino acids, the retarded reaction resulted from the bulky β-branched amino acid (Thr, Val, and Ile) is not seen under the current ligation condition. We have also investigated the chemoselectivity involving the amino group of the internal lysine which may compete with the N-terminal Ser/Thr for reaction with the C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) ester aldehyde group. The result suggested that the free internal amino group does not adversely slow down the ligation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence T T Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianlu Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Hiu Yung Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation of The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, China
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38
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Zhang Y, Farrants H, Li X. Adding a Functional Handle to Nature′s Building Blocks: The Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acids. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1752-64. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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