1
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Prim D, Jović M, Pfeifer ME. Manufacturing of Peptide Microarrays Based on Catalyst-Free Click Chemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2578:41-52. [PMID: 36152279 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2732-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of peptides to a solid surface is frequently an important first step before they can be probed with a variety of biological samples in a heterogeneous assay format for research and clinical diagnostic purposes. Peptides can be derivatized in many ways to subsequently covalently attach them to an activated solid surface such as, for instance, epoxy-functionalized glass slides. Here, we describe a clean, efficient, and reproducible fabrication process based on catalyst-free click chemistry compatible with the construction of low- to high-density peptide microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Prim
- School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Marc E Pfeifer
- School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Sion, Switzerland.
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2
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Xiong Q, Zheng T, Shen X, Li B, Fu J, Zhao X, Wang C, Yu Z. Expanding the functionality of proteins with genetically encoded dibenzo[ b, f][1,4,5]thiadiazepine: a photo-transducer for photo-click decoration. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3571-3581. [PMID: 35432856 PMCID: PMC8943893 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic incorporation of novel noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) that are specialized for the photo-click reaction allows the precisely orthogonal and site-specific functionalization of proteins in living cells under photo-control. However, the development of a r̲ing-strain i̲n situ l̲oadable d̲ipolarophile (RILD) as a genetically encodable reporter for photo-click bioconjugation with spatiotemporal controllability is quite rare. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a photo-switchable d̲ib̲enzo[b,f][1,4,5]t̲hiad̲iazepine-based a̲lanine (DBTDA) ncAA, together with the directed evolution of a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA pair (PylRS/tRNACUA), to encode the DBTDA into recombinant proteins as a RILD in living E. coli cells. The fast-responsive photo-isomerization of the DBTDA residue can be utilized as a converter of photon energy into ring-strain energy to oscillate the conformational changes of the parent proteins. Due to the photo-activation of RILD, the photo-switching of the DBTDA residue on sfGFP and OmpC is capable of promoting the photo-click ligation with diarylsydnone (DASyd) derived probes with high efficiency and selectivity. We demonstrate that the genetic code expansion (GCE) with DBTDA benefits the studies on the distribution of decorated OmpC-DBTD on specific E. coli cells under a spatiotemporal resolved photo-stimulation. The GCE for encoding DBTDA enables further functional diversity of artificial proteins in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Baolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jielin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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3
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Zhang Y, Shen J, Hu R, Shi X, Hu X, He B, Qin A, Tang BZ. Fast surface immobilization of native proteins through catalyst-free amino-yne click bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3931-3935. [PMID: 34122863 PMCID: PMC8152777 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface immobilization provides a useful platform for biosensing, drug screening, tissue engineering and other chemical and biological applications. However, some of the used reactions are inefficient and/or complicated, limiting their applications in immobilization. Herein, we use a spontaneous and catalyst-free amino-yne click bioconjugation to generate activated ethynyl group functionalized surfaces for fast immobilization of native proteins and cells. Biomolecules, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human IgG and a peptide of C(RGDfK), could be covalently immobilized on the surfaces in as short as 30 min. Notably, the bioactivity of the anchored biomolecules remains intact, which is verified by efficiently capturing target antibodies and cells from the bulk solutions. This strategy represents an alternative for highly efficient surface biofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xianglong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Benzhao He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
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4
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Di Iorio D, Marti A, Koeman S, Huskens J. Clickable poly-l-lysine for the formation of biorecognition surfaces. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35608-35613. [PMID: 35528089 PMCID: PMC9074408 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecules are immobilized onto surfaces employing the fast and stable adsorption of poly-l-lysine (PLL) polymers and the versatile copper-free click chemistry reactions. This method provides the combined advantages of versatile surface adsorption with density control using polyelectrolytes and of the covalent and orthogonal immobilization of biomolecules with higher reaction rates and improved yields of click chemistry. Using DNA attachment as a proof of concept, control over the DNA probe density and applicability in electrochemical detection are presented. The fast and stable adsorption of modified PLL on activated surfaces was combined with the versatile catalyst-free click chemistry for the fast and selective functionalization of substrates with DNA.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Iorio
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Almudena Marti
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Sander Koeman
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
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5
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Dadfar SMM, Sekula-Neuner S, Bog U, Trouillet V, Hirtz M. Site-Specific Surface Functionalization via Microchannel Cantilever Spotting (µCS): Comparison between Azide-Alkyne and Thiol-Alkyne Click Chemistry Reactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800131. [PMID: 29682874 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Different types of click chemistry reactions are proposed and used for the functionalization of surfaces and materials, and covalent attachment of organic molecules. In the present work, two different catalyst-free click approaches, namely azide-alkyne and thiol-alkyne click chemistry are studied and compared for the immobilization of microarrays of azide or thiol inks on functionalized glass surfaces. For this purpose, the surface of glass is first functionalized with dibenzocyclooctyne-acid (DBCO-acid), a cyclooctyne with a carboxyl group. Then, the DBCO-terminated surfaces are functionalized via microchannel cantilever spotting with different fluorescent and nonfluorescent azide and thiol inks. Although both routes work reliably for surface functionalization, the protein binding experiments reveal that using a thiol-alkyne route will obtain the highest surface density of molecular immobilization in such spotting approaches. The obtained achievements and results from this work can be used for design and manufacturing of microscale patterns suitable for biomedical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Uwe Bog
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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6
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Buhl M, Traboni S, Körsgen M, Lamping S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. On surface O-glycosylation by catalytic microcontact printing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6203-6206. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate microarrays are made by microcontact printing of glycosyl donors on hydroxyl terminated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Buhl
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- I-80126 Naples
- Italy
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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7
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Lange SC, van Andel E, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Efficient and Tunable Three-Dimensional Functionalization of Fully Zwitterionic Antifouling Surface Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10199-10205. [PMID: 27687696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of surface-based (bio)sensors, it is of crucial importance to diminish background signals that arise from the nonspecific binding of biomolecules, so-called biofouling. Zwitterionic polymer brushes have been shown to be excellent antifouling materials. However, for sensing purposes, antifouling does not suffice but needs to be combined with the possibility to efficiently modify the brush with recognition units. So far this has been achieved only at the expense of either antifouling properties or binding capacity. Herein we present a conceptually new approach by integrating both characteristics into a single tailor-made monomer: a novel sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic monomer equipped with a clickable azide moiety. Copolymerization of this monomer with a well-established standard sulfobetaine monomer results in highly antifouling surface coatings with a large yet tunable number of clickable groups present throughout the entire brush. Subsequent functionalization of the azido brushes via widely used strain-promoted alkyne azide click reactions yields fully zwitterionic 3D-functionalized coatings with a recognition unit of choice that can be tailored for any specific application. Here we show a proof of principle with biotin-functionalized brushes on Si3N4 that combine excellent antifouling properties with specific avidin binding from a protein mixture. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved over that of traditional chain-end modification of sulfobetaine polymer brushes, even if the azide content is lowered to 1%. This therefore offers a viable approach to the development of biosensors with greatly enhanced performance on any surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Lange
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van Andel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University , 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, OR China
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8
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Meldal M, Schoffelen S. Recent advances in covalent, site-specific protein immobilization. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-2303. [PMID: 27785356 PMCID: PMC5022707 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of biosensors, biomedical implants, and other materials based on immobilized proteins greatly depend on the method employed to couple the protein molecules to their solid support. Covalent, site-specific immobilization strategies are robust and can provide the level of control that is desired in this kind of application. Recent advances include the use of enzymes, such as sortase A, to couple proteins in a site-specific manner to materials such as microbeads, glass, and hydrogels. Also, self-labeling tags such as the SNAP-tag can be employed. Last but not least, chemical approaches based on bioorthogonal reactions, like the azide-alkyne cycloaddition, have proven to be powerful tools. The lack of comparative studies and quantitative analysis of these immobilization methods hampers the selection process of the optimal strategy for a given application. However, besides immobilization efficiency, the freedom in selecting the site of conjugation and the size of the conjugation tag and the researcher's expertise regarding molecular biology and/or chemical techniques will be determining factors in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Sen R, Escorihuela J, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Use of Ambient Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Kinetic Analysis of Organic Surface Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3412-9. [PMID: 27028705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homogeneous systems, studying the kinetics of organic reactions on solid surfaces remains a difficult task due to the limited availability of appropriate analysis techniques that are general, high-throughput, and capable of offering quantitative, structural surface information. Here, we demonstrate how direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) complies with above considerations and can be used for determining interfacial kinetic parameters. The presented approach is based on the use of a MS tag that--in principle--allows application to other reactions. To show the potential of DART-MS, we selected the widely applied strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) as a model reaction to elucidate the effects of the nanoenvironment on the interfacial reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickdeb Sen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Davydova M, de los Santos Pereira A, Bruns M, Kromka A, Ukraintsev E, Hirtz M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Catalyst-free site-specific surface modifications of nanocrystalline diamond films via microchannel cantilever spotting. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microchannel cantilever spotting is combined with a copper-free click chemistry ligation to achieve the patterning of nanocrystalline diamond films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Davydova
- Institute of Physics v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16200 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Andres de los Santos Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16206 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bruns
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM)
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16200 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Institute of Physics v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16200 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16206 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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11
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Su X, Bu L, Dong H, Fu S, Zhuo R, Zhong Z. An injectable PEG-based hydrogel synthesized by strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition for use as an embolic agent. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23551k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooctyne and azide functionalized PEGs are prepared by ring-opening polymerization. They form a biodegradable hydrogel in situ to temporarily block rabbit ear vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Linlin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School & Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Shuangli Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
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12
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Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry has enabled the selective labeling and detection of biomolecules in living systems. Bioorthogonal smart probes, which become fluorescent or deliver imaging or therapeutic agents upon reaction, allow for the visualization of biomolecules or targeted delivery even in the presence of excess unreacted probe. This review discusses the strategies used in the development of bioorthogonal smart probes and highlights the potential of these probes to further our understanding of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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