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Haksar D, de Poel E, van Ufford LQ, Bhatia S, Haag R, Beekman J, Pieters RJ. Strong Inhibition of Cholera Toxin B Subunit by Affordable, Polymer-Based Multivalent Inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:785-792. [PMID: 30629410 PMCID: PMC6429436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Cholera is a potentially
fatal bacterial infection that affects
a large number of people in developing countries. It is caused by
the cholera toxin (CT), an AB5 toxin secreted by Vibrio cholera. The toxin comprises a toxic A-subunit
and a pentameric B-subunit that bind to the intestinal cell surface.
Several monovalent and multivalent inhibitors of the toxin have been
synthesized but are too complicated and expensive for practical use
in developing countries. Meta-nitrophenyl α-galactoside (MNPG)
is a known promising ligand for CT, and here mono- and multivalent
compounds based on MNPG were synthesized. We present the synthesis
of MNPG in greatly improved yields and its use while linked to a multivalent
scaffold. We used economical polymers as multivalent scaffolds, namely,
polyacrylamide, dextran, and hyperbranched polyglycerols (hPGs). Copper-catalyzed
alkyne azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) produced the inhibitors
that were tested in an ELISA-type assay and an intestinal organoid
swelling inhibition assay. The inhibitory properties varied widely
depending on the type of polymer, and the most potent conjugates showed
IC50 values in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Haksar
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Eyleen de Poel
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht , University Medical Centre Utrecht , Lundlaan 6 , 3508 GA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Linda Quarles van Ufford
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie , Freie Universität at Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie , Freie Universität at Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jeffrey Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht , University Medical Centre Utrecht , Lundlaan 6 , 3508 GA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Kumar V, Turnbull WB. Carbohydrate inhibitors of cholera toxin. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:484-498. [PMID: 29520310 PMCID: PMC5827775 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by a protein toxin released by Vibrio cholera in the host's intestine. The toxin enters intestinal epithelial cells after binding to specific carbohydrates on the cell surface. Over recent years, considerable effort has been invested in developing inhibitors of toxin adhesion that mimic the carbohydrate ligand, with particular emphasis on exploiting the multivalency of the toxin to enhance activity. In this review we introduce the structural features of the toxin that have guided the design of diverse inhibitors and summarise recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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