1
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Ritch JS. Chalcogen-substituted carbenes: a density functional study of structure, stability, and donor ability. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16828-16836. [PMID: 37283867 PMCID: PMC10240176 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03324d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcogen-substituted carbenes are examined computationally using density functional theory. Several approaches are used to assess the stability and reactivity of chalcogenazol-2-ylidene carbenes (NEHCs; E = O, S, Se, Te). The known unsaturated species 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene is studied at the same level of theory as the NEHC molecules, as a reference. Electronic structures, stability towards dimerization, and ligand properties are discussed. The results highlight the NEHCs as potentially valuable ancillary ligands for stabilizing low-valent metals or paramagnetic main group molecules. A simple, effective computational method for evaluating σ donor ability and π acidity of carbenes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Ritch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg 515 Portage Avenue Winnipeg MB R3B 2E9 Canada +1-204-774-2401 +1-204-786-9730
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2
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Dubey G, Singh T, Bharatam PV. The importance of four-membered NHCs in stabilizing Breslow intermediates on benzoin condensation pathway. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:346-354. [PMID: 35652523 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been established to be effective organocatalysts for facilitating the benzoin condensation and many other reactions. These reactions involve the formation of a Breslow intermediate (BI), which exhibits umpolung chemistry. To facilitate organocatalysis, several new cyclic carbenes are being introduced, four-membered NHCs are of special interest. Whether these NHCs can exhibit catalytic influence or not, can be evaluated by exploring the potential energy surface (PES) of the benzoin condensation reaction. Quantum chemical analysis has been carried out to compare the PES of these four-membered NHCs with that of standard five-membered NHCs to explore their catalytic ability. The barrier for the first step of the reaction for the formation of BI is comparable in all the cases. But the barrier for the second step of the reaction leading to the benzoin formation from BI is estimated to be very high for the four membered NHCs. These results indicate that the probability of identifying and isolating the BI is very high in comparison to the completion of benzoin condensation reaction in the case of the four-membered NHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutt Dubey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Tejender Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
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3
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Buzsáki D, Nyulászi L, Pietschnig R, Gudat D, Kelemen Z. Bending Ferrocenes with Low Coordinated Bridging Units: The Investigation of Carbenes and Their Analogues with a Ferrocenophane Backbone. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Buzsáki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institut für Chemie und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Dietrich Gudat
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Bawari D, Volodarsky S, Ginzburg Y, Jaiswal K, Joshi P, Dobrovetsky R. Intramolecular C–N bond activation by a geometrically constrained P III-centre. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12176-12179. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First examples of the insertion of a geometrically constrained PIII ambiphilic center into C–N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Solomon Volodarsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yael Ginzburg
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pooja Joshi
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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5
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Bernhardt B, Ruth M, Reisenauer HP, Schreiner PR. Aminohydroxymethylene (H 2N-C̈-OH), the Simplest Aminooxycarbene. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7023-7028. [PMID: 34374543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We generated and isolated hitherto unreported aminohydroxymethylene (1, aminohydroxycarbene) in solid Ar via pyrolysis of oxalic acid monoamide (2). Astrochemically relevant carbene 1 is persistent under cryogenic conditions and only decomposes to HNCO + H2 and NH3 + CO upon irradiation of the matrix at 254 nm. This photoreactivity is contrary to other hydroxycarbenes and aminomethylene, which undergo [1,2]H shifts to the corresponding carbonyls or imine. The experimental data are well supported by the results of CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bernhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcel Ruth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Reisenauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Welideniya D, Ramachandran MRK, Kalisch T, Streubel R. New frontiers: 1,4-diphosphinines and P-bridged bis(NHCs). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9345-9366. [PMID: 34160506 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes synthetic concepts and breakthroughs in 1,4-diphosphinine and related P-bridged bis(NHCs) chemistry, covering the last four decades, starting from monocyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diphosphinines in the early 80s to the most recent and promising achievements of tricyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diphosphinines and tricyclic 1,4-diphosphinines. Theoretical aspects are presented for 1,4-dihydro- and 1,4-diphosphinines considering HOMO LUMO situations as well as the degree of aromaticity. Moreover, fundamental characteristics of analytical data of these compounds are highlighted with special focus on substituent effects, structural aspects and trends of electrophilicity. The two P-centers and the heterocyclic rings of 1,4-dihydro- and 1,4-diphosphinines constitute a broad platform for substitution, reduction/oxidation, alkylation, complexation and cycloaddition reactions, i.e., a comprehensive compilation of reactivity aspects is presented. Furthermore, very recent developments in the synthesis and reactivity of tricyclic PV/V- and PIII/III-bridged bis(imidazole-2-ylidenes) will be discussed together with new perspectives derived from an antiaromatic middle ring. In total, our intention is to show new frontiers, i.e., new synthetic paths, thus creating novel opportunities for potential applications in molecular and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanushi Welideniya
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mridhul R K Ramachandran
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tim Kalisch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Buzsáki D, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L. Stretching the P-C Bond. Variations on Carbenes and Phosphanes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2660-2671. [PMID: 32159965 PMCID: PMC7307921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability and the structure of adducts formed between four substituted phosphanes (PX3, X:H, F, Cl, and NMe2) and 11 different carbenes have been investigated by DFT calculations. In most cases, the structure of the adducts depends strongly on the stability of the carbene itself, exhibiting a linear correlation with the increasing dissociation energy of the adduct. Carbenes of low stability form phosphorus ylides (F), which can be described as phosphane → carbene adducts supported with some back-bonding. The most stable carbenes, which have high energy lone pair, do not form stable F-type structures but carbene → phosphane adducts (E-type structure), utilizing the low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the phosphane (with electronegative substituents), benefiting also from the carbene-pnictogen interaction. Especially noteworthy is the case of PCl3, which has an extremely low energy LUMO in its T-shaped form. Although this PCl3 structure is a transition state of rather high energy, the large stabilization energy of the complex makes this carbene-phosphane adduct stable. Most interestingly, in case of carbenes with medium stability both F- and E-type structures could be optimized, giving rise to bond-stretch isomerism. Likewise, for phosphorus ylides (F), the stability of the adducts G formed from carbenes with hypovalent phosphorus (PX-phosphinidene) is in a linear relationship with the stabilization of the carbene. Adducts of carbenes with hypervalent phosphorus (PX5) are the most stable when X is electronegative, and the carbene is highly nucleophilic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Buzsáki
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME
Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Naz NR, Schnakenburg G, Mikeházi A, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L, Boeré RT, Streubel R. Janus bis(NHCs) tuned by heteroatom-bridge oxidation states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2646-2649. [PMID: 32022028 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the first tricyclic bis(carbenes) with facially opposed imidazole-2-ylidenes and two linking phosphorus centres in different oxidation states is presented using a modular, high-yield synthetic route. The formation of homo bimetallic coinage metal complexes provides a glimpse on their potential use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Rauf Naz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Antal Mikeházi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellert ter 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellert ter 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellert ter 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - René T Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Schmidt U, Fantuzzi F, Arrowsmith M, Hermann A, Prieschl D, Rempel A, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Tuneable reduction of cymantrenylboranes to diborenes or borylene-derived boratafulvenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14809-14812. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By switching the reaction conditions, the reduction of a N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilised cymantrenyldibromoborane can be tuned to yield either the corresponding diborene or borylene, the latter being stabilised through a boratafulvene conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schmidt
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
| | - Alexander Hermann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
| | - Dominic Prieschl
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
| | - Anna Rempel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Am Hubland
- Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron
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10
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Klementyeva SV, Abramov PA, Somov NV, Dudkina YB, Budnikova YH, Poddel’sky AI. Deprotonation of Benzoxazolium Salt: Trapping of a Radical-Cation Intermediate. Org Lett 2019; 21:946-950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Klementyeva
- Kazan Federal University, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, 420008, Kremlevskaya str. 29/1, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A. Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Prosp. Lavrentieva 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay V. Somov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Prosp. Gagarina 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia B. Dudkina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey I. Poddel’sky
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina str. 49, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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11
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Shiri A, Khorramabadi-zad A, Siahpur Z. Substitution effects on 1,3-disubstituted imidazol-2-ylidenes and 1,3-diarylimidazol-2-ylidenes revisited: a theoretical study at DFT level. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Al Furaiji KHM, Iversen KJ, Dutton JL, Wilson DJD. Theoretical Investigation of Hydride Insertion into N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes Containing N, P, C, O and S Heteroatoms. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3745-3752. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalidah H. M. Al Furaiji
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Al-Mustansiriyah University Baghdad Iraq
| | - Kalon J. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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13
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Gehrke S, Hollóczki O. Hydrogen Bonding of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Solution: Mechanisms of Solvent Reorganization. Chemistry 2018; 24:11594-11604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Bonn Beringstr. 4+6 53115 Bonn Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Bonn Beringstr. 4+6 53115 Bonn Germany
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14
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Gehrke S, Hollóczki O. Treten in der N-heterozyklischen Carben-Organokatalyse wirklich Carbene auf? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center für Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstraße 4+6 53115 Bonn Deutschland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center für Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstraße 4+6 53115 Bonn Deutschland
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15
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Gehrke S, Hollóczki O. Are There Carbenes in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16395-16398. [PMID: 29072807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Azolium cations are widely employed in organocatalysis to catalyse highly valuable synthetic processes in the presence of a base. These reactions are called "N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis", based on the assumption that they are initiated by the formation of a free carbene through deprotonation, which can then react with the substrates and thereby affect their reactivity to obtain the desired products. However, we herein provide evidence that an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism is energetically more favourable, in which the azolium cation reacts directly with the substrate, avoiding the formation of the free carbene in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Ramsden CA, Oziminski WP. A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Ease of Formation and σ-Bonding Strength of Oxa- and Thia-N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12485-12491. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Ramsden
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech P. Oziminski
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modelling, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska
Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Advances in the Knowledge of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Properties. The Backing of the Electrochemical Investigation. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Begum I, Schnakenburg G, Streubel R. On Route to C
4
/C
5
P‐Bifunctional 1,3‐Thiazole‐Based Carbenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Begum
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 153121BonnGermany
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19
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Hollóczki O. Unveiling the peculiar hydrogen bonding behavior of solvated N-heterocyclic carbenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:126-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After fitting a molecular mechanical force field for imidazol-2-ylidenes, MD simulations revealed carbene–carbene and three-center hydrogen bonds of carbenes. The practical importance of these structures is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
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20
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Schmidt A, Wiechmann S, Otto CF. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Borpuzari MP, Guha AK, Kar R. Structural, electronic and reactivity studies on group 15 analogues of N-heterocyclic carbene. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Schumacher M, Goldfuss B. Quantifying N-heterocyclic carbenes as umpolung catalysts in the benzoin reaction: balance between nucleophilicity and electrophilicity. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00413f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Different types of N-heterocyclic carbenes, i.e. normal, reduced heteroatom stabilized, remote and abnormal carbenes, are computationally assessed (THF-CPCM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)) in the benzoin reaction to study their characteristics as umpolung catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- 50939 Köln
- Germany
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23
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Kelemen Z, Streubel R, Nyulászi L. Zwitterionic carbene adducts and their carbene isomers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and abnormal NHCs (aNHC) form the stable adducts,1and2, with X (CH2, SiH2, NH, PH, O, S), which are excellent nucleophiles at X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - R. Streubel
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie der
- Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - L. Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- Budapest
- Hungary
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24
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Kong L, Li Y, Ganguly R, Vidovic D, Kinjo R. Isolation of a Bis(oxazol-2-ylidene)-Phenylborylene Adduct and its Reactivity as a Boron-Centered Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Kong L, Li Y, Ganguly R, Vidovic D, Kinjo R. Isolation of a Bis(oxazol-2-ylidene)-Phenylborylene Adduct and its Reactivity as a Boron-Centered Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9280-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Bhatia S, Bharatam PV. Possibility of the Existence of Donor–Acceptor Interactions in Bis(azole)amines: An Electronic Structure Analysis. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4852-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402862r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Bhatia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S.
Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S.
Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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27
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Hollóczki O. Uranyl(VI) Complexes in and from Imidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquids: Carbenes versus Acetates? Inorg Chem 2013; 53:835-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402921b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse
4 + 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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28
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Thomas M, Brehm M, Hollóczki O, Kirchner B. How Can a Carbene be Active in an Ionic Liquid? Chemistry 2013; 20:1622-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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