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Shen J, Cao F, Huang Z, Ma X, Yang N, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Chukrasia tabularis limonoid plays anti-inflammatory role by regulating NF- κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:9383. [PMID: 37533446 PMCID: PMC10392864 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chukrasia tabularisis, a well-known tropical tree native to southeastern China, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and contains large amounts of limonoids and triterpenoids. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of limonoids from C. tabularis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and results Using a bioassay-guided approach, the chemical fraction with high anti-inflammatory activity was found and its chemical constituents were investigated. Phytochemical studies on active extracts resulted in the separation of three novel phragmalin limonoids (1-3), together with two known limonoids (4-5) and 11 tirucallane triterpenes (6-16). The activity of these isolated compounds in the production of nitric oxide (NO) on LPS-reated macrophages was evaluated. Limonoid 2 indicated significant anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 value of 4.58 μM. Limonoid 2 notably inhibited the production of NO, interleukin- 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α on macrophage. Signal transduction and activation of STAT and NF-κB activators were effectively blocked by limonoid 2. Conclusions These results indicate that limonoid 2 has an anti-inflammatory effect by the inhibiting JAK2/STAT3, iNOS/eNOS, and NF-κB signaling pathways and regulating inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuang Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fan Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Phragmalin-type limonoids with structural diversity at D-ring from the fruit shells of Chukrasia tabularis. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:188-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Shi Z, An L, Yang X, Xi Y, Zhang C, Shuo Y, Zhang J, Jin DQ, Ohizumi Y, Lee D, Xu J, Guo Y. Nitric oxide inhibitory limonoids as potential anti-neuroinflammatory agents from Swietenia mahagoni. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:177-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Wang YC, Kong FD, Wang H, Mei WL, Liu SB, Zhao YX, Dai HF. Six New Phragmalin Limonoids from the Stems of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113024. [PMID: 30463280 PMCID: PMC6278448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new phragmalin limonoids, named moluccensin Z1 (1), moluccensin Z2 (2), carapanolide Y (3), tabulalin N (4), chukvelutilide A1 (5), and velutinasin J (6), as well as two known compounds, chukvelutilide A (7) and velutinasin D (8) were isolated from the stems of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. The structures of the new compounds 1–6 were confirmed by spectroscopic methods, including IR and HRESIMS, as well as 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparisons with the data of known analogues. All compounds were tested for α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. However, none of the compounds was active against α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Cui Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Fan-Dong Kong
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Shou-Bai Liu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Sun YP, Jin WF, Wang YY, Wang G, Morris-Natschke SL, Liu JS, Wang GK, Lee KH. Chemical Structures and Biological Activities of Limonoids from the Genus Swietenia (Meliaceae). Molecules 2018; 23:E1588. [PMID: 29966275 PMCID: PMC6099683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swietenia is a genus in the plant family Meliaceae. This genus contains seven to eight known species, found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas and West Africa. Thus far, more than 160 limonoids have been isolated from four species of the genus Swietenia. Limonoids are rich in structure type and biological activity, and these compounds are the main active components in the Swietenia species. This paper will give a comprehensive overview of the recent phytochemical and pharmacological research on the terpenes from Swietenia plants and encourage further drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Wen-Fang Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yong-Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Guo-Kai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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6
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Zhu YJ, Huo JQ, Fan ZJ, Wu QF, Li X, Zhou S, Xiong LX, Kalinina T, Glukhareva T. Efficient construction of bioactive trans-5A5B6C spirolactones via bicyclo[4.3.0] α-hydroxy ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1163-1166. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02701j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intricate 5A5B6C-ring fusion topologies of tricyclic spiranoid β-hydroxybutyrolactones with environmentally benign characteristics and moderate biological activities were synthesized through lactonization of the key intermediate trans-α-hydroxyindenones with malonates by an efficient and convenient short synthetic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - J. Q. Huo
- College of Plant Protection
- Agricultural University of Hebei
- Baoding 071001
- P. R. China
| | - Z. J. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Q. F. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - X. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - S. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - L. X. Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - T. Kalinina
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
- Ekaterinburg 620002
- Russia
| | - T. Glukhareva
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
- Ekaterinburg 620002
- Russia
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7
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Meng QQ, Peng XR, Lu SY, Wan LS, Wang X, Dong JR, Chu R, Zhou L, Li XN, Qiu MH. Lactam Triterpenoids from the Bark of Toona sinensis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2016; 6:239-245. [PMID: 27757925 PMCID: PMC5080210 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three new limonoid-type triterpenoids, namely toonasins A-C (1-3) with a rare lactam E ring, along with six known compounds (4-9) were isolated from the barks of Toona sinensis. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data, and the relative configuration of compound 1 was further characterized by X-ray crystallographic analyses. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7 and SW480), and compounds 3 and 5 showed weak cytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo-Sheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Run Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Tanaka N, Yano Y, Tatano Y, Kashiwada Y. Hypatulins A and B, Meroterpenes from Hypericum patulum. Org Lett 2016; 18:5360-5363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naonobu Tanaka
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- Graduate
School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Yuki Yano
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tatano
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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9
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Liu HL, Chen XL, Xiao W, Guo YW. Velutinalide C, a New Polycyclic Phragmalin Limonoid from the Leaves ofChukrasia tabularisvar.velutina. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Zhang F, Zhang CR, Tao X, Wang J, Chen WS, Yue JM. Phragmalin-type limonoids with NF-κB inhibition from Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3791-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Zhang WM, Liu JQ, Deng YY, Xia JJ, Zhang ZR, Li ZR, Qiu MH. Diterpenoids and Limonoids from the Leaves and Twigs of Swietenia mahagoni. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:53-57. [PMID: 24660137 PMCID: PMC3956973 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three new compounds, including two diterpenoids, nemoralisins H and I (1 and 2), and a limonoid, 2-methoxy khayseneganin E (3), along with four known constituents (4-7), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Swietenia mahagoni. Their chemical structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis. The cytotoxities of these isolated constituents were assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jie-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jian-Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Zhi-Run Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Zhong-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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12
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Hu K, Liu JQ, Li XN, Chen JC, Zhang WM, Li Y, Li LQ, Guo LL, Ma WG, Qiu MH. Chukfuransins A–D, Four New Phragmalin Limonoids with β-Furan Ring Involved in Skeleton Reconstruction from Chukrasia tabularis. Org Lett 2013; 15:3902-5. [PMID: 23879614 DOI: 10.1021/ol401650m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liang-qun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin-lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei-guang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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