1
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Van Oosten A, Verduyckt C, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of the dispersity and molar mass distribution of conjugated polymers on the aggregation type and subsequent chiral expression. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3794-3802. [PMID: 37191181 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the influence of the dispersity on the aggregation of conjugated polymers and their subsequent chiral expression. Dispersity has been thoroughly investigated for industrial polymerizations, but research on conjugated polymers is lacking. Nonetheless, knowledge thereof is crucial for controlling the aggregation type (type I versus type II) and its influence is therefore investigated. For that purpose, a series of polymers is synthesized via metered initiator addition, resulting in dispersities ranging from 1.18-1.56. The lower dispersity polymers yield type II aggregates and the resulting symmetrical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra while the higher dispersity polymers are predominantly type I due to the longer chains effectively acting as a seed and therefore yield asymmetrical ECD spectra. Furthermore, a monomodal and bimodal molar mass distribution of similar dispersity are compared, demonstrating that bimodal distributions show both aggregation types and therefore more disorder, leading to a decrease in chiral expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Van Oosten
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Cynthia Verduyckt
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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2
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Timmermans B, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. The expression of chirality in linked poly(thiophene)s. Chirality 2023; 35:355-364. [PMID: 36843149 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have demonstrated to express chirality, for instance, by strong circular dichroism (CD). However, the shape and intensity of the spectra can be quite different and are very difficult to predict. Molecular irregularity, star-shapes, and linking polymers have demonstrated to affect the CD, often in a positive way. In this research, we design two different chiral arms, in which the molecular irregularity results in a significantly different CD. Next, the arms are coupled to a linear core in all possible combinations. In this way, we demonstrate that rather small irregularities and linking arms to a central core increases CD, whereas heterogenous combinations result in smaller CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Mendeleiev Building, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Mendeleiev Building, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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3
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Krasowska D, Karpowicz R, Drabowicz J. Chiral Polythiophenes: Part I: Syntheses of Monomeric Precursors. Molecules 2021; 26:4205. [PMID: 34299480 PMCID: PMC8306549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this mini-review is to comprehensively present the synthetic approaches used for the preparation of non-racemic mono- and multi-substituted thiophenes, which, in turn, can be applied as precursors for the synthesis of chiral polythiophenes isolated as a single chemical entity or having supramolecular thin-layer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Krasowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Karpowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Józef Drabowicz
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej Ave. 13/15, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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4
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Vertommen S, Deschaume O, Bartic C, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. Effect of poly(thiophene)s topology on their third-order nonlinear optical response. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Collier GS, Wilkins R, Tomlinson AL, Reynolds JR. Exploring Isomeric Effects on Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Red/Orange Electrochromic Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S. Collier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Riley Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, United States
| | - Aimée L. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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6
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Following isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films by UV–vis spectroscopy. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Timmermans B, Bleus D, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Velpula G, De Feyter S, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of Heterogeneity on the Chiral Expression of Star-Shaped Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitt Timmermans
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dries Bleus
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Mendeleiev Building, University of Mons-UMONS, Avenue Maistriau, 15, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Mendeleiev Building, University of Mons-UMONS, Avenue Maistriau, 15, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Gangamallaiah Velpula
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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8
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Vertommen S, Battaglini E, Salatelli E, Deschaume O, Bartic C, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. The Importance of Excellent π-π Interactions in Poly(thiophene)s To Reach a High Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Response. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9668-9679. [PMID: 33115240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(thiophene)s have an inherently large third-order nonlinear optical (TONO) response, but applications are not straightforward due to unoptimized materials. Therefore, several structure-property relationships (molar mass, branching, regioregularity) are investigated to unravel which structural modifications give the highest TONO response. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) with different molar masses, poly[3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene] with different molar masses, and random copolymers with different degrees of regioregularity are synthesized and measured by UV-vis spectroscopy and the third harmonic scattering technique. Every structural modification that leads to an increase in π-π interactions in poly(thiophene)s leads to an increase in the TONO response of the material. Therefore, a material with a high molar mass, an unbranched alkyl side chain, and a high regioregularity degree is preferably tested as a promising TONO material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stien Vertommen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Elena Battaglini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Olivier Deschaume
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, box 2416, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Carmen Bartic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, box 2416, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, box 2425, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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9
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Albano G, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Chiroptical Properties in Thin Films of π-Conjugated Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10145-10243. [PMID: 32892619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral π-conjugated molecules provide new materials with outstanding features for current and perspective applications, especially in the field of optoelectronic devices. In thin films, processes such as charge conduction, light absorption, and emission are governed not only by the structure of the individual molecules but also by their supramolecular structures and intermolecular interactions to a large extent. Electronic circular dichroism, ECD, and its emission counterpart, circularly polarized luminescence, CPL, provide tools for studying aggregated states and the key properties to be sought for designing innovative devices. In this review, we shall present a comprehensive coverage of chiroptical properties measured on thin films of organic π-conjugated molecules. In the first part, we shall discuss some general concepts of ECD, CPL, and other chiroptical spectroscopies, with a focus on their applications to thin film samples. In the following, we will overview the existing literature on chiral π-conjugated systems whose thin films have been characterized by ECD and/or CPL, as well other chiroptical spectroscopies. Special emphasis will be put on systems with large dissymmetry factors (gabs and glum) and on the application of ECD and CPL to derive structural information on aggregated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Timmermans B, Koeckelberghs G. Chiral expression of co-crystallizing poly(thiophene)- block-poly(selenophene) copolymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the chiral expression of co-crystallizing block copolymers is investigated for the first time.
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11
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Amna B, Siddiqi HM, Hassan A, Ozturk T. Recent developments in the synthesis of regioregular thiophene-based conjugated polymers for electronic and optoelectronic applications using nickel and palladium-based catalytic systems. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4322-4396. [PMID: 35495258 PMCID: PMC9049189 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiophene-based conjugated polymers are important conjugated polymers due to their exceptional optical and conductive properties, over the past few decades many researchers have designed novel strategies to reach more efficient materials for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Amna
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
- Istanbul Technical University
| | | | - Abbas Hassan
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Istanbul Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
- TUBITAK-UME
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12
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Verheyen L, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Effect of the Nature and the Position of Defects on the Chiral Expression in Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lize Verheyen
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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13
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Exploring the Utility of Buchwald Ligands for C-H Oxidative Direct Arylation Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:931-936. [PMID: 35619496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative C-H/C-H cross-coupling polymerizations provide an opportunity to synthesize conjugated polymers with an increased ease of monomer preparation, reduced environmental impact, and increased sustainability. Considering these attributes, it is necessary to expand the diversity of monomers that readily and efficiently participate in this coupling strategy to enable the development of conjugated polymers with a wide range of properties. Herein, the oxidative direct arylation polymerization toolbox is expanded to include 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene being synthesized via C-H/C-H cross-coupling methodologies. In conjunction with these efforts, the utilization of Buchwald ligands in C-H/C-H cross coupling polymerizations also is reported, and variations in the ligand structure provide insight into the role ligand choice has on C-H cross-coupling polymerizations. Specifically, it is determined that the phosphine functionality affects the rate-determining, concerted metalation-deprotonation step of the catalytic cycle, while bulky isopropyl substituents on the ligand's lower aryl ring promote reductive elimination. By balancing these steric effects on the ancillary ligands, polymers are synthesized to exhibit molecular weights above the effective conjugation length, with recovered yields >90%. In addition to expanding the scope of conjugated polymers accessible via oxidative direct arylation polymerization, these results provide the foundational understanding for utilizing Buchwald-type ligands in C-H-activated polymerizations.
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14
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Alizadehaghdam M, Heck B, Siegenführ S, Abbasi F, Reiter G. Thermodynamic Features of Perfectly Crystalline Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Revealed through Studies of Imperfect Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Heck
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Siegenführ
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Hattori S, Vandendriessche S, Hirano T, Sato F, Koeckelberghs G, Verbiest T, Ishii K. Molecular Power Spring: Circular Dichroism Inversion of Polythiophene Aggregates from the Right-Handed Helix to Left-Handed Helix. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2925-2929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hattori
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefaan Vandendriessche
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Box 2425, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Toshiyuki Hirano
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Sato
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Box 2425, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Alizadehaghdam M, Siegenführ S, Abbasi F, Reiter G. Thermodynamic features of perfectly crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) based on Flory's relation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Alizadehaghdam
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Silvia Siegenführ
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg Germany
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17
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Leone AK, Mueller EA, McNeil AJ. The History of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Should Inspire the Future of Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15126-15139. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Emily A. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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18
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Van Den Eede MP, Van Gestel L, Koeckelberghs G. Expression of Chirality in Tailor-Made Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lore Van Gestel
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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19
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Ceunen W, Van Oosten A, Vleugels R, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Li Z, de Feyter S, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. Synthesis and supramolecular organization of chiral poly(thiophene)–magnetite hybrid nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00393a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated with a conjugated polymer is synthesized and the supramolecular organization of the polymer is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Ceunen
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | | | - Rick Vleugels
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Zhi Li
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Steven de Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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20
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Spectroelectrochemistry of poly(3-hexylthiophenes) in solution. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017; 72:251-259. [PMID: 29367801 PMCID: PMC5760595 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The first comprehensive spectroelectrochemical account of the behaviour of regioregular (RR-P3HT) and statistical (ST-P3HT) poly(3-hexylthiophenes) in solution is presented, in contrast to the many reports dealing with P3HT films merely deposited from solution. The conducted experiments revealed that the two types of P3HTs behave in sharply different ways upon the application of electrochemical stimuli: ST-P3HT readily precipitates at mildly oxidative potentials, while the precipitation of the RR-P3HT takes place to a much lesser extent, even at higher potentials. The two polymers, studied via UV–Vis–NIR–EPR spectroelectrochemistry, exhibited properties mostly in line with earlier reports. Further study revealed that RR-P3HT largely remains in solution, even in its doped form, whereas only traces of the doped ST-P3HT are observed in solution in identical conditions. The high concentration of the doped RR-P3HT in solution can be explained by its ability to form soluble polymer agglomerates, in which the positive charge of the p-doped chains is stabilised by and delocalised over neighbouring, interacting undoped chains. These conclusions are consistent with SEM micrographs, which show that after cycling the potential of the electrode in a solution of ST-P3HT, a uniform layer is formed, covering most of the surface of the electrode, whereas in the case of RR-P3HT surface coverage is marginal and formed layer has the appearance of veined blotches. Graphical abstract ![]()
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21
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Aplan MP, Gomez ED. Recent Developments in Chain-Growth Polymerizations of Conjugated Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Aplan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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22
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Bushin SV, Bezrukova MA, Koeckelberghs G, Persoons A, Yakimansky AV. Model of a polymer chain twisted inside a statistical segment. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in chloroform solutions. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav V Bushin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi prospect 31; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Marina A Bezrukova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi prospect 31; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D; Heverlee Belgium
| | - André Persoons
- Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D; Heverlee Belgium
| | - Alexander V Yakimansky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi prospect 31; St Petersburg Russia
- Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies; Mechanics, and Optics, Kronverkskii prospect 49; St Petersburg Russia
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23
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Verheyen L, Leysen P, Van Den Eede MP, Ceunen W, Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Advances in the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Synthesis of conjugated copolymers by combining different coupling reactions. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different coupling reactions are combined in the same copolymerization to tune the structure of the resulting conjugated copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Hardeman
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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25
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Schroot R, Jäger M, Schubert US. Synthetic approaches towards structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2754-2798. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review details synthetic strategies leading to structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures,e.g.block, graft and end functionalized (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
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26
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Steverlynck J, Monnaie F, Warniez E, Lazzaroni R, Leclère P, Koeckelberghs G. Strategies toward Controlling the Topology of Nonlinear Poly(thiophenes). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Steverlynck
- Laboratory for Polymer
Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Frederic Monnaie
- Laboratory for Polymer
Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Emeline Warniez
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons (UMONS), B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons (UMONS), B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons (UMONS), B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer
Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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27
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Ye S, Steube M, Carrera EI, Seferos DS. What Limits the Molecular Weight and Controlled Synthesis of Poly(3-alkyltellurophene)s? Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marvin Steube
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 10-14 Duesbergweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisa I. Carrera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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28
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Padula D, Santoro F, Pescitelli G. A simple dimeric model accounts for the vibronic ECD spectra of chiral polythiophenes in their aggregated states. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of chiral polythiophenes (PTs) show exciton-coupled electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra with a unique vibronic structure, which can be reproduced by quantum dynamical simulations on the coupled states of small dimeric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Padula
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – CNR
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR)
- UOS di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
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29
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Steverlynck J, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Lazzaroni R, Leclère P, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of the Grafting Density on the Self-Assembly in Poly(phenyleneethynylene)-g-poly(3-hexylthiophene) Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Steverlynck
- Laboratory
for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory
for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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30
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Yokozawa T, Ohta Y. Transformation of Step-Growth Polymerization into Living Chain-Growth Polymerization. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1950-68. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Yokozawa
- Department
of Material and
Life Chemistry, Kanagawa University, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- Department
of Material and
Life Chemistry, Kanagawa University, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
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31
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Cai DJ, Lin PH, Liu CY. Cobalt-Catalyzed Reductive Alkylation of Heteroaryl Bromides: One-Pot Access to Alkylthiophenes, -furans, -selenophenes, and -pyrroles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Kim JS, Kim JH, Lee W, Yu H, Kim HJ, Song I, Shin M, Oh JH, Jeong U, Kim TS, Kim BJ. Tuning Mechanical and Optoelectrical Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through Systematic Regioregularity Control. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hojeong Yu
- School
of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | | | | | - Minkwan Shin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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33
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Willot P, Teyssandier J, Dujardin W, Adisoejoso J, De Feyter S, Moerman D, Leclère P, Lazzaroni R, Koeckelberghs G. Direct visualization of microphase separation in block copoly(3-alkylthiophene)s. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11461b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A copoly(3-alkylthiophene) block copolymer was synthesized in a one-pot block copolymerization reaction, starting from a functional o-tolyl initiator in order to maximize A–B diblock copolymer formation. The microphase separation behaviour was directly visualized using STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Jinne Adisoejoso
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - David Moerman
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons – UMONS/ Materia Nova
- B7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons – UMONS/ Materia Nova
- B7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons – UMONS/ Materia Nova
- B7000 Mons
- Belgium
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34
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Willot P, Koeckelberghs G. Evidence for Catalyst Association in the Catalyst Transfer Polymerization of Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502139n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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35
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Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Steering Poly(thiophene) Properties by Incorporation of Phenyl Groups. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Hardeman
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium
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36
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Steverlynck J, Leysen P, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of branching on the chiral self-assembly of poly(phenylene ethynylene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Steverlynck
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Pieter Leysen
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
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37
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Moerman D, Sebaihi N, Kaviyil SE, Leclère P, Lazzaroni R, Douhéret O. Towards a unified description of the charge transport mechanisms in conductive atomic force microscopy studies of semiconducting polymers. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10596-10603. [PMID: 25079791 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) is used to study the local electrical properties in thin films of self-organized fibrillate poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), as a reference polymer semiconductor. Depending on the geometrical confinement in the transport channel, the C-AFM current is shown to be governed either by the charge transport in the film or by the carrier injection at the tip-sample contact, leading to either bulk or local electrical characterization of the semiconducting polymer, respectively. Local I-V profiles allow discrimination of the different dominating electrical mechanisms, i.e., resistive in the transport regime and space charge limited current (SCLC) in the local regime. A modified Mott-Gurney law is analytically derived for the contact regime, taking into account the point-probe geometry of the contact and the radial injection of carriers. Within the SCLC regime, the probed depth is shown to remain below 12 nm with a lateral electrical resolution below 5 nm. This confirms that high resolution is reached in those C-AFM measurements, which therefore allows for the analysis of single organic semiconducting nanostructures. The carrier density and mobility in the volume probed under the tip under steady-state conditions are also determined in the SCLC regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moerman
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers - CIRMAP, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
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38
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Verswyvel M, Steverlynck J, Hadj Mohamed S, Trabelsi M, Champagne B, Koeckelberghs G. All-Conjugated ABC-block-copolymer Formation with a Varying Sequence via an Unassociated Catalyst. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500610p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Verswyvel
- Laboratory
of Polymer Synthesis, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Joost Steverlynck
- Laboratory
of Polymer Synthesis, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Slim Hadj Mohamed
- Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physico-Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Applied Chemistry: Heterocyclics, Fats and Polymers, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud Trabelsi
- Laboratory
of Applied Chemistry: Heterocyclics, Fats and Polymers, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physico-Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory
of Polymer Synthesis, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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39
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Willot P, Govaerts S, Koeckelberghs G. The Controlled Polymerization of Poly(cyclopentadithiophene)s and Their All-Conjugated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401667d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sanne Govaerts
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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40
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Verswyvel M, Hoebers C, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Study of the controlled chain-growth polymerization of poly(3,6-phenanthrene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Verswyvel
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Group of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
| | - Charly Hoebers
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Group of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry; University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry; University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Group of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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