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Kumar N, Rom T, Mallick B, Kaushik R, Ghosh A, Babu PD, Panda S, Paul AK. Antiferromagnetically Coupled Double Perovskite as an Efficient and Robust Catalyst for Visible Light Driven Water Splitting at Neutral pH. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5083-5093. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Green and sustainable energy production through renewable sources is enormously an exciting field of research. Herein, we report A-site lanthanum doped oxygen excess ruthenate (predominantly Ru5+-ions) double perovskite system, CaLaScRuO6+δ...
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Najafpour MM. From manganese complexes to nano-sized manganese oxides as water-oxidizing catalysts for artificial photosynthetic systems: Insights from the Zanjan team. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Najafpour MM, Heidari S, Balaghi SE, Hołyńska M, Sadr MH, Soltani B, Khatamian M, Larkum AW, Allakhverdiev SI. Proposed mechanisms for water oxidation by Photosystem II and nanosized manganese oxides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:156-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Najafpour MM, Moghaddam NJ, Hosseini SM, Madadkhani S, Hołyńska M, Mehrabani S, Bagheri R, Song Z. Nanolayered manganese oxides: insights from inorganic electrochemistry. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemistry of nanolayered Mn oxides in the presence of LiClO4 at pH = 6.3 under different conditions was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan
- Iran
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming
| | - Navid Jameei Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Madadkhani
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Somayeh Mehrabani
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Robabeh Bagheri
- Surface Protection Research Group
- Surface Department
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Zhenlun Song
- Surface Protection Research Group
- Surface Department
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
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Najafpour MM, Renger G, Hołyńska M, Moghaddam AN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Nishihara H, Eaton-Rye JJ, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Manganese Compounds as Water-Oxidizing Catalysts: From the Natural Water-Oxidizing Complex to Nanosized Manganese Oxide Structures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2886-936. [PMID: 26812090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All cyanobacteria, algae, and plants use a similar water-oxidizing catalyst for water oxidation. This catalyst is housed in Photosystem II, a membrane-protein complex that functions as a light-driven water oxidase in oxygenic photosynthesis. Water oxidation is also an important reaction in artificial photosynthesis because it has the potential to provide cheap electrons from water for hydrogen production or for the reduction of carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. The water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II is a Mn-Ca cluster that oxidizes water with a low overpotential and high turnover frequency number of up to 25-90 molecules of O2 released per second. In this Review, we discuss the atomic structure of the Mn-Ca cluster of the Photosystem II water-oxidizing complex from the viewpoint that the underlying mechanism can be informative when designing artificial water-oxidizing catalysts. This is followed by consideration of functional Mn-based model complexes for water oxidation and the issue of Mn complexes decomposing to Mn oxide. We then provide a detailed assessment of the chemistry of Mn oxides by considering how their bulk and nanoscale properties contribute to their effectiveness as water-oxidizing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Renger
- Institute of Chemistry, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku , 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Najafpour MM, Isaloo MA, Hołyńska M, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. The effect of lanthanum(III) and cerium(III) ions between layers of manganese oxide on water oxidation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:489-498. [PMID: 25701552 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxide structure with lanthanum(III) or cerium(III) ions between the layers was synthesized by a simple method. The ratio of Mn to Ce or La in samples was 0.00, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.5, 0.82, or 1.62. The compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The compounds show efficient catalytic activity of water oxidation in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate with a turnover frequency of 1.6 mmol O2/mol Mn.s. In contrast to the water-oxidizing complex in Photosystem II, calcium(II) has no specific role to enhance the water-oxidizing activity of the layered manganese oxides and other cations can be replaced without any significant decrease in water-oxidizing activities of these layered Mn oxides. Based on this and previously reported results from oxygen evolution in the presence of H 2 (18) O, we discuss the mechanism and the important factors influencing the water-oxidizing activities of the manganese oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran.
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Abbasi Isaloo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology/Faculty of Science Photosynthesis Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Indra A, Menezes PW, Schuster F, Driess M. Significant role of Mn(III) sites in eg1 configuration in manganese oxide catalysts for efficient artificial water oxidation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Khan M, Xiao J, Zhou F, Yablonskikh M, MacFarlane DR, Spiccia L, Aziz EF. On the Origin of the Improvement of Electrodeposited MnOx Films in Water Oxidation Catalysis Induced by Heat Treatment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1980-1985. [PMID: 25940315 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxides (MnOx ) are considered to be promising catalysts for water oxidation. Building on our previous studies showing that the catalytic activity of MnOx films electrodeposited from aqueous electrolytes is improved by a simple heat treatment, we have explored the origin of the catalytic enhancement at an electronic level by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The Mn L-edge XA spectra measured at various heating stages were fitted by linear combinations of the spectra of the well-defined manganese oxides-MnO, Mn3 O4 , Mn2 O3 , MnO2 and birnessite. This analysis identified two major manganese oxides, Mn3 O4 and birnessite, that constitute 97 % of the MnOx films. Moreover, the catalytic improvement on heat treatment at 90 °C is related to the conversion of a small amount of birnessite to the Mn3 O4 phase, accompanied by an irreversible dehydration process. Further dehydration at higher temperature (120 °C), however, leads to a poorer catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Khan
- Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Jie Xiao
- Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany).
| | - Fengling Zhou
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800 (Australia)
| | - Mikhail Yablonskikh
- Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Douglas R MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800 (Australia)
| | - Leone Spiccia
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800 (Australia).
| | - Emad F Aziz
- Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany).
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin (Germany).
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Najafpour MM, Amini E. A very simple and high-yield method to synthesize nanolayered Mn oxide. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:1039-45. [PMID: 25406414 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02468k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanolayered Mn oxides have been prepared by a very simple, low-cost and high-yield method using soap, KOH, MnCl2 and H2O2. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectrometry have been used to characterize the phase and the morphology of the nanolayered Mn oxide. The nanolayered Mn oxide shows good catalytic activity toward water oxidation in the presence of cerium(iv) ammonium nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
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Najafpour MM, Rahimi F, Fathollahzadeh M, Haghighi B, Hołyńska M, Tomo T, Allakhverdiev SI. Nanostructured manganese oxide/carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide as water-oxidizing composites in artificial photosynthesis. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:10866-76. [PMID: 24898625 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on nano-sized Mn oxide/carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide as water-oxidizing compounds in artificial photosynthesis. The composites are synthesized by different and simple procedures and characterized by a number of methods. The water-oxidizing activities of these composites are also considered in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate. Some composites are efficient Mn-based catalysts with TOF (mmol O2 per mol Mn per second) ~ 2.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
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Najafpour MM, Mostafalu R, Hołyńska M, Ebrahimi F, Kaboudin B. Nano-sized Mn3O4 and β-MnOOH from the decomposition of β-cyclodextrin-Mn: 2. The water-oxidizing activities. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:112-8. [PMID: 25779749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized Mn oxides contain Mn3O4, β-MnOOH and Mn2O3 have been prepared by a previously reported method using thermal decomposition of β-cyclodextrin-Mn complexes. In the next step, the water-oxidizing activities of these Mn oxides using cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate as a chemical oxidant are studied. The turnover frequencies for β-MnO(OH) and Mn3O4 are 0.24 and 0.01-0.17 (mmol O2/mol Mns), respectively. Subsequently, water-oxidizing activities of these compounds are compared to the other previously reported Mn oxides. Important factors affecting water oxidation by these Mn oxides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran; Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Ramin Mostafalu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Foad Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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Comparison of nano-sized Mn oxides with the Mn cluster of photosystem II as catalysts for water oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Najafpour MM, Abbasi Isaloo M. The mechanism of water oxidation catalyzed by nanolayered manganese oxides: New insights. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:133-8. [PMID: 25666103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein we consider the mechanism of water oxidation by nanolayered manganese oxide in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate. Based on membrane-inlet mass spectrometry results, the rate of H2((18))O exchange of μ-O groups on the surface of the nanolayered Mn-K oxide, and studies on water oxidation in the presence of different ratios of acetonitrile/water we propose a mechanism for water oxidation by nanolayered Mn oxides in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran; Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Abbasi Isaloo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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Najafpour MM, Isaloo MA, Ghobadi MZ, Amini E, Haghighi B. The effect of different metal ions between nanolayers of manganese oxide on water oxidation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Amini M, Najafpour MM, Zare M, Amini E. Nanolayered manganese-calcium oxide as an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst for alcohol oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Najafpour MM, Isaloo MA, Eaton-Rye JJ, Tomo T, Nishihara H, Satoh K, Carpentier R, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Water exchange in manganese-based water-oxidizing catalysts in photosynthetic systems: from the water-oxidizing complex in photosystem II to nano-sized manganese oxides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1395-410. [PMID: 24685431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The water-oxidizing complex (WOC), also known as the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), of photosystem II in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms efficiently catalyzes water oxidation. It is, therefore, responsible for the presence of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. The WOC is a manganese-calcium (Mn₄CaO₅(H₂O)₄) cluster housed in a protein complex. In this review, we focus on water exchange chemistry of metal hydrates and discuss the mechanisms and factors affecting this chemical process. Further, water exchange rates for both the biological cofactor and synthetic manganese water splitting are discussed. The importance of fully unveiling the water exchange mechanism to understand the chemistry of water oxidation is also emphasized here. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran; Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Abbasi Isaloo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Tatsuya Tomo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kimiyuki Satoh
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Department de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Quebec à Trois Rivières, 3351, Boulevard des Forges, C.P. 500, Quebec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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