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Bouthillette LM, Aniebok V, Colosimo DA, Brumley D, MacMillan JB. Nonenzymatic Reactions in Natural Product Formation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14815-14841. [PMID: 36006409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic mechanisms of natural products primarily depend on systems of protein catalysts. However, within the field of biosynthesis, there are cases in which the inherent chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediates and substrates evades the involvement of enzymes. These reactions are difficult to characterize based on their reactivity and occlusion within the milieu of the cellular environment. As we continue to build a strong foundation for how microbes and higher organisms produce natural products, therein lies a need for understanding how protein independent or nonenzymatic biosynthetic steps can occur. We have classified such reactions into four categories: intramolecular, multicomponent, tailoring, and light-induced reactions. Intramolecular reactions is one of the most well studied in the context of biomimetic synthesis, consisting of cyclizations and cycloadditions due to the innate reactivity of the intermediates. There are two subclasses that make up multicomponent reactions, one being homologous multicomponent reactions which results in dimeric and pseudodimeric natural products, and the other being heterologous multicomponent reactions, where two or more precursors from independent biosynthetic pathways undergo a variety of reactions to produce the mature natural product. The third type of reaction discussed are tailoring reactions, where postmodifications occur on the natural products after the biosynthetic machinery is completed. The last category consists of light-induced reactions involving ecologically relevant UV light rather than high intensity UV irradiation that is traditionally used in synthetic chemistry. This review will cover recent nonenzymatic biosynthetic mechanisms and include sources for those reviewed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Bouthillette
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Victor Aniebok
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Dominic A Colosimo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - David Brumley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - John B MacMillan
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
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Shao J, Luo Q, Bi H, Wang SR. Cooperation of Cis Vicinal Acceptors for Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropane Activation: TfOH-Promoted Ring-Opening/Aryl Shift Rearrangement to 3- and 5-Ylidenebutenolides. Org Lett 2021; 23:459-463. [PMID: 33399000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A convenient route to 3- and 5-ylidenebutenolides from readily available cis-2-acylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates is described. Upon exposure to TfOH, synergistic activation of the vicinal acceptors in cis-2-acylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates generates highly strained bicyclic oxocarbenium ion intermediates, which undergo the ring-opening/aryl shift/deprotonation cascade process to form the 3- or 5-ylidenebutenolides depending on the acyl group. On the other hand, the corresponding trans isomers, from which it is difficult to form such oxocarbenium ions, are inactive under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Shao
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qinyuan Luo
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongyan Bi
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sunewang R Wang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, China
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Bhat BA, Rashid S, Mehta G. Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products Embodying Diverse Furofuranone Motifs: A New Millennium Update. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A. Bhat
- CSIR-Medicinal Chemistry Division Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Sanat Nagar Srinagar 190005 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Showkat Rashid
- CSIR-Medicinal Chemistry Division Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Sanat Nagar Srinagar 190005 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
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Ehrlich G, Stark CBW. Synthesis of Cytospolide Analogues and Late-State Diversification Thereof. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3132-3147. [PMID: 30777758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cytospolides are a novel group of fungal secondary metabolites first described in 2011. Although all 17 natural derivatives share the same C-14 polyketide backbone, they exhibit a fairly broad structural diversity regarding their oxygenation and acetylation pattern as well as macrolide structure, e.g., monocyclic nonanolide core or bicyclic ring systems with a bridging THF ring. In the present work, the prospects for an extension of the structural diversity of cytospolides have been investigated. On the basis of a previously established synthesis of cytospolide D, a modified route to a truncated analogue carrying an alkyne instead of the natural n-pentyl side chain has been developed. In a bioinspired approach the so-derived cytospolide D alkyne analogue has been further converted to bicyclic and THF ring containing derivatives with a different backbone architecture. Finally, Sonogashira couplings or Huisgen-Sharpless click reactions have been used for late-stage diversifications. Thus, a set of 15 novel and structurally diverse natural product derivatives has been synthesized in a highly efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Ehrlich
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian B W Stark
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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Taheri Kal Koshvandi A, Heravi MM, Momeni T. Current Applications of Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction in The Total Synthesis of Natural Products: An update. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.10.1002/aoc.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of ChemistryAlzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran
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Gross LJ, Stark CBW. Regioselective dehydration of α-hydroxymethyl tetrahydrofurans using Burgess' reagent under microwave irradiation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4282-4285. [PMID: 28485439 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We here present a highly efficient and high yielding procedure for the preparation of 2-vinyl tetrahydrofurans starting from α-hydroxymethyl tetrahydrofurans. Best results for this dehydration were achieved using Burgess' reagent in dioxane under microwave irradiation. A range of functional groups as well as different cyclic and bicyclic frameworks were found to be compatible with the reaction conditions. The desired products were obtained within minutes in good to high yields and excellent regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona J Gross
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Taheri Kal Koshvandi A, Heravi MM, Momeni T. Current Applications of Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction in The Total Synthesis of Natural Products: An update. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of ChemistryAlzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran
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Lima CGS, Monteiro JL, de Melo Lima T, Weber Paixão M, Corrêa AG. Angelica Lactones: From Biomass-Derived Platform Chemicals to Value-Added Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:25-47. [PMID: 28834397 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The upgrading of biomass-derived compounds has arisen in recent years as a very promising research field in both academia and industry. In this sense, a lot of new processes and products have been developed, often involving levulinic acid as a starting material or intermediate. In the last few years, though, other scaffolds have been receiving growing attention, especially, angelica lactones. Considering these facts and the emergent applications of said molecules, in this review we will discuss their preparation and applications; the use of these frameworks as starting materials in organic synthesis to produce potential bioactive compounds will be covered, as will their use as a foundation to highly regarded compounds such as liquid alkanes with prospective use as fuels and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G S Lima
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Julia L Monteiro
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Melo Lima
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcio Weber Paixão
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Arlene G Corrêa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
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Tretbar M, Stark CBW. Large-Scale Synthesis of Symmetric Tetramine Ligands by Using a Modular Double Reductive Amination Approach. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Tretbar
- Fachbereich Chemie; Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Fachbereich Chemie; Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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Synthesis and Structural Modification of Marine Natural Products. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060882. [PMID: 28587140 PMCID: PMC6152746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, marine natural products (MNPs), have attracted extensive interest from both chemists and pharmacologists due to their chemical and bioactive diversities. This special issue, collecting total synthesis and structural modification of six different type of bioactive MNPs, is expected to inspire and attract more research effects invested into MNP research.
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Abstract
This review defines symmetric molecules from a synthetic perspective and shows various strategies that take advantage of molecular symmetry to construct them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
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13
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Ehrlich G, Stark CBW. Total Synthesis of Cytospolide D and Its Biomimetic Conversion to Cytospolides M, O, and Q. Org Lett 2016; 18:4802-4805. [PMID: 27636302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of cytospolide D, starting from l-glutamic acid, is described. The critical macrolactonization to the 10-membered lactone containing an (E)-configured double bond was successfully achieved by Shiina esterification. Conversion of cytospolide D to its bicyclic derivatives M, O, and Q was accomplished under mild conditions, lending support to the proposed biosynthetic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Ehrlich
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian B W Stark
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Adrian J, Stark CBW. Flexible Approach to (5Z
,9Z
)-Dienoic Fatty Acids Relevant to the Synthesis of Demospongic Acids and Related Natural Products. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Adrian
- Fachbereich Chemie; Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Fachbereich Chemie; Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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16
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Wang T, Hoye TR. Diels-Alderase-free, bis-pericyclic, [4+2] dimerization in the biosynthesis of (±)-paracaseolide A. Nat Chem 2015. [PMID: 26201740 PMCID: PMC4878989 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The natural product paracaseolide A is a tetracyclic dilactone containing six adjacent stereocenters. It has an unprecedented skeleton and occupies unique structural space among the >200,000 characterized secondary metabolites. Six different research groups have reported a chemical synthesis of this compound, five of which used a thermal, net Diels–Alder [4+2] cycloaddition and dehydration at 110 °C to access the target by dimerization of a simple butenolide precursor. Here we report that this dimerization proceeds under much milder conditions and with a different stereochemical outcome than previously recognized. This can be rationalized by invoking a bis-pericyclic transition state. Furthermore, we find that spontaneous epimerization, necessary to correct the configuration at one key stereocenter, is viable and that natural paracaseolide A is racemic. Together these facts point to the absence of enzymatic catalysis (i.e., Diels–Alderase activity) in the cycloaddition and strongly suggest that a non-enzyme-mediated dimerization is the actual event by which paracaseolide A is produced in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Thomas R Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Vasamsetty L, Khan FA, Mehta G. A short, general, Suzuki–Miyaura coupling anchored approach to 3-alkenylbutenolides: total synthesis of akolactones A & B, hamabiwalactone B and ancepsenolide. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt J, Adrian J, Christian B. W. Stark CBWS. Short and highly efficient synthesis of lipid peroxidation inhibitor pyrrolostatin and some analogues thereof. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8173-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01066g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient and scalable synthesis of the potent lipid peroxidation inhibitor pyrrolostatin is presented together with strategies to modify the key structural subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Hamburg
- 20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Juliane Adrian
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Hamburg
- 20146 Hamburg
- Germany
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Adrian J, Stark CBW. Total Synthesis of Muricadienin, the Putative Key Precursor in the Solamin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:5886-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502849y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Adrian
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King
Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King
Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Vasamsetty L, Sahu D, Ganguly B, Khan FA, Mehta G. Total synthesis of novel bioactive natural product paracaseolide A and analogues: computational evaluation of a ‘proposed’ biomimetic Diels–Alder reaction. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Boukouvalas J, Jean MA. Streamlined biomimetic synthesis of paracaseolide A via aerobic oxidation of a 2-silyloxyfuran. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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