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Feng P, Yang W, Xu D, Ma M, Guo Y, Jing Z. Characteristics, mechanisms and measurement methods of dissolution and deposition of inorganic salts in sub-/supercritical water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119167. [PMID: 36183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and harmless treatment of hypersaline organic wastes has become an urgent environmental problem. Compared to traditional thermochemical methods, supercritical water oxidation has been proven to be an efficient organic waste treatment technology due to the advantages of low cost, high degradation rate, no secondary pollutants, etc. However, the solubilities of inorganic salts drop rapidly near the critical point of water, and some sticky salts form easily agglomerates and then adhere to internal surfaces of reactor and pipeline, causing plugging and inhibition of heat transfer. Hence, the characteristics, mechanisms and measurement methods of the dissolution and deposition of inorganic salts in sub-/supercritical water are summarized and analyzed systematically and comprehensively in this work, intending to provide a valuable guide for salt deposition prevention and subsequent research directions. Firstly, a new classification form of inorganic salt is put forward based on melting point. The phase equilibriums of brine systems are then analyzed in detail. Six theories concerning dissolution mechanisms are discussed deeply and various measurement methods of salt solubility are also supplemented. Furthermore, salt deposition characteristics and related measurement technologies are summarized. Notably, a new idea "hydrothermal molten salt" system is reviewed which may provide a solution for salt deposition in sub/supercritical water. Finally, an outlook for the follow-up researches is prospected and some suggestions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wanpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Donghai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Mingyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zefeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Combining experiment and density functional theory to study the mechanism of thermochemical sulfate reduction by hydrogen in supercritical water. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang R, Deplazes R, Vogel F, Baudouin D. Continuous Extraction of Black Liquor Salts under Hydrothermal Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Wang
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (SKLMF), Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Roger Deplazes
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Biomass and Resource Efficiency, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - David Baudouin
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Na 2 CO 3 and K 3 PO 4 solubility measurements at 30 MPa in near-critical and supercritical water using conductimetry and high pressure calorimetry. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Reimer J, Peng G, Viereck S, De Boni E, Breinl J, Vogel F. A novel salt separator for the supercritical water gasification of biomass. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reimer J, Vogel F, Steele-MacInnis M. Speciation and Structural Properties of Hydrothermal Solutions of Sodium and Potassium Sulfate Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1446-53. [PMID: 26888426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of salts at elevated pressures and temperatures play a key role in geochemical processes and in applications of supercritical water in waste and biomass treatment, for which salt management is crucial for performance. A major question in predicting salt behavior in such processes is how different salts affect the phase equilibria. Herein, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate molecular-scale structures of solutions of sodium and/or potassium sulfate, which show contrasting macroscopic behavior. Solutions of Na-SO4 exhibit a tendency towards forming large ionic clusters with increasing temperature, whereas solutions of K-SO4 show significantly less clustering under equivalent conditions. In mixed systems (Nax K2-x SO4 ), cluster formation is dramatically reduced with decreasing Na/(K+Na) ratio; this indicates a structure-breaking role of K. MD results allow these phenomena to be related to the characteristics of electrostatic interactions between K(+) and SO4 (2-) , compared with the analogous Na(+) -SO4 (2-) interactions. The results suggest a mechanism underlying the experimentally observed increasing solubility in ternary mixtures of solutions of Na-K-SO4 . Specifically, the propensity of sodium to associate with sulfate, versus that of potassium to break up the sodium-sulfate clusters, may affect the contrasting behavior of these salts. Thus, mutual salting-in in ternary hydrothermal solutions of Na-K-SO4 reflects the opposing, but complementary, natures of Na-SO4 versus K-SO4 interactions. The results also provide clues towards the reported liquid immiscibility in this ternary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Reimer
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Institut für Biomasse und Ressourceneffizienz, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, 5210, Windisch, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Steele-MacInnis
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. .,Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Reimer J, Vogel F. Influence of anions and cations on the phase behavior of ternary salt solutions studied by high pressure differential scanning calorimetry. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reimer J, Steele-MacInnis M, Wambach JM, Vogel F. Ion Association in Hydrothermal Sodium Sulfate Solutions Studied by Modulated FT-IR-Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9847-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Reimer
- Laboratory
for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Steele-MacInnis
- Institut
für Geochemie und Petrologie, ETH Zürich NW F 82.4, Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg M. Wambach
- Laboratory
for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Laboratory
for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institut für Biomasse und Ressourceneffizienz Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
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