1
|
Norman JP, Neufeldt SR. The Road Less Traveled: Unconventional Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Dihalogenated N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12014-12026. [PMID: 36741273 PMCID: PMC9894105 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority (≥90%) of literature reports agree on the regiochemical outcomes of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for most classes of dihalogenated N-heteroarenes. Despite a well-established mechanistic rationale for typical selectivity, several examples reveal that changes to the catalyst can switch site selectivity, leading to the unconventional product. In this Perspective, we survey these unusual cases in which divergent selectivity is controlled by ligands or catalyst speciation. In some cases, the mechanistic origin of inverted selectivity has been established, but in others the mechanism remains unknown. This Perspective concludes with a discussion of remaining challenges and opportunities for the field of site-selective cross-coupling. These include developing a better understanding of oxidative addition mechanisms, understanding the role of catalyst speciation on selectivity, establishing an explanation for the influence of ring substituents on regiochemical outcome, inverting selectivity for some "stubborn" classes of substrates, and minimizing unwanted over-reaction of di- and polyhalogenated substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kleybolte ME, Vagin SI, Rieger B. High-Molecular-Weight Bisalkoxy-Substituted Poly(para)phenylenes by Kumada Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz E. Kleybolte
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Sergei I. Vagin
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng S, Zhao R, Seferos DS. Precision Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Using the Kumada Methodology. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4203-4214. [PMID: 34726058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conductive poly(acetylene), the study of conjugated polymers has remained an active and interdisciplinary frontier between polymer chemistry, polymer physics, computation, and device engineering. One of the ultimate goals of polymer science is to reliably synthesize structures, similar to small molecule synthesis. Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization (KCTP) is a powerful tool for synthesizing conjugated polymers with predictable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, specific end groups, and complex backbone architectures. However, expanding the monomer scope beyond the well-studied 3-alkylthiophenes to include electron-deficient and complex heterocycles has been difficult. Revisiting the successful applications of KCTP can help us gain new insight into the CTP mechanisms and thus inspire breakthroughs in the controlled polymerization of challenging π-conjugated monomers.In this Account, we highlight our efforts over the past decade to achieve controlled synthesis of homopolymers (p-type and n-type), copolymers (diblock and statistical), and monodisperse high oligomers. We first give a brief introduction of the mechanism and state-of-the-art of KCTP. Since the extent of polymerization control is determined by steric and electronic effects of both the catalyst and monomer, the polymerization can be optimized by modifying monomer and catalyst structures, as well as finding a well-matched monomer-catalyst system. We discuss the effects of side-chain steric hindrance and halogens in the context of heavy atom substituted monomers. By moving the side-chain branch point one carbon atom away from the heterocycle to alleviate steric crowding and stabilize the catalyst resting state, we were able to successfully control the polymerization of new tellurophene monomers. Inspired by innocent role of the sterically encumbered 2-transmetalated 3-alkylthiophene monomer, we introduce the treatment of hygroscopic monomers with a bulky Grignard compound as a water-scavenger for the improved synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymers. For challenging electron-deficient monomers, we discuss the design of new Ni(II)diimine catalysts with electron-donating character which enhance the stability of the association complex between the catalyst and the growing polymer chain, resulting in the quasi-living synthesis of n-type polymers. Beyond n-type homopolymers, the Ni(II)diimine catalysts are also capable of producing electron-rich and electron-deficient diblock and statistical copolymers. We discuss how density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the role of catalyst steric and electronic effects in controlling the synthesis of π-conjugated polymers. Moreover, we demonstrate the synthesis of monodisperse high oligomers by temperature cycling, which takes full advantage of the unique character of KCTP in that it proceeds through distinct intermediates that are not reactive. The insight we gained thus far leads to the first example of isolated living conjugated polymer chains prepared by a standard KCTP procedure, with general applicability to different monomers and catalytic systems. In summarizing a decade of innovation in KCTP, we hope this Account will inspire future development in the field to overcome key challenges including the controlled synthesis of electron-deficient heterocycles, complex and high-performance systems, and degradable and recyclable materials as well as cutting-edge catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bautista MV, Varni AJ, Ayuso-Carrillo J, Carson MC, Noonan KJT. Pairing Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and catalyst transfer polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Borylation strategies to make AB Suzuki–Miyaura monomers for use in catalyst-transfer polymerization with nickel or palladium catalysts.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsuchido Y, Abe R, Ide T, Osakada K. A Macrocyclic Gold(I)-Biphenylene Complex: Triangular Molecular Structure with Twisted Au 2 (diphosphine) Corners and Reductive Elimination of [6]Cycloparaphenylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22928-22932. [PMID: 32692468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The digold(I) complex [Au2 Cl2 (Cy2 PCH2 PCy2 )] reacts with 4,4'-diphenylene diboronic acid to form a triangular macrocyclic complex with twisted Au-P-C-P-Au groups at the three corners. The synthesis of the complex and its chemical oxidation produced [6]cycloparaphenylene ([6]CPP) in 59 % overall yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ryota Abe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tomohito Ide
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College, 1220-2 Kunugida-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 193-0997, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Osakada
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsuchido Y, Abe R, Ide T, Osakada K. A Macrocyclic Gold(I)–Biphenylene Complex: Triangular Molecular Structure with Twisted Au
2
(diphosphine) Corners and Reductive Elimination of [6]Cycloparaphenylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science 1–3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ryota Abe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Tomohito Ide
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College 1220-2 Kunugida-machi, Hachioji-shi Tokyo 193-0997 Japan
| | - Kohtaro Osakada
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jarrett-Wilkins CN, Pollit AA, Seferos DS. Polymerization Catalysts Take a Walk on the Wild Side. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
8
|
Desnoyer AN, He W, Behyan S, Chiu W, Love JA, Kennepohl P. The Importance of Ligand-Induced Backdonation in the Stabilization of Square Planar d 10 Nickel π-Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:5259-5268. [PMID: 30693581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The electronic nature of Ni π-complexes is underexplored even though these complexes have been widely postulated as intermediates in organometallic chemistry. Herein, the geometric and electronic structure of a series of nickel π-complexes, Ni(dtbpe)(X) (dtbpe=1,2-bis(di-tert-butyl)phosphinoethane; X=alkene or carbonyl containing π-ligands), is probed using a combination of 31 P NMR, Ni K-edge XAS, Ni Kβ XES, and DFT calculations. These complexes are best described as square planar d10 complexes with π-backbonding acting as the dominant contributor to M-L bonding to the π-ligand. The degree of backbonding correlates with 2 JPP from NMR and the energy of the Ni 1s→4pz pre-edge in the Ni K-edge XAS data, and is determined by the energy of the π*ip ligand acceptor orbital. Thus, unactivated olefinic ligands tend to be poor π-acids whereas ketones, aldehydes, and esters allow for greater backbonding. However, backbonding is still significant even in cases in which metal contributions are minor. In such cases, backbonding is dominated by charge donation from the diphosphine, which allows for strong backdonation, although the metal centre retains a formal d10 electronic configuration. This ligand-induced backbonding can be formally described as a 3-centre-4-electron (3c-4e) interaction, in which the nickel centre mediates charge transfer from the phosphine σ-donors to the π*ip ligand acceptor orbital. The implications of this bonding motif are described with respect to both structure and reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Weiying He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shirin Behyan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Weiling Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leone AK, Mueller EA, McNeil AJ. The History of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Should Inspire the Future of Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15126-15139. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Emily A. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baker MA, Tsai C, Noonan KJT. Diversifying Cross‐Coupling Strategies, Catalysts and Monomers for the Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:13078-13088. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chia‐Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leone AK, Goldberg PK, McNeil AJ. Ring-Walking in Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7846-7850. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Peter K. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vitek AK, Leone AK, McNeil AJ, Zimmerman PM. Spin-Switching Transmetalation at Ni Diimine Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leone AK, Souther KD, Vitek AK, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Mechanistic Insight into Thiophene Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization Mediated by Nickel Diimine Catalysts. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kendra D. Souther
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew K. Vitek
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aplan MP, Gomez ED. Recent Developments in Chain-Growth Polymerizations of Conjugated Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Aplan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Verheyen L, Leysen P, Van Den Eede MP, Ceunen W, Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Advances in the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Leone AK, McNeil AJ. Matchmaking in Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation: Optimizing Catalysts based on Mechanistic Insight. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2822-2831. [PMID: 27936580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polycondensation (CTP) has emerged as a useful living, chain-growth polymerization method for synthesizing conjugated (hetero)arene-based polymers with targetable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, and controllable copolymer sequences-all properties that significantly influence their performance in devices. Over the past decade, several phosphine- and carbene-ligated Ni- and Pd-based precatalysts have been shown to be effective in CTP. One current limitation is that these traditional CTP catalysts lead to nonliving, non-chain-growth behavior when complex monomer scaffolds are utilized. Because these monomers are often found in the highest-performing materials, there is a significant need to identify alternative CTP catalysts. Recent mechanistic insight into CTP has laid the foundation for designing new catalysts to expand the CTP monomer scope. Building off this insight, we have designed and implemented model systems to identify effective catalysts by understanding their underlying mechanistic behaviors and systematically modifying catalyst structures to improve their chain-growth behavior. In this Account, we describe how each catalyst parameter-the ancillary ligand(s), reactive ligand(s), and transition metal-influences CTP. As an example, ancillary ligands often dictate the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle, and perhaps more importantly, they can be used to promote the formation of the key intermediate (a metal-arene associative complex) and its subsequent reactivity. The fidelity of this intermediate is central to the mechanism for the living, chain-growth polymerization. Reactive ligands, on the other hand, can be used to improve catalyst solubility and accelerate initiation. Additional advantages of the reactive ligand include providing access points for postpolymerization modification and synthesizing polymers directly off surfaces. While the most frequently used CTP catalysts contain nickel, palladium-based catalysts exhibit a higher functional group tolerance and broader substrate scope (e.g., monomers with boron, magnesium, tin, and gold transmetalating agents). Overall, we anticipate that applying the tools and lessons detailed in this Account to other monomers should facilitate a better "matchmaking" process that will lead to new catalyst-transfer polycondensations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schroot R, Schubert US, Jäger M. Poly(N-alkyl-3,6-carbazole)s via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization: Impact of Metal–Halogen Exchange. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye S, Steube M, Carrera EI, Seferos DS. What Limits the Molecular Weight and Controlled Synthesis of Poly(3-alkyltellurophene)s? Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marvin Steube
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 10-14 Duesbergweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisa I. Carrera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bryan ZJ, Hall AO, Zhao CT, Chen J, McNeil AJ. Limitations of Using Small Molecules to Identify Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:69-72. [PMID: 35668581 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polycondensation (CTP) is a relatively new method for synthesizing conjugated polymers in a chain-growth fashion using transition metal catalysis. Recent research has focused on screening catalysts to broaden the monomer scope. In this effort, small molecule reactions have played an important role. Specifically, when selective difunctionalization occurs, even with limiting quantities of reaction partner, it suggests an associative intermediate similar to CTP. Several new chain-growth polymerizations have been discovered using this approach. We report herein an attempt to use this method to develop chain-growth conditions for synthesizing poly(2,5-bis(hexyloxy)phenylene ethynylene) via Sonogashira cross-coupling. Hundreds of small molecule experiments were performed and selective difunctionalization was observed with a Buchwald-type precatalyst. Unexpectedly, these same reaction conditions led to a step-growth polymerization. Further investigation revealed that the product ratios in the small molecule reactions were dictated by reactivity differences rather than an associative intermediate. The lessons learned from these studies have broad implications on other small molecule reactions being used to identify new catalysts for CTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Bryan
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Ariana O. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Carolyn T. Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tobisu M, Chatani N. Cross-Couplings Using Aryl Ethers via C-O Bond Activation Enabled by Nickel Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1717-26. [PMID: 26036674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arene synthesis has been revolutionized by the invention of catalytic cross-coupling reactions, wherein aryl halides can be coupled with organometallic and organic nucleophiles. Although the replacement of aryl halides with phenol derivatives would lead to more economical and ecological methods, success has been primarily limited to activated phenol derivatives such as triflates. Aryl ethers arguably represent one of the most ideal substrates in terms of availability, cost, safety, and atom efficiency. However, the robust nature of the C(aryl)-O bonds of aryl ethers renders it extremely difficult to use them in catalytic reactions among the phenol derivatives. In 1979, Wenkert reported a seminal work on the nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl ethers with Grignard reagents. However, it was not until 2004 that the unique ability of a low-valent nickel species to activate otherwise unreactive C(aryl)-O bonds was appreciated with Dankwardt's identification of the Ni(0)/PCy3 system, which significantly expanded the efficiency of the Wenkert reaction. Application of the nickel catalyst to cross-couplings with other nucleophiles was first accomplished in 2008 by our group using organoboron reagents. Later on, several other nucleophiles, including organozinc reagents, amines, hydrosilane, and hydrogen were shown to be coupled with aryl ethers under nickel catalysis. Despite these advances, progress in this field is relatively slow because of the low reactivity of benzene derivatives (e.g., anisole) compared with polyaromatic substrates (e.g., methoxynaphthalene), particularly when less reactive and synthetically useful nucleophiles are used. The "naphthalene problem" has been overcome by the use of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands bearing bulky N-alkyl substituents, which enables a wide range of aryl ethers to be coupled with organoboron nucleophiles. Moreover, the use of N-alkyl-substituted NHC ligands allows the use of alkynylmagnesium reagents, thereby realizing the first Sonogashira-type reaction of anisoles. From a mechanistic perspective, nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of aryl ethers are at a nascent stage, in particular regarding the mode of activation of C(aryl)-O bonds. Oxidative addition is one plausible pathway, although such a process has not been fully verified experimentally. Nickel-catalyzed reductive cleavage of aryl ethers in the absence of an external reducing agent provides strong support for this oxidative addition process. Several other mechanisms have also been proposed. For example, Martin demonstrated a new possibility of the involvement of a Ni(I) species, which could mediate the cleavage of the C(aryl)-O bond via a redox-neutral pathway. The tolerance of aryl ethers under commonly used synthetic conditions enables alkoxy groups to serve as a platform for late-stage elaboration of complex molecules without any tedious protecting group manipulations. Aryl ethers are therefore not mere economical alternatives to aryl halides but also enable nonclassical synthetic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tobisu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center
for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yokozawa T, Nanashima Y, Nojima M, Ohta Y. Catalyst-Transfer Condensation Polymerization of Acceptor Aromatic Monomers and of Donor Carbon-Carbon Double Bond-Containing Monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Yokozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kanagawa University; Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| | - Yutaka Nanashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kanagawa University; Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| | - Masataka Nojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kanagawa University; Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kanagawa University; Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zimmerman PM. Single-ended transition state finding with the growing string method. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:601-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grisorio R, Suranna GP. Intramolecular catalyst transfer polymerisation of conjugated monomers: from lessons learned to future challenges. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eleven years after the first reports on intramolecular catalyst transfer polycondensations, this review aims to critically recap on the fundamental “lessons” that can be learned from the historic literature as well as from the fervid activity that has emerged in the last three years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grisorio
- DICATECh – Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile
- Ambientale
- del Territorio
- Edile e di Chimica
- Politecnico di Bari
| | - Gian Paolo Suranna
- DICATECh – Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile
- Ambientale
- del Territorio
- Edile e di Chimica
- Politecnico di Bari
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Groombridge BJ, Goldup SM, Larrosa I. Selective and general exhaustive cross-coupling of di-chloroarenes with a deficit of nucleophiles mediated by a Pd–NHC complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3832-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of a general, exhaustive Pd-mediated cross-coupling of polychloroarenes in the presence of a deficit of nucleophiles, mediated by the highly active PEPPSI-IPent catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Willot P, Koeckelberghs G. Evidence for Catalyst Association in the Catalyst Transfer Polymerization of Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502139n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pollit AA, Bridges CR, Seferos DS. Evidence for the Chain-Growth Synthesis of Statistical π-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:65-70. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Pollit
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Colin R. Bridges
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu S, Kim EH, Wei A, Negishi EI. Pd- and Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the synthesis of organic electronic materials. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:044201. [PMID: 27877696 PMCID: PMC5090684 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/4/044201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules and polymers with extended π-conjugation are appealing as advanced electronic materials, and have already found practical applications in thin-film transistors, light emitting diodes, and chemical sensors. Transition metal (TM)-catalyzed cross-coupling methodologies have evolved over the past four decades into one of the most powerful and versatile methods for C-C bond formation, enabling the construction of a diverse and sophisticated range of π-conjugated oligomers and polymers. In this review, we focus our discussion on recent synthetic developments of several important classes of π-conjugated systems using TM-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, with a perspective on their utility for organic electronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Ei-ichi Negishi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gao LM, Hu YY, Yu ZP, Liu N, Yin J, Zhu YY, Ding Y, Wu ZQ. Facile Preparation of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Its Block Copolymers with π-Allylnickel Complex as External Initiator. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5013539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Mei Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School
of Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional
Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bridges CR, Yan H, Pollit AA, Seferos DS. Controlled Synthesis of Fully π-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers Using a Ni(II) Diimine Catalyst. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:671-674. [PMID: 35590766 DOI: 10.1021/mz500314p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We use a Ni(II) diimine catalyst to prepare the first examples of the controlled synthesis of electron-rich/electron-deficient all-conjugated diblock copolymers. These catalysts are able to control polymerizations of both electron-rich and electron-deficient monomers, which we attribute to strong association to both monomer types. Block copolymers are prepared by controlled chain extension, and their structure is verified by gel permeation chromatography, 1H NMR, electrochemistry, calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Bridges
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goto E, Nakamura S, Kawauchi S, Mori H, Ueda M, Higashihara T. Precision synthesis of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) with low dispersity using a zincate complex catalyzed by nickel with the ligand of 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Goto
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
| | - Saki Nakamura
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1, O-okayama Meguro-Ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1, O-okayama Meguro-Ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hideharu Mori
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueda
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-1-8, Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Standley EA, Smith S, Müller P, Jamison TF. A Broadly Applicable Strategy for Entry into Homogeneous Nickel(0) Catalysts from Air-Stable Nickel(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2014; 33:2012-2018. [PMID: 24803717 PMCID: PMC4006606 DOI: 10.1021/om500156q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of air-stable nickel complexes of the form L2Ni(aryl) X (L = monodentate phosphine, X = Cl, Br) and LNi(aryl)X (L = bis-phosphine) have been synthesized and are presented as a library of precatalysts suitable for a wide variety of nickel-catalyzed transformations. These complexes are easily synthesized from low-cost NiCl2·6H2O or NiBr2·3H2O and the desired ligand followed by addition of 1 equiv of Grignard reagent. A selection of these complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and an analysis of their structural features is provided. A case study of their use as precatalysts for the nickel-catalyzed carbonyl-ene reaction is presented, showing superior reactivity in comparison to reactions using Ni(cod)2. Furthermore, as the precatalysts are all stable to air, no glovebox or inert-atmosphere techniques are required to make use of these complexes for nickel-catalyzed reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Standley
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Higashihara T, Goto E. Controlled synthesis of low-polydisperse regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) and related materials by zincate-complex metathesis polymerization. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
33
|
Sontag SK, Bilbrey JA, Huddleston NE, Sheppard GR, Allen WD, Locklin J. π-Complexation in Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1836-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402259z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kyle Sontag
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Center for Computational Chemistry,
and §College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jenna A. Bilbrey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Center for Computational Chemistry,
and §College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - N. Eric Huddleston
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Center for Computational Chemistry,
and §College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gareth R. Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Center for Computational Chemistry,
and §College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wesley D. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Center for Computational Chemistry,
and §College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Center for Computational Chemistry,
and §College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ge S, Green RA, Hartwig JF. Controlling first-row catalysts: amination of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides and bromides with primary aliphatic amines catalyzed by a BINAP-ligated single-component Ni(0) complex. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1617-27. [PMID: 24397570 PMCID: PMC3985683 DOI: 10.1021/ja411911s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
First-row metal complexes often undergo undesirable one-electron redox processes during two-electron steps of catalytic cycles. We report the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides with primary aliphatic amines catalyzed by a well-defined, single-component nickel precursor (BINAP)Ni(η(2)-NC-Ph) (BINAP = 2,2'-bis(biphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthalene) that minimizes the formation of Ni(I) species and (BINAP)2Ni. The scope of the reaction encompasses electronically varied aryl chlorides and nitrogen-containing heteroaryl chlorides, including pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline derivatives. Mechanistic studies support the catalytic cycle involving a Ni(0)/Ni(II) couple for this nickel-catalyzed amination and are inconsistent with a Ni(I) halide intermediate. Monitoring the reaction mixture by (31)P NMR spectroscopy identified (BINAP)Ni(η(2)-NC-Ph) as the resting state of the catalyst in the amination of both aryl chlorides and bromides. Kinetic studies showed that the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides is first order in both catalyst and aryl halide and zero order in base and amine. The reaction of a representative aryl chloride is inverse first order in PhCN, but the reaction of a representative aryl bromide is zero order in PhCN. This difference in the order of the reaction in PhCN indicates that the aryl chloride reacts with (BINAP)Ni(0), formed by dissociation PhCN from (BINAP)Ni(η(2)-NC-Ph), but the aryl bromide directly reacts with (BINAP)Ni(η(2)-NC-Ph). The overall kinetic behavior is consistent with turnover-limiting oxidative addition of the aryl halide to Ni(0). Several pathways for catalyst decomposition were identified, such as the formation of the catalytically inactive bis(amine)-ligated arylnickel(II) chloride, (BINAP)2Ni(0), and the Ni(I) species [(BINAP)Ni(μ-Cl)]2. By using a well-defined nickel complex as catalyst, the formation of (BINAP)2Ni(0) is avoided and the formation of the Ni(I) species [(BINAP)Ni(μ-Cl)]2 is minimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chavez CA, Choi J, Nesterov EE. One-Step Simple Preparation of Catalytic Initiators for Catalyst-Transfer Kumada Polymerization: Synthesis of Defect-Free Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401959e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jinwoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grisorio R, Mastrorilli P, Suranna GP. A Pd(AcO)2/t-Bu3P/K3PO4 catalytic system for the control of Suzuki cross-coupling polymerisation. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
37
|
Bryan ZJ, McNeil AJ. Conjugated Polymer Synthesis via Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation (CTP): Mechanism, Scope, and Applications. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401314x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Bryan
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bridges CR, McCormick TM, Gibson GL, Hollinger J, Seferos DS. Designing and Refining Ni(II)diimine Catalysts Toward the Controlled Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13212-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4073904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Bridges
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Theresa M. McCormick
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory L. Gibson
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jon Hollinger
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yokozawa T, Ohta Y. Scope of controlled synthesis via chain-growth condensation polymerization: from aromatic polyamides to π-conjugated polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8281-310. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Palermo EF, van der Laan HL, McNeil AJ. Impact of π-conjugated gradient sequence copolymers on polymer blend morphology. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|