1
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Hoyos P, Perona A, Bavaro T, Berini F, Marinelli F, Terreni M, Hernáiz MJ. Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Glycostructures with Anti-infective Activity. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2409-2424. [PMID: 35942874 PMCID: PMC9454102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecules containing carbohydrate moieties play essential roles in fighting a variety of bacterial and viral infections. Consequently, the design of new carbohydrate-containing drugs or vaccines has attracted great attention in recent years as means to target several infectious diseases.Conventional methods to produce these compounds face numerous challenges because their current production technology is based on chemical synthesis, which often requires several steps and uses environmentally unfriendly reactants, contaminant solvents, and inefficient protocols. The search for sustainable processes such as the use of biocatalysts and eco-friendly solvents is of vital importance. Therefore, their use in a variety of reactions leading to the production of pharmaceuticals has increased exponentially in the last years, fueled by recent advances in protein engineering, enzyme directed evolution, combinatorial biosynthesis, immobilization techniques, and flow biocatalysis. In glycochemistry and glycobiology, enzymes belonging to the families of glycosidases, glycosyltransferases (Gtfs), lipases, and, in the case of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, also nucleoside phosphorylases (NPs) are the preferred choices as catalysts.In this Account, on the basis of our expertise, we will discuss the recent biocatalytic and sustainable approaches that have been employed to synthesize carbohydrate-based drugs, ranging from antiviral nucleosides and nucleotides to antibiotics with antibacterial activity and glycoconjugates such as neoglycoproteins (glycovaccines, GCVs) and glycodendrimers that are considered as very promising tools against viral and bacterial infections.In the first section, we will report the use of NPs and N-deoxyribosyltransferases for the development of transglycosylation processes aimed at the synthesis of nucleoside analogues with antiviral activity. The use of deoxyribonucleoside kinases and hydrolases for the modification of the sugar moiety of nucleosides has been widely investigated.Next, we will describe the results obtained using enzymes for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates such as GCVs and glycodendrimers with antibacterial and antiviral activity. In this context, the search for efficient enzymatic syntheses represents an excellent strategy to produce structure-defined antigenic or immunogenic oligosaccharide analogues with high purity. Lipases, glycosidases, and Gtfs have been used for their preparation.Interestingly, many authors have proposed the use Gtfs originating from the biosynthesis of natural glycosylated antibiotics such as glycopeptides, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. These have been used in the chemoenzymatic semisynthesis of novel antibiotic derivatives by modification of the sugar moiety linked to their complex scaffold. These contributions will be described in the last section of this review because of their relevance in the fight against the spreading phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In this context, the pioneering in vivo synthesis of novel derivatives obtained by genetic manipulation of producer strains (combinatorial biosynthesis) will be shortly described as well.All of these strategies provide a useful and environmentally friendly synthetic toolbox. Likewise, the field represents an illustrative example of how biocatalysis can contribute to the sustainable development of complex glycan-based therapies and how problems derived from the integration of natural tools in synthetic pathways can be efficiently tackled to afford high yields and selectivity. The use of enzymatic synthesis is becoming a reality in the pharmaceutical industry and in drug discovery to rapidly afford collections of new antibacterial or antiviral molecules with improved specificity and better metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hoyos
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Berini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
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2
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García-Oliva C, Merchán A, Perona A, Hoyos P, Rumbero Á, Hernáiz MJ. Development of sustainable synthesis of glucuronic acid glycodendrimers using ball milling and microwave-assisted CuAAC reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two green strategies for CuAAC reaction based on two activation pathways, solvent free mechanochemistry and microwave irradiation using a recycable biosolvent, are reported for the synthesis of glucuronic acid glycodendrimers with good conversión.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García-Oliva
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Merchán
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Hoyos
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Rumbero
- Department in organic chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Qian S, Liu X, Turner CH, Bara JE. Glycerol‐derived solvents containing two or three distinct functional groups enabled by trifluoroethyl glycidyl ether. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | | | - Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
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4
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Piedrabuena D, Rumbero Á, Pires E, Leal-Duaso A, Civera C, Fernández-Lobato M, Hernaiz MJ. Enzymatic synthesis of novel fructosylated compounds by Ffase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis in green solvents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24312-24319. [PMID: 35479057 PMCID: PMC9036678 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-fructofuranosidase from the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis (Ffase) produces potential prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) by self-transfructosylation of sucrose, being one of the highest known producers of 6-kestose. The use of Green Solvents (GS) in biocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional organic media for improving product yields and generating new molecules. In this work, the Ffase hydrolytic and transfructosylating activity was analysed using different GS, including biosolvents and ionic liquids. Among them, 11 were compatible for the net synthesis of FOS. Besides, two glycerol derivatives improved the yield of total FOS. Interestingly, polyols ethylene glycol and glycerol were found to be efficient alternative fructosyl-acceptors, both substantially decreasing the sucrose fructosylation. The main transfer product of the reaction with glycerol was a 62 g L-1 isomeric mixture of 1-O and 2-O-β-d-fructofuranosylglycerol, representing 95% of all chemicals generated by transfructosylation. Unexpectedly, the non-terminal 2-O fructo-conjugate was the major molecule catalysed during the process, while the 1-O isomer was the minor one. This fact made Ffase the first known enzyme from yeast showing this catalytic ability. Thus, novel fructosylated compounds with potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical fields have been obtained in this work, increasing the biotechnological interest of Ffase with innocuous GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Piedrabuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO; UAM-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Nicolás Cabrera 1 28049 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ángel Rumbero
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Elísabet Pires
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Leal-Duaso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Concepción Civera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO; UAM-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Nicolás Cabrera 1 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - María J Hernaiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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Abstract
β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52) are retaining hydrolases of glycoside hydrolase family 20 (GH20). These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing N-acetylhexosamine residues, notably N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, in N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminides. In nature, bacterial β-N-acetylhexosaminidases are mainly involved in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis, analogously, fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases act on cell wall chitin. The enzymes work via a distinct substrate-assisted mechanism that utilizes the 2-acetamido group as nucleophile. Curiously, the β-N-acetylhexosaminidases possess an inherent trans-glycosylation ability which is potentially useful for biocatalytic synthesis of functional carbohydrates, including biomimetic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides and other glycan-functionalized compounds. In this review, we summarize the reaction engineering approaches (donor substrate activation, additives, and reaction conditions) that have proven useful for enhancing trans-glycosylation activity of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. We provide comprehensive overviews of reported synthesis reactions with GH20 enzymes, including tables that list the specific enzyme used, donor and acceptor substrates, reaction conditions, and details of the products and yields obtained. We also describe the active site traits and mutations that appear to favor trans-glycosylation activity of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Finally, we discuss novel protein engineering strategies and suggest potential “hotspots” for mutations to promote trans-glycosylation activity in GH20 for efficient synthesis of specific functional carbohydrates and other glyco-engineered products.
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6
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Levin G, Gómez S, Glodowsky A, Cascone O, Hernáiz M. Two-step enzymatic strategy for the synthesis of a smart phenolic polymer and further immobilization of a β-galactosidase able to catalyze transglycosydation reaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:264-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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García C, Hoyos P, Hernáiz MJ. Enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates using lipases and glycosidases in green solvents. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1349760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Hoyos
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Gómez S, Bayón C, Navarrete S, Guisán JM, Hernáiz MJ. Stabilization of β-Gal-3 ATCC 31382 on agarose gels: synthesis of β-(1→3) galactosides under sustainable conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Gal-3 was immobilized by multipoint covalent attachment on an agarose support. The derivative was characterized and usefully applied as a recoverable and reusable biocatalyst for the synthesis of β-(1 → 3) galactosides under sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
| | - Carlos Bayón
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
| | - Sergio Navarrete
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
| | - José M. Guisán
- Biocatalysis Department
- Catalysis Institute-CSIC
- Campus UAM
- Spain
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
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9
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Farrán A, Cai C, Sandoval M, Xu Y, Liu J, Hernáiz MJ, Linhardt RJ. Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry: from raw materials to fine chemicals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6811-53. [PMID: 26121409 DOI: 10.1021/cr500719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Farrán
- †Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Cai
- ‡Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Manuel Sandoval
- §Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica, Post Office Box 86, 3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Yongmei Xu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - María J Hernáiz
- ▽Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz/Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Bayón C, Moracci M, Hernáiz MJ. A novel, efficient and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of α-glycoconjugates by combination of a α-galactosynthase and a green solvent. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of glycoconjugates using an α-galactosynthase in green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bayón
- Department of Organic
- and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
| | - M. Moracci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources
- National Research Council of Italy, Naples
- 80131 Naples
- Italy
| | - M. J. Hernáiz
- Department of Organic
- and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
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11
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Aires-Trapote A, Tamayo A, Rubio J, Rumbero A, Hernáiz MJ. Sustainable synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine using an immobilized β-galactosidase on a tailor made porous polymer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient enzymatic synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine has been developed in biosolvents, mediated by the action of an immobilized β-galactosidase on a tailor made porous polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Spain
| | - Juan Rubio
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Spain
| | - Angel Rumbero
- Faculty of Science
- Autonoma University of Madrid
- Spain
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12
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Zeuner B, Jers C, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS. Methods for improving enzymatic trans-glycosylation for synthesis of human milk oligosaccharide biomimetics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9615-31. [PMID: 25208138 DOI: 10.1021/jf502619p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, significant progress has been made within enzymatic synthesis of biomimetic, functional glycans, including, for example, human milk oligosaccharides. These compounds are mainly composed of N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, sialic acid, galactose, and glucose, and their controlled enzymatic synthesis is a novel field of research in advanced food ingredient chemistry, involving the use of rare enzymes, which have until now mainly been studied for their biochemical significance, not for targeted biosynthesis applications. For the enzymatic synthesis of biofunctional glycans reaction parameter optimization to promote "reverse" catalysis with glycosidases is currently preferred over the use of glycosyl transferases. Numerous methods exist for minimizing the undesirable glycosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis and for improving the trans-glycosylation yields. This review provides an overview of the approaches and data available concerning optimization of enzymatic trans-glycosylation for novel synthesis of complex bioactive carbohydrates using sialidases, α-l-fucosidases, and β-galactosidases as examples. The use of an adequately high acceptor/donor ratio, reaction time control, continuous product removal, enzyme recycling, and/or the use of cosolvents may significantly improve trans-glycosylation and biocatalytic productivity of the enzymatic reactions. Protein engineering is also a promising technique for obtaining high trans-glycosylation yields, and proof-of-concept for reversing sialidase activity to trans-sialidase action has been established. However, the protein engineering route currently requires significant research efforts in each case because the structure-function relationship of the enzymes is presently poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Li C, Kim YW. Characterization of a Galactosynthase Derived fromBacillus circulansβ-Galactosidase: Facile Synthesis ofD-Lacto- andD-Galacto-N-bioside. Chembiochem 2014; 15:522-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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