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Zeng F, Guo X, Sun L, He X, Zeng Z, Liu Z. Non-isothermal crosslinking of ethylene vinyl acetate initiated by crosslinking agents: kinetic modelling. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15623-15630. [PMID: 35685181 PMCID: PMC9126645 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-isothermal crosslinking process of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) initiated by several crosslinking agents was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crosslinking agent tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) exhibited much shorter reaction time and lower reaction temperature. The effect of the crosslinking agent TBEC on the EVA crosslinking process was further analyzed by using Avrami, Ozawa, Mo and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods, respectively. The small fluctuations in the values of Avrami exponent n and Mo parameter a indicate that the EVA crosslinking mechanism is basically unchanged with increasing heating rate and crosslinking agent content. The change of the Ozawa exponent m is presumably due to the increase in viscosity of EVA/TBEC samples during the crosslinking process. The heating/cooling function F(T) values and the activation energy Ea are dependent on the conversion rate α. In addition, Ea shows irregular changes in the early stages of crosslinking, and increases with the increase of conversion rate α in the later stages of crosslinking. The kinetic parameter Ea of EVA crosslinking reaction initiated by a peroxide crosslinking agent showed irregular changes in the early stage of crosslinking, and increase with the increase of conversion rate α in the later stage of crosslinking.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xing Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xuelian He
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zuoxiang Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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Talebian S, Mehrali M, Taebnia N, Pennisi CP, Kadumudi FB, Foroughi J, Hasany M, Nikkhah M, Akbari M, Orive G, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A. Self-Healing Hydrogels: The Next Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801664. [PMID: 31453048 PMCID: PMC6702654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Given their durability and long-term stability, self-healable hydrogels have, in the past few years, emerged as promising replacements for the many brittle hydrogels currently being used in preclinical or clinical trials. To this end, the incompatibility between hydrogel toughness and rapid self-healing remains unaddressed, and therefore most of the self-healable hydrogels still face serious challenges within the dynamic and mechanically demanding environment of human organs/tissues. Furthermore, depending on the target tissue, the self-healing hydrogels must comply with a wide range of properties including electrical, biological, and mechanical. Notably, the incorporation of nanomaterials into double-network hydrogels is showing great promise as a feasible way to generate self-healable hydrogels with the above-mentioned attributes. Here, the recent progress in the development of multifunctional and self-healable hydrogels for various tissue engineering applications is discussed in detail. Their potential applications within the rapidly expanding areas of bioelectronic hydrogels, cyborganics, and soft robotics are further highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Talebian
- Intelligent Polymer Research InstituteARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceAIIM FacilityUniversity of WollongongNSW2522Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research InstituteUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Mehdi Mehrali
- DTU NanotechCenter for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkLyngby2800KgsDenmark
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- DTU NanotechCenter for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkLyngby2800KgsDenmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell ResearchDepartment of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg UniversityFredrik Bajers vej 3B9220AalborgDenmark
| | - Firoz Babu Kadumudi
- DTU NanotechCenter for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkLyngby2800KgsDenmark
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Intelligent Polymer Research InstituteARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceAIIM FacilityUniversity of WollongongNSW2522Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research InstituteUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Masoud Hasany
- DTU NanotechCenter for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkLyngby2800KgsDenmark
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological Health and Systems Engineering (SBHSE)Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800VictoriaCanada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related TechnologiesUniversity of Victoria3800VictoriaCanada
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo de la Universidad 701006Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in BioengineeringBiomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Vitoria‐Gasteiz28029Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology – UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria01007Spain
- BTI Biotechnology InstituteVitoria01007Spain
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi‐Pirouz
- DTU NanotechCenter for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkLyngby2800KgsDenmark
- Department of Dentistry‐Regenerative BiomaterialsRadboud University Medical CenterPhilips van Leydenlaan 25Nijmegen6525EXThe Netherlands
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3
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Enhancing Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane Rubber Reinforced with Polyethylene Glycol-g-Graphene Oxide. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2318347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper attempted to achieve the purpose of increasing the tensile strength and toughness of polyurethane rubber (PUR) simultaneously by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the surface of graphene oxide (GO) to introduce hydrogen bond interactions into the PUR-GO system. GO was grafted with PEG and added to PUR by mechanical blending. The polyethylene glycol-g-graphene oxide (MGO) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The PUR/MGO composites were tested by tensile testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that PEG was successfully grafted onto the surface of GO and the grafting rate was about 37%. The grated PEG did not affect the crystalline structure of GO. The addition of MGO could improve the thermal stability of PUR vulcanizate. After the addition of GO, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of vulcanizate was shifted to higher temperature. However, the Tg of vulcanizate reinforced by MGO was shifted to lower temperature. The strength and toughness of vulcanizate were significantly improved by adding MGO. The reason was that the hydrogen bond interactions between MGO and PUR were destroyed and the hidden length was released during the strain process. A lot of energy was consumed, and thus the strength and toughness of PUR vulcanizate were improved.
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Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, Mirani B, Mehrali M, Hasany M, Orive G, Das P, Emneus J, Andresen TL, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A. Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700931. [PMID: 30356969 PMCID: PMC6193179 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads of chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, polymer science, biology, tissue engineering, computer science, and materials science, electrical devices are currently being engineered that blend directly within organs and tissues. These sophisticated devices are mediators, recorders, and stimulators of electricity with the capacity to monitor important electrophysiological events, replace disabled body parts, or even stimulate tissues to overcome their current limitations. They are therefore capable of leading humanity forward into the age of cyborgs, a time in which human biology can be hacked at will to yield beings with abilities beyond their natural capabilities. The resulting advances have been made possible by the emergence of conformal and soft electronic materials that can readily integrate with the curvilinear, dynamic, delicate, and flexible human body. This article discusses the recent rapid pace of development in the field of cybernetics with special emphasis on the important role that flexible and electrically active materials have played therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Sara Bagherifard
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano20156MilanItaly
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Ashish Thakur
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Mohammad Mehrali
- Process and Energy DepartmentDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628CBDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Masoud Hasany
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo de la Universidad 701006Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Vitoria‐Gasteiz28029Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria01007Spain
| | - Paramita Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jenny Emneus
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Nanotech2800KgsDenmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
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Semi-aromatic polyamide-based nanocomposites: I. in-situ polymerization in the presence of graphene oxide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Ternary Polyamide Copolymer. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mehrali M, Thakur A, Pennisi CP, Talebian S, Arpanaei A, Nikkhah M, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A. Nanoreinforced Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials that are Compatible with Load-Bearing and Electroactive Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603612. [PMID: 27966826 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Given their highly porous nature and excellent water retention, hydrogel-based biomaterials can mimic critical properties of the native cellular environment. However, their potential to emulate the electromechanical milieu of native tissues or conform well with the curved topology of human organs needs to be further explored to address a broad range of physiological demands of the body. In this regard, the incorporation of nanomaterials within hydrogels has shown great promise, as a simple one-step approach, to generate multifunctional scaffolds with previously unattainable biological, mechanical, and electrical properties. Here, recent advances in the fabrication and application of nanocomposite hydrogels in tissue engineering applications are described, with specific attention toward skeletal and electroactive tissues, such as cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle. Additionally, some potential uses of nanoreinforced hydrogels within the emerging disciplines of cyborganics, bionics, and soft biorobotics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, 2800 Kgs, Ørsteds Plads, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ashish Thakur
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, 2800 Kgs, Ørsteds Plads, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Pablo Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Sepehr Talebian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center of Advanced Material, University of Malaya, 50603, Persiaran Universiti 2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ayyoob Arpanaei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran - Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Engineering Center G Wing 334 School of Biological Health and Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, 2800 Kgs, Ørsteds Plads, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Xie LZ, Chen LC, Wang MZ, Wu QC, Zhou X, Ge XW. In-situ Enhanced Toughening of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/elastomer Blends via Gamma-Ray Radiation at Presence of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/29/cjcp1605105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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9
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Feldman D. Polyblend Nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2015.1050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Wu W, Wan C, Zhang Y. Graphene oxide as a covalent-crosslinking agent for EVM-g-PA6 thermoplastic elastomeric nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polyamide 6 grafted ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber copolymer (EVM-g-PA6) was synthesized in the presence of graphene oxide (GO),viaa sequential ring-opening polymerisation and ester–amide exchange reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- China
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing
- WMG
- University of Warwick
- UK
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- China
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Wu W, Wan C, Zhang H, Zhang Y. In situester-amide exchange reaction between polyamide 6 and ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber during melt blending. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chaoying Wan
- WMG; International Manufacturing Centre, University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
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