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Baharfar M, Hillier AC, Mao G. Charge-Transfer Complexes: Fundamentals and Advances in Catalysis, Sensing, and Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406083. [PMID: 39046077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies, formed through electronic charge transfer between two or more entities, represent a rich class of compounds dubbed as charge-transfer complexes (CTCs). Their distinctive formation pathway, rooted in charge-transfer processes at the interface of CTC-forming components, results in the delocalization of electronic charge along molecular stacks, rendering CTCs intrinsic molecular conductors. Since the discovery of CTCs, intensive research has explored their unique properties including magnetism, conductivity, and superconductivity. Their more recently recognized semiconducting functionality has inspired recent developments in applications requiring organic semiconductors. In this context, CTCs offer a tuneable energy gap, unique charge-transport properties, tailorable physicochemical interactions, photoresponsiveness, and the potential for scalable manufacturing. Here, an updated viewpoint on CTCs is provided, presenting them as emerging organic semiconductors. To this end, their electronic and chemical properties alongside their synthesis methods are reviewed. The unique properties of CTCs that benefit various related applications in the realms of organic optoelectronics, catalysts, and gas sensors are discussed. Insights for future developments and existing limitations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew C Hillier
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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2
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Alzubidi AE, Bond AM, Martin LL. Fluorine Substitution of TCNQ Alters the Redox-Driven Catalytic Pathway for the Ferricyanide-Thiosulfate Reaction. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300289. [PMID: 37876345 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic variation in catalysis through substituent-based redox tuning is well established. Fluorination of TCNQ (TCNQ=tetracyanoquinodimethane) provides ~850 mV variation in the redox potentials of theTCNQF n 0 / 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {n}}}^{{\rm {0/1-}}}}$ andTCNQF n 1 - / 2 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {n}}}^{{\rm {1-/2-}}}}$ (n=0, 2, 4) processes. WithTCNQF 4 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {4}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ , catalysis of the kinetically very slow ferrocyanide-thiosulfate redox reaction in aqueous solution occurs via a mechanism in which the catalystTCNQF 4 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {4}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ is reduced toTCNQF 4 2 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {4}}}^{{\rm {2-}}}}$ when reacting withS 2 O 3 2 - ${{{\rm {S}}}_{{\rm {2}}}{{\rm {O}}}_{{\rm {3}}}^{{\rm {2-}}}}$ which is oxidised toS 4 O 6 2 - ${{{\rm {S}}}_{{\rm {4}}}{{\rm {O}}}_{{\rm {6}}}^{{\rm {2-}}}}$ . Subsequently,TCNQF 4 2 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {4}}}^{{\rm {2-}}}}$ reacts with[ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 3 - ${{{\rm {[Fe(CN)}}}_{{\rm {6}}}{{\rm {]}}}^{{\rm {3-}}}}$ to form[ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 4 - ${{{\rm {[Fe(CN)}}}_{{\rm {6}}}{{\rm {]}}}^{{\rm {4-}}}}$ and reform theTCNQF 4 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {4}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ catalyst, in another thermodynamically favoured process. An analogous mechanism applies withTCNQF 2 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQF}}}_{{\rm {2}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ as a catalyst. In contrast, since the reaction ofS 2 O 3 2 - ${{{\rm {S}}}_{{\rm {2}}}{{\rm {O}}}_{{\rm {3}}}^{{\rm {2-}}}}$ withTCNQ 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQ}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ is thermodynamically unfavourable, an alternative mechanism is required to explain the catalytic activity observed in this non-fluorinated system. Here, upon addition ofTCNQ 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQ}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ , reduction of[ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 3 - ${{{\rm {[Fe(CN)}}}_{{\rm {6}}}{{\rm {]}}}^{{\rm {3-}}}}$ to[ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 4 - ${{{\rm {[Fe(CN)}}}_{{\rm {6}}}{{\rm {]}}}^{{\rm {4-}}}}$ occurs with concomitant oxidation ofTCNQ 1 - ${{{\rm {TCNQ}}}^{{\rm {1-}}}}$ toTCNQ 0 ${{{\rm {TCNQ}}}^{{\rm {0}}}}$ , which then acts as the catalyst forS 2 O 3 2 - ${{{\rm {S}}}_{{\rm {2}}}{{\rm {O}}}_{{\rm {3}}}^{{\rm {2-}}}}$ oxidation. Thermodynamic data explain the observed differences in the catalytic mechanisms.CuTCNQF n ${{{\rm {CuTCNQF}}}_{{\rm {n}}}}$ (n=0, 4) also act as catalysts for the ferricyanide-thiosulfate reaction in aqueous solution. The present study shows that homogeneous pathways are available following addition of these dissolved materials. Previously, theseCuTCNQF n ${{{\rm {CuTCNQF}}}_{{\rm {n}}}}$ (n=0, 4) coordination polymers have been regarded as insoluble in water and proposed as heterogeneous catalysts for the ferricyanide-thiosulfate reaction. Details and mechanistic differences were established using UV-visible spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbrah E Alzubidi
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisandra L Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Alzubidi AE, Bond AM, Martin LL. Oxidation of Thiosulphate using TCNQF
n
(n=0, 2, 4) Derivatives with a Tuneable Driving Force: Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric Detection of a Protonated Intermediate. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia
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4
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Nimax PR, Rotthowe N, Zoller F, Blockhaus T, Wagner F, Fattakhova D, Sünkel K. Coordination polymers of 5-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetracyanocyclopentadienides: structural and electrochemical properties of complex compounds of 5-amino- and 5-nitro-tetracyanocyclopentadienide. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17643-17652. [PMID: 34806109 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compounds of the 5 amino (ATCC) and 5 nitro 1,2,3,4 tetracyanocyclopentadienide (NTCC) ligand with iron(II) and iron(III), silver(I) and potassium(I) were prepared and characterized by electrochemical methods using EPR, cyclic voltammetry and Mößbauer spectroscopy as well as UV-Vis spectroscopy. The investigation sheds light on the free radical activity in non- as well as transition metal compounds, and shows signs of photoinduced electron transfer in transition metal compounds of the ligands. We characterized silver(I) and potassium compounds of the compounds via X-ray diffraction, with one of the structures exhibiting a porous coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Nimax
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czechia.
| | - Nils Rotthowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 788457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Florian Zoller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Blockhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Wagner
- Department of Physics, TU Munich, James-Franck Str., 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dina Fattakhova
- Electrochemical Storage Department, IEK-1, Forschungszentrum Julich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Sünkel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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5
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Probing the Ag – liquid gallium system and its interaction with redox active solutions for catalysis and AgTCNQ formation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Hussain Z, Nafady A, Anderson SR, Al-Enizi AM, Alothman AA, Ramanathan R, Bansal V. Increased Crystallization of CuTCNQ in Water/DMSO Bisolvent for Enhanced Redox Catalysis. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040954. [PMID: 33917931 PMCID: PMC8068373 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the kinetics of CuTCNQ (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) crystallization has been a major challenge, as CuTCNQ crystallizing on Cu foil during synthesis in conventional solvents such as acetonitrile simultaneously dissolves into the reaction medium. In this work, we address this challenge by using water as a universal co-solvent to control the kinetics of crystallization and growth of phase I CuTCNQ. Water increases the dielectric constant of the reaction medium, shifting the equilibrium toward CuTCNQ crystallization while concomitantly decreasing the dissolution of CuTCNQ. This allows more CuTCNQ to be controllably crystallized on the surface of the Cu foil. Different sizes of CuTCNQ crystals formed on Cu foil under different water/DMSO admixtures influence the solvophilicity of these materials. This has important implications in their catalytic performance, as water-induced changes in the surface properties of these materials can make them highly hydrophilic, which allows the CuTCNQ to act as an efficient catalyst as it brings the aqueous reactants in close vicinity of the catalyst. Evidently, the CuTCNQ synthesized in 30% (v/v) water/DMSO showed superior catalytic activity for ferricyanide reduction with 95% completion achieved within a few minutes in contrast to CuTCNQ synthesized in DMSO that took over 92 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hussain
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (Z.H.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-E.); (A.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.R.); (V.B.); Tel.: +61-3-9925-2887 (R.R.); +61-3-9925-2121 (V.B.)
| | - Samuel R. Anderson
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (Z.H.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Enizi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-E.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Asma A. Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-E.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (Z.H.); (S.R.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.R.); (V.B.); Tel.: +61-3-9925-2887 (R.R.); +61-3-9925-2121 (V.B.)
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (Z.H.); (S.R.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.R.); (V.B.); Tel.: +61-3-9925-2887 (R.R.); +61-3-9925-2121 (V.B.)
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7
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Martin CR, Leith GA, Kittikhunnatham P, Park KC, Ejegbavwo OA, Mathur A, Callahan CR, Desmond SL, Keener MR, Ahmed F, Pandey S, Smith MD, Phillpot SR, Greytak AB, Shustova NB. Heterometallic Actinide-Containing Photoresponsive Metal-Organic Frameworks: Dynamic and Static Tuning of Electronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8072-8080. [PMID: 33450129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring fundamental knowledge of properties of actinide-based materials is a necessary step to create new possibilities for addressing the current challenges in the nuclear energy and nuclear waste sectors. In this report, we established a photophysics-electronics correlation for actinide-containing metal-organic frameworks (An-MOFs) as a function of excitation wavelength, for the first time. A stepwise approach for dynamically modulating electronic properties was applied for the first time towards actinide-based heterometallic MOFs through integration of photochromic linkers. Optical cycling, modeling of density of states near the Fermi edge, conductivity measurements, and photoisomerization kinetics were employed to shed light on the process of tailoring optoelectronic properties of An-MOFs. Furthermore, the first photochromic MOF-based field-effect transistor, in which the field-effect response could be changed through light exposure, was constructed. As a demonstration, the change in current upon light exposure was sufficient to operate a two-LED fail-safe indicator circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey R Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Preecha Kittikhunnatham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Otega A Ejegbavwo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Abhijai Mathur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Cameron R Callahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shelby L Desmond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Myles R Keener
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Fiaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shubham Pandey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Simon R Phillpot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Andrew B Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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8
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Martin CR, Leith GA, Kittikhunnatham P, Park KC, Ejegbavwo OA, Mathur A, Callahan CR, Desmond SL, Keener MR, Ahmed F, Pandey S, Smith MD, Phillpot SR, Greytak AB, Shustova NB. Heterometallic Actinide‐Containing Photoresponsive Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Dynamic and Static Tuning of Electronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey R. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Gabrielle A. Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | | | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Otega A. Ejegbavwo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Abhijai Mathur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Cameron R. Callahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Shelby L. Desmond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Myles R. Keener
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Fiaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Shubham Pandey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Colorado School of Mines Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Simon R. Phillpot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Andrew B. Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Natalia B. Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
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9
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Watts KE, Clary KE, Lichtenberger DL, Pemberton JE. FTIR Spectroelectrochemistry of F4TCNQ Reduction Products and Their Protonated Forms. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7154-7161. [PMID: 32357003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tetrafluorinated derivative of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), is of interest for charge transfer complex formation and as a p-dopant in organic electronic materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is commonly employed to understand the redox properties of F4TCNQ in the matrix of interest; specifically, the ν(C≡N) region of the F4TCNQ spectrum is exquisitely sensitive to the nature of the charge transfer between F4TCNQ and its matrix. However, little work has been done to understand how these vibrational modes change in the presence of possible acid/base chemistry. Here, FTIR spectroelectrochemistry is coupled with density functional theory spectral simulation for study of the electrochemically generated F4TCNQ radical anion and dianion species and their protonation products with acids. Vibrational modes of HF4TCNQ-, formed by proton-coupled electron transfer, are identified, and we demonstrate that this species is readily formed by strong acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid, and to a lesser extent, by weak acids, such as water. The implications of this chemistry for use of F4TCNQ as a p-dopant in organic electronic materials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kayla E Clary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Dennis L Lichtenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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10
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Vo NT, Bond AM, Martin LL. Systematic and non-systematic substituent effects gleaned from studies on CuTCNQFn (n = 0, 1, 2, 4): Electrocrystallisation and characterisation of CuTCNQF. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Correlating growth mechanism and morphology in Cu-TCNQ organometallic complex: A microscopic study. Micron 2018; 107:85-93. [PMID: 29471173 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure-property correlation in the Cu-TCNQ organometallic complex is very important for explaining its unusual electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Consequently several morphological studies and their correlation with the properties of these materials can be found in the literature, although no systematic study of various morphologies with growth conditions and their correlation has been reported to the best of our knowledge. Therefore in this manuscript the interconversion of various morphologies is reported using electron and probe microscopies. A conventional Cu TEM grid acted as the copper source to form a Cu-TCNQ complex and the complex, which formed at the surface of the TEM grid. The complex thus prepared was characterized by FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. The shifting of ̵-CN from 2221 cm-1 (TCNQ) to 2201 cm-1 indicates formation of a complex and the identical nature of IR spectra in two phases indicates that they are polymorphs. The morphologies of Cu-TCNQ were followed through FE-SEM and TEM studies. Various morphologies such as needle, square tube, platelet etc. were observed as a function of time. A distinct transition from needle to platelet morphology was observed as the complex grew. The conductance of various morphologies in phase-I as well as phase-II were also measured and compared by Spreading Resistance Imaging (SRI) at different bias voltage i.e. 1 V, 3 V and 5 V.
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12
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Lu J, Abrahams BF, Elliott RW, Robson R, Bond AM, Martin LL. Solvent-, Cation- and Anion-Induced Structure Variations in Manganese-Based TCNQF 4 Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Electrochemistry and Their Catalytic Properties. Chempluschem 2018; 83:24-34. [PMID: 31957312 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Mn(BF4 )2 ⋅x H2 O with (Pr4 N)2 TCNQF4 (TCNQF4 =2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) in a mixture of CH3 OH/CH2 Cl2 gives a 2:3 stoichiometric complex of (Pr4 N)2 [Mn2 (TCNQF4 )3 (CH3 OH)2 ] (1). If the solvent system used for the crystallisation of 1 is changed to CH3 OH/DMF, then a different product, [Mn(TCNQF4 )(DMF)2 ]⋅(CH3 OH)2 (2), is obtained. The use of Li2 TCNQF4 instead of (Pr4 N)2 TCNQF4 leads to the generation of [Mn2 (TCNQF4 )2 (DMF)4 ]⋅3 DMF (3). An unexpected mixed oxidation state network with a composition of [MnII 4 MnIII 16 O10 (OH)6 (OCH3 )24 (TCNQF4 )2 ](NO3 )2 ⋅24 CH3 OH (4), is formed if Mn(NO3 )2 ⋅x H2 O is used in place of Mn(BF4 )2 ⋅x H2 O in the reaction that leads to the formation of 3. Compounds 1-3 have been characterised by X-ray crystallography; FTIR, Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy; and electrochemistry. Compound 4 has only been analysed by X-ray crystallography and vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, FTIR), owing to rapid deterioration of the compound upon exposure to air. These results indicate that relatively minor changes in reaction conditions have the potential to yield products with vastly different structures. Compound 1 adopts an anionic 2D network with unusual π-stacked dimers of the TCNQF4 2- dianion, whereas 2 and 3 are composed of similar neutral sheets of [Mn(TCNQF4 )(DMF)2 ]. Interestingly, the solvent has a significant influence on the stacking of the sheets in the structures of 2 and 3. In compound 4, clusters with a composition of [MnII 4 MnIII 16 O10 (OH)6 (OCH3 )24 (CH3 OH)4 ]6+ serve as eight-connecting nodes, whereas TCNQF4 2- ligands act as four-connecting nodes in a 3D network that has the same topology as fluorite. Compound 3 exhibits an exceptionally high super-catalytic activity for the electron-transfer reaction between ferricyanide and thiosulfate ions in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Lu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Brendan F Abrahams
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robert W Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Robson
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lisandra L Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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13
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La DD, Ramanathan R, Kumar D, Ahmed T, Walia S, Anuradha, Berean KJ, Bhosale SV, Bansal V. Galvanic Replacement of Semiconducting CuTCNQF
4
with Ag
+
Ions to Enhance Electron Transfer Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duong D. La
- School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Dipesh Kumar
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Taimur Ahmed
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility School of Engineering RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility School of Engineering RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Anuradha
- School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Kyle J. Berean
- School of Engineering RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | | | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory School of Science RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
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Lu J, Nafady A, Abrahams BF, Abdulhamid M, Winther-Jensen B, Bond AM, Martin LL. Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Semi-Conducting, Solvated [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2·(DMF)2 and Non-Solvated [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The demand for catalysts that are highly active and stable for electron-transfer reactions has been boosted by the discovery that [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQF4)2 (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) is an efficient catalyst. In this work, we prepare and characterize the two related [Pt(NH3)4]2+ complexes, [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2·(DMF)2 (1) and [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2 (2). Reaction of [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2 with LiTCNQ in a mixed solvent (methanol/dimethylformamide, 4 : 1 v/v) gives [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2·(DMF)2 (1), whereas the same reaction in water affords [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2 (2). 2 has been previously reported. Both 1 and 2 have now been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, Fourier-transform (FT)IR, Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Structurally, in 1, the TCNQ1− anions form infinite stacks with a separation between adjacent anions within the stack alternating between 3.12 and 3.42 Å. The solvated structure 1 differs from the non-solvated form 2 in that pairs of TCNQ1− anions are clearly displaced from each other. The conductivities of pressed pellets of 1 and 2 are both in the semi-conducting range at room temperature. 2 can be electrochemically synthesized by reduction of a TCNQ-modified electrode in contact with an aqueous solution of [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2 via a nucleation growth mechanism. Interestingly, we discovered that 1 and 2 are not catalysts for the ferricyanide and thiosulfate reaction. Li+ and tetraalkylammonium salts of TCNQ1−/2− and TCNQF41−/2− were tested for potential catalytic activity towards ferricyanide and thiosulfate. Only TCNQF41−/2− salts were active, suggesting that the dianion redox level needs to be accessible for efficient catalytic activity and explaining why 1 and 2 are not good catalysts. Importantly, the origin of the catalytic activity of the highly active [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQF4)2 catalyst is now understood, enabling other families of catalysts to be developed for important electron-transfer reactions.
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Emerging applications of metal-TCNQ based organic semiconductor charge transfer complexes for catalysis. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hoshyargar F, O'Mullane AP. Tetrathiafulvalene–7,7,8,8‐Tetracyanoquinodimethane and Tetrathiafulvalene–2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane Organic Charge‐Transfer Complexes: Reusable Catalysts for Electron‐Transfer Reactions. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faegheh Hoshyargar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) GPO Box 2434 Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Anthony P. O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) GPO Box 2434 Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
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Hoshyargar F, Mahajan M, Anuradha, Bhosale SV, Kyratzis L, Bhatt AI, O'Mullane AP. Superhydrophobic Fabrics for Oil/Water Separation Based on the Metal–Organic Charge‐Transfer Complex CuTCNAQ. Chempluschem 2016; 81:378-383. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faegheh Hoshyargar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) GPO Box 2434 Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Manika Mahajan
- School of Applied Sciences RMIT University GPO Box 2476V Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Anuradha
- School of Applied Sciences RMIT University GPO Box 2476V Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Sheshanath V. Bhosale
- School of Applied Sciences RMIT University GPO Box 2476V Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Louis Kyratzis
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering P. O. Box 312 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Anand I. Bhatt
- CSIRO Energy Technology P. O. Box 312 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Anthony P. O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) GPO Box 2434 Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
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La DD, Ramanathan R, Rananaware A, Bansal V, Bhosale SV. Nanostructured charge transfer complex of CuTCNQF4 for efficient photo-removal of hexavalent chromium. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of a nanostructured CuTCNQF4 organic charge transfer complex on copper foil by employing a facile redox reaction in acetonitrile and its ability to promote catalytic reduction of toxic Cr6+ to its non-toxic Cr3+ counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Duc La
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
| | | | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
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Lu J, Abrahams BF, Winther-Jensen B, Martin LL, Bond AM. Super-Efficient Platinum Catalyst Derived from a Semiconducting, DMF Solvate: Structural, Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Catalytic Characterization. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Nafady A, O’Mullane AP, Bond AM. Electrochemical and photochemical routes to semiconducting transition metal-tetracyanoquinodimethane coordination polymers. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Najdovski I, O’Mullane AP. The effect of electrode material on the electrochemical formation of porous copper surfaces using hydrogen bubble templating. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Haworth NL, Lu J, Vo N, Le TH, Thompson CD, Bond AM, Martin LL. Diagnosis of the Redox Levels of TCNQF4Compounds Using Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Mao JG, Dunbar KR. A cadmium TCNQ-based semiconductor with versatile binding modes and non-integer redox states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1429-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48330d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Najdovski I, Selvakannan PR, O'Mullane AP. Electrochemical formation of Cu/Ag surfaces and their applicability as heterogeneous catalysts. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47557c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Pearson A, Bansal V, O’Mullane AP. Lateral charge propagation effects during the galvanic replacement of electrodeposited MTCNQ (M=Cu, Ag) microstructures with gold and its influence on catalyzed electron transfer reactions. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Pearson A, O'Mullane AP. Fabrication of Metal-Nanoparticle-Modified Semiconducting Copper- and Silver-TCNQ Materials as Substrates for the Reduction of Chromium(VI) Using Thiosulfate Ions at Ambient Temperature. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1343-1348. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Plowman BJ, Najdovski I, Pearson A, O'Mullane AP. Decoration of active sites to create bimetallic surfaces and its implication for electrochemical processes. Faraday Discuss 2013; 164:199-218. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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