1
|
Lalisse RF, Hadad CM, Brückner C, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ. [3 + 2]-Cycloadditions with Porphyrin β,β'-Bonds: Theoretical Basis of the Counterintuitive meso-Aryl Group Influence on the Rates of Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16473-16482. [PMID: 36444511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Removal of a β,β'-bond from meso-tetraarylporphyrin using [3 + 2]-cycloadditions generates meso-tetraarylhydroporphyrins. Literature evidence indicates that meso-tetraphenylporphyrins react more sluggishly with 1,3-dipoles such as ylides and OsO4 (in the presence of pyridine) than meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. The trend is counterintuitive for the reaction with OsO4, as this formal oxidation reaction is expected to proceed more readily with more electron-rich substrates. This work presents a density functional theory-based computational study of the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) interactions and reaction profile thermodynamics involved in the reaction of archetypical cycloaddition reactions (a simple ylide, OsO4, OsO4·py, OsO4·(py)2, and ozone) with the β,β'-double bonds of variously fluorinated meso-arylporphyrins. The trend observed for the Type I cycloaddition of an ylide is straightforward, as lowering the LUMO of the porphyrin with increasing meso-phenyl-fluorination also lowers the reaction barrier. The corresponding simple FMO analyses of Type III cycloadditions do not correctly model the reaction energetics. This is because increasing fluorination leads to lowering of the porphyrin HOMO-2, thus increasing the reaction barrier. However, coordination of pyridine to OsO4 preorganizes the transition state complex; lowering of the energy barrier by the preorganization exceeds the increase in repulsive orbital interactions, overall accelerating the cycloaddition and rationalizing the counterintuitive experimental findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, 840 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ennist NM, Stayrook SE, Dutton PL, Moser CC. Rational design of photosynthetic reaction center protein maquettes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:997295. [PMID: 36213121 PMCID: PMC9532970 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.997295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New technologies for efficient solar-to-fuel energy conversion will help facilitate a global shift from dependence on fossil fuels to renewable energy. Nature uses photosynthetic reaction centers to convert photon energy into a cascade of electron-transfer reactions that eventually produce chemical fuel. The design of new reaction centers de novo deepens our understanding of photosynthetic charge separation and may one day allow production of biofuels with higher thermodynamic efficiency than natural photosystems. Recently, we described the multi-step electron-transfer activity of a designed reaction center maquette protein (the RC maquette), which can assemble metal ions, tyrosine, a Zn tetrapyrrole, and heme into an electron-transport chain. Here, we detail our modular strategy for rational protein design and show that the intended RC maquette design agrees with crystal structures in various states of assembly. A flexible, dynamic apo-state collapses by design into a more ordered holo-state upon cofactor binding. Crystal structures illustrate the structural transitions upon binding of different cofactors. Spectroscopic assays demonstrate that the RC maquette binds various electron donors, pigments, and electron acceptors with high affinity. We close with a critique of the present RC maquette design and use electron-tunneling theory to envision a path toward a designed RC with a substantially higher thermodynamic efficiency than natural photosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Ennist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nathan M. Ennist,
| | - Steven E. Stayrook
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - P. Leslie Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher C. Moser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
4
|
Delcanale P, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C. Photodynamic treatment of pathogens. LA RIVISTA DEL NUOVO CIMENTO 2022; 45:407-459. [PMCID: PMC8921710 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-022-00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The current viral pandemic has highlighted the compelling need for effective and versatile treatments, that can be quickly tuned to tackle new threats, and are robust against mutations. Development of such treatments is made even more urgent in view of the decreasing effectiveness of current antibiotics, that makes microbial infections the next emerging global threat. Photodynamic effect is one such method. It relies on physical processes proceeding from excited states of particular organic molecules, called photosensitizers, generated upon absorption of visible or near infrared light. The excited states of these molecules, tailored to undergo efficient intersystem crossing, interact with molecular oxygen and generate short lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), mostly singlet oxygen. These species are highly cytotoxic through non-specific oxidation reactions and constitute the basis of the treatment. In spite of the apparent simplicity of the principle, the method still has to face important challenges. For instance, the short lifetime of ROS means that the photosensitizer must reach the target within a few tens nanometers, which requires proper molecular engineering at the nanoscale level. Photoactive nanostructures thus engineered should ideally comprise a functionality that turns the system into a theranostic means, for instance, through introduction of fluorophores suitable for nanoscopy. We discuss the principles of the method and the current molecular strategies that have been and still are being explored in antimicrobial and antiviral photodynamic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rajmohan R, Rathnakowsiha R, Prakadeesh S, Vairaprakash P. A sustainable pseudo-homogeneous catalyst from renewable biomass: design, development and catalytic applications. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-homogeneity, sustainability and functional growth in a sustainable raw material derived catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajamani Rajmohan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Ravichandran Rathnakowsiha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Srinivasan Prakadeesh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fakayode OJ, Kruger CA, Songca SP, Abrahamse H, Oluwafemi OS. Photodynamic therapy evaluation of methoxypolyethyleneglycol-thiol-SPIONs-gold-meso-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin conjugate against breast cancer cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:737-744. [PMID: 30184802 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field enhanced photodynamic therapy is an effective non-invasive technique for the eradication of cancer diseases. In this report, magnetic field enhancement of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy of a novel methoxypolyethyleneglycol-thiol-SPIONs-gold-meso-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin conjugate (nano-drug) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was evaluated. The nano-drug exhibited excellent blue and red emissions under suitable ultraviolet (380 nm) and visible (430 nm) excitations and was well taken up by the cells without any significant dark cytotoxicity after 24 h post-incubation. However, after exposure of cells to light for about 15 min, high rate of cell death was observed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the cells that were exposed to external magnetic field displayed higher phototoxicity than the non-exposed cells. Altogether, these results suggest that the nano-porphyrin drug system can function as a new promising magnetic-field targeting agent for theranostic photodynamic eradication of cancer diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O J Fakayode
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Research, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C A Kruger
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S P Songca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, Kwadlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - H Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - O S Oluwafemi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Research, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lishchuk A, Kodali G, Mancini JA, Broadbent M, Darroch B, Mass OA, Nabok A, Dutton PL, Hunter CN, Törmä P, Leggett GJ. A synthetic biological quantum optical system. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13064-13073. [PMID: 29956712 PMCID: PMC6044288 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In strong plasmon-exciton coupling, a surface plasmon mode is coupled to an array of localized emitters to yield new hybrid light-matter states (plexcitons), whose properties may in principle be controlled via modification of the arrangement of emitters. We show that plasmon modes are strongly coupled to synthetic light-harvesting maquette proteins, and that the coupling can be controlled via alteration of the protein structure. For maquettes with a single chlorin binding site, the exciton energy (2.06 ± 0.07 eV) is close to the expected energy of the Qy transition. However, for maquettes containing two chlorin binding sites that are collinear in the field direction, an exciton energy of 2.20 ± 0.01 eV is obtained, intermediate between the energies of the Qx and Qy transitions of the chlorin. This observation is attributed to strong coupling of the LSPR to an H-dimer state not observed under weak coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lishchuk
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Sheffield
,
Brook Hill
, Sheffield S3 7HF
, UK
.
| | - Goutham Kodali
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
, University of Pennsylvania
,
Philadelphia
, PA 10104
, USA
| | - Joshua A. Mancini
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
, University of Pennsylvania
,
Philadelphia
, PA 10104
, USA
| | - Matthew Broadbent
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Sheffield
,
Brook Hill
, Sheffield S3 7HF
, UK
.
| | - Brice Darroch
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Sheffield
,
Brook Hill
, Sheffield S3 7HF
, UK
.
| | - Olga A. Mass
- N. Carolina State University
, Department of Chemistry
,
Raleigh
, NC 27695
, USA
| | - Alexei Nabok
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute
, Sheffield Hallam University
,
Howard St
, Sheffield S1 1WB
, UK
| | - P. Leslie Dutton
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
, University of Pennsylvania
,
Philadelphia
, PA 10104
, USA
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
, University of Sheffield
,
Western Bank
, Sheffield S10 2TN
, UK
| | - Päivi Törmä
- COMP Centre of Excellence
, Department of Applied Physics
, Aalto University
, School of Science
,
P.O. Box 15100
, 00076 Aalto
, Finland
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Sheffield
,
Brook Hill
, Sheffield S3 7HF
, UK
.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu R, Liu M, Hood D, Chen CY, MacNevin CJ, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Chlorophyll-Inspired Red-Region Fluorophores: Building Block Synthesis and Studies in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010130. [PMID: 29320445 PMCID: PMC6017558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorophores that absorb and emit in the red spectral region (600-700 nm) are of great interest in photochemistry and photomedicine. Eight new target chlorins (and 19 new chlorins altogether)-analogues of chlorophyll-of different polarities have been designed and synthesized for various applications; seven of the chlorins are equipped with a bioconjugatable tether. Hydrophobic or amphiphilic chlorins in a non-polar organic solvent (toluene), polar organic solvent (DMF), and aqueous or aqueous micellar media show a sharp emission band in the red region and modest fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 0.2-0.3). A Poisson analysis implies most micelles are empty and few contain >1 chlorin. Water-soluble chlorins each bearing three PEG (oligoethyleneglycol) groups exhibit narrow emission bands (full-width-at-half maximum <25 nm). The lifetime of the lowest singlet excited state and the corresponding yields and rate constants for depopulation pathways (fluorescence, intersystem crossing, internal conversion) are generally little affected by the PEG groups or dissolution in aqueous or organic media. A set of chlorin-avidin conjugates revealed a 2-fold increase in Φf with increased average chlorin/avidin ratio (2.3-12). In summary, the chlorins of various polarities described herein are well suited as red-emitting fluorophores for applications in aqueous or organic media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (R.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (R.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA;
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- NIRvana Sciences, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (C.-Y.C.); (C.J.M.)
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-314-935-6502 (D.H.); +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (R.L.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-314-935-6502 (D.H.); +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mancini JA, Kodali G, Jiang J, Reddy KR, Lindsey JS, Bryant DA, Dutton PL, Moser CC. Multi-step excitation energy transfer engineered in genetic fusions of natural and synthetic light-harvesting proteins. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0896. [PMID: 28179548 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic proteins designed and constructed from first principles with minimal reference to the sequence of any natural protein have proven robust and extraordinarily adaptable for engineering a range of functions. Here for the first time we describe the expression and genetic fusion of a natural photosynthetic light-harvesting subunit with a synthetic protein designed for light energy capture and multi-step transfer. We demonstrate excitation energy transfer from the bilin of the CpcA subunit (phycocyanin α subunit) of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic light-harvesting phycobilisome to synthetic four-helix-bundle proteins accommodating sites that specifically bind a variety of selected photoactive tetrapyrroles positioned to enhance energy transfer by relay. The examination of combinations of different bilin, chlorin and bacteriochlorin cofactors has led to identification of the preconditions for directing energy from the bilin light-harvesting antenna into synthetic protein-cofactor constructs that can be customized for light-activated chemistry in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Goutham Kodali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P Leslie Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher C Moser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meares A, Satraitis A, Akhigbe J, Santhanam N, Swaminathan S, Ehudin M, Ptaszek M. Amphiphilic BODIPY-Hydroporphyrin Energy Transfer Arrays with Broadly Tunable Absorption and Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Aqueous Micelles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6054-6070. [PMID: 28516773 PMCID: PMC5873324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-hydroporphyrin energy transfer arrays allow for development of a family of fluorophores featuring a common excitation band at 500 nm, tunable excitation band in the deep red/near-infrared window, and tunable emission. Their biomedical applications are contingent upon retaining their optical properties in an aqueous environment. Amphiphilic arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their optical and fluorescence properties were determined in organic solvents and aqueous surfactants. The first series of arrays contains BODIPYs with PEG substituents attached to the boron, whereas in the second series, PEG substituents are attached to the aryl at the meso positions of BODIPY. For both series of arrays, excitation of BODIPY at 500 nm results in efficient energy transfer to and bright emission of hydroporphyrin in the deep-red (640-660 nm) or near-infrared (740-760 nm) spectral windows. In aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) arrays from the second series exhibit significant quenching of fluorescence, whereas properties of arrays from the first series are comparable to those observed in polar organic solvents. Reported arrays possess large effective Stokes shift (115-260 nm), multiple excitation wavelengths, and narrow, tunable deep-red/near-IR fluorescence in aqueous surfactants, and are promising candidates for a variety of biomedical-related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Subramani Swaminathan
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luciano M, Brückner C. Modifications of Porphyrins and Hydroporphyrins for Their Solubilization in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2017; 22:E980. [PMID: 28608838 PMCID: PMC6152633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of porphyrins and hydroporphyrins for use in a variety of biomedical (photodynamic therapy, fluorescence tagging and imaging, photoacoustic imaging) and technical (chemosensing, catalysis, light harvesting) applications is also associated with the growing number of methodologies that enable their solubilization in aqueous media. Natively, the vast majority of synthetic porphyrinic compounds are not water-soluble. Moreover, any water-solubility imposes several restrictions on the synthetic chemist on when to install solubilizing groups in the synthetic sequence, and how to isolate and purify these compounds. This review summarizes the chemical modifications to render synthetic porphyrins water-soluble, with a focus on the work disclosed since 2000. Where available, practical data such as solubility, indicators for the degree of aggregation, and special notes for the practitioner are listed. We hope that this review will guide synthetic chemists through the many strategies known to make porphyrins and hydroporphyrins water soluble.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kodali G, Mancini JA, Solomon LA, Episova TV, Roach N, Hobbs CJ, Wagner P, Mass OA, Aravindu K, Barnsley JE, Gordon KC, Officer DL, Dutton PL, Moser CC. Design and engineering of water-soluble light-harvesting protein maquettes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:316-324. [PMID: 28261441 PMCID: PMC5330312 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural selection in photosynthesis has engineered tetrapyrrole based, nanometer scale, light harvesting and energy capture in light-induced charge separation. By designing and creating nanometer scale artificial light harvesting and charge separating proteins, we have the opportunity to reengineer and overcome the limitations of natural selection to extend energy capture to new wavelengths and to tailor efficient systems that better meet human as opposed to cellular energetic needs. While tetrapyrrole cofactor incorporation in natural proteins is complex and often assisted by accessory proteins for cofactor transport and insertion, artificial protein functionalization relies on a practical understanding of the basic physical chemistry of protein and cofactors that drive nanometer scale self-assembly. Patterning and balancing of hydrophobic and hydrophilic tetrapyrrole substituents is critical to avoid natural or synthetic porphyrin and chlorin aggregation in aqueous media and speed cofactor partitioning into the non-polar core of a man-made water soluble protein designed according to elementary first principles of protein folding. This partitioning is followed by site-specific anchoring of tetrapyrroles to histidine ligands strategically placed for design control of rates and efficiencies of light energy and electron transfer while orienting at least one polar group towards the aqueous phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Kodali
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Joshua A. Mancini
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Lee A. Solomon
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Tatiana V. Episova
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Nicholas Roach
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Christopher J. Hobbs
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Olga A. Mass
- N Carolina State University , Department of Chemistry , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA
| | - Kunche Aravindu
- N Carolina State University , Department of Chemistry , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA
| | | | - Keith C. Gordon
- University of Otago , Department of Chemistry , Dunedin 9016 , New Zealand
| | - David L. Officer
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - P. Leslie Dutton
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Christopher C. Moser
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsargorodska A, Cartron ML, Vasilev C, Kodali G, Mass OA, Baumberg JJ, Dutton PL, Hunter CN, Törmä P, Leggett GJ. Strong Coupling of Localized Surface Plasmons to Excitons in Light-Harvesting Complexes. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6850-6856. [PMID: 27689237 PMCID: PMC5135229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostructure arrays exhibit surface plasmon resonances that split after attaching light harvesting complexes 1 and 2 (LH1 and LH2) from purple bacteria. The splitting is attributed to strong coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonances and excitons in the light-harvesting complexes. Wild-type and mutant LH1 and LH2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides containing different carotenoids yield different splitting energies, demonstrating that the coupling mechanism is sensitive to the electronic states in the light harvesting complexes. Plasmon-exciton coupling models reveal different coupling strengths depending on the molecular organization and the protein coverage, consistent with strong coupling. Strong coupling was also observed for self-assembling polypeptide maquettes that contain only chlorins. However, it is not observed for monolayers of bacteriochlorophyll, indicating that strong plasmon-exciton coupling is sensitive to the specific presentation of the pigment molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tsargorodska
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Michaël L. Cartron
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Cvetelin Vasilev
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Goutham Kodali
- The
Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10104, United States
| | - Olga A. Mass
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson
Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - P. Leslie Dutton
- The
Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10104, United States
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Päivi Törmä
- COMP Centre
of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, School of Science,
P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Megarajan S, Ayaz Ahmed KB, Rajmohan R, Vairaprakash P, Anbazhagan V. An easily accessible and recyclable copper nanoparticle catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of dipyrromethanes and aromatic amines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21315d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method to prepare a reusable copper nanocatalyst is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sengan Megarajan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India
| | - Khan Behlol Ayaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India
| | - Rajamani Rajmohan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India
| | | | - Veerappan Anbazhagan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sahin T, Harris MA, Vairaprakash P, Niedzwiedzki DM, Subramanian V, Shreve AP, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Self-Assembled Light-Harvesting System from Chromophores in Lipid Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10231-43. [PMID: 26230425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles are used as the organizational structure of self-assembled light-harvesting systems. Following analysis of 17 chromophores, six were selected for inclusion in vesicle-based antennas. The complementary absorption features of the chromophores span the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared region. Although the overall concentration of the pigments is low (~1 μM for quantitative spectroscopic studies) in a cuvette, the lipid-vesicle system affords high concentration (≥10 mM) in the bilayer for efficient energy flow from donor to acceptor. Energy transfer was characterized in 13 representative binary mixtures using static techniques (fluorescence-excitation versus absorptance spectra, quenching of donor fluorescence, modeling emission spectra of a mixture versus components) and time-resolved spectroscopy (fluorescence, ultrafast absorption). Binary donor-acceptor systems that employ a boron-dipyrrin donor (S0 ↔ S1 absorption/emission in the blue-green) and a chlorin or bacteriochlorin acceptor (S0 ↔ S1 absorption/emission in the red or near-infrared) have an average excitation-energy-transfer efficiency (ΦEET) of ~50%. Binary systems with a chlorin donor and a chlorin or bacteriochlorin acceptor have ΦEET ∼ 85%. The differences in ΦEET generally track the donor-fluorescence/acceptor-absorption spectral overlap within a dipole-dipole coupling (Förster) mechanism. Substantial deviation from single-exponential decay of the excited donor (due to the dispersion of donor-acceptor distances) is expected and observed. The time profiles and resulting ΦEET are modeled on the basis of (Förster) energy transfer between chromophores relatively densely packed in a two-dimensional compartment. Initial studies of two ternary and one quaternary combination of chromophores show the enhanced spectral coverage and energy-transfer efficacy expected on the basis of the binary systems. Collectively, this approach may provide one of the simplest designs for self-assembled light-harvesting systems that afford broad solar collection and efficient energy transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Sahin
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Michelle A Harris
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- §Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Vijaya Subramanian
- ∥Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Andrew P Shreve
- ∥Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Adams PG, Collins AM, Sahin T, Subramanian V, Urban VS, Vairaprakash P, Tian Y, Evans DG, Shreve AP, Montaño GA. Diblock copolymer micelles and supported films with noncovalently incorporated chromophores: a modular platform for efficient energy transfer. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2422-2428. [PMID: 25719733 DOI: 10.1021/nl504814x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report generation of modular, artificial light-harvesting assemblies where an amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(butadiene), serves as the framework for noncovalent organization of BODIPY-based energy donor and bacteriochlorin-based energy acceptor chromophores. The assemblies are adaptive and form well-defined micelles in aqueous solution and high-quality monolayer and bilayer films on solid supports, with the latter showing greater than 90% energy transfer efficiency. This study lays the groundwork for further development of modular, polymer-based materials for light harvesting and other photonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Adams
- †Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Aaron M Collins
- †Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tuba Sahin
- ‡Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Vijaya Subramanian
- §Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Volker S Urban
- ⊥Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- ‡Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yongming Tian
- †Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- ¶Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Deborah G Evans
- §Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Andrew P Shreve
- §Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Gabriel A Montaño
- †Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng J, Huang L, Li Z, Wu W, Li J, Jiang H. Synthesis of 3-bromosubstituted pyrroles via palladium-catalyzed intermolecular oxidative cyclization of bromoalkynes with N-allylamines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5894-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel Pd-catalyzed intermolecular oxidative cyclization of bromoalkynes with N-allylamines to construct 3-bromo-pyrrole derivatives has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Liangbin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Zun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jianxiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiang J, Reddy KR, Pavan MP, Lubian E, Harris MA, Jiao J, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Parkes-Loach PS, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Amphiphilic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic synthetic bacteriochlorins in biohybrid light-harvesting architectures: consideration of molecular designs. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 122:187-202. [PMID: 24997120 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid light-harvesting architectures can be constructed that employ native-like bacterial photosynthetic antenna peptides as a scaffold to which synthetic chromophores are attached to augment overall spectral coverage. Synthetic bacteriochlorins are attractive to enhance capture of solar radiation in the photon-rich near-infrared spectral region. The effect of the polarity of the bacteriochlorin substituents on the antenna self-assembly process was explored by the preparation of a bacteriochlorin-peptide conjugate using a synthetic amphiphilic bacteriochlorin (B1) to complement prior studies using hydrophilic (B2, four carboxylic acids) or hydrophobic (B3) bacteriochlorins. The amphiphilic bioconjugatable bacteriochlorin B1 with a polar ammonium-terminated tail was synthesized by sequential Pd-mediated reactions of a 3,13-dibromo-5-methoxybacteriochlorin. Each bacteriochlorin bears a maleimido-terminated tether for attachment to a cysteine-containing analog of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides antenna β-peptide to give conjugates β-B1, β-B2, and β-B3. Given the hydrophobic nature of the β-peptide, the polarity of B1 and B2 facilitated purification of the respective conjugate compared to the hydrophobic B3. Bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) associates with each conjugate in aqueous micellar media to form a dyad containing two β-peptides, two covalently attached synthetic bacteriochlorins, and a datively bonded BChl-a pair, albeit to a limited extent for β-B2. The reversible assembly/disassembly of dyad (β-B2/BChl)2 was examined in aqueous detergent (octyl glucoside) solution by temperature variation (15-35 °C). The energy-transfer efficiency from the synthetic bacteriochlorin to the BChl-a dimer was found to be 0.85 for (β-B1/BChl)2, 0.40 for (β-B2/BChl)2, and 0.85 for (β-B3/BChl)2. Thus, in terms of handling, assembly and energy-transfer efficiency taken together, the amphiphilic design examined herein is more attractive than the prior hydrophilic or hydrophobic designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang L, Krayer M, Roubil JGS, Huang YY, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. Stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins mediate selective broad-spectrum photoinactivation of drug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:119-27. [PMID: 25463659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins (BC37, BC38 and BC39) were recently reported to show exceptional activity (low nanomolar) in mediating photodynamic killing of human cancer cells after a 24h incubation upon excitation with near-infrared light (730 nm). The presence of cationic quaternary ammonium groups in each compound suggested likely activity as antimicrobial photosensitizers. Herein this hypothesis was tested against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms that have all recently drawn attention due to increased drug-resistance (Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii; and fungal yeasts, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). All three bacteriochlorins were highly effective against both Gram-positive species (>6 logs of eradication at ⩽ 200 nM and 10 J/cm(2)). The dicationic bacteriochlorin (BC38) was best against the Gram-negative species (>6 logs at 1-2 μM) whereas the lipophilic monocationic bacteriochlorin (BC39) was best against the fungi (>6 logs at 1 μM). The bacteriochlorins produced substantial singlet oxygen (and apparently less Type-1 reactive-oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical) as judged by activation of fluorescent probes and comparison with 1H-phenalen-1-one-2-sulfonic acid; the order of activity was BC37 > BC38 > BC39. A short incubation time (30 min) resulted in selectivity for microbial cells over HeLa human cells. The highly active photodynamic inactivation of microbial cells may stem from the amphiphilic and cationic features of the bacteriochlorins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - John G S Roubil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Harris MA, Sahin T, Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Parkes-Loach PS, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Enhanced Light-Harvesting Capacity by Micellar Assembly of Free Accessory Chromophores and LH1-like Antennas. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1264-76. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A. Loach
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Riverside CA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry; Washington University; St. Louis MO
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ocakoglu K, Joya KS, Harputlu E, Tarnowska A, Gryko DT. A nanoscale bio-inspired light-harvesting system developed from self-assembled alkyl-functionalized metallochlorin nano-aggregates. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9625-9631. [PMID: 24909123 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular organization of nano-structured biomimetic light-harvesting modules inside solid-state nano-templates can be exploited to develop excellent light-harvesting materials for artificial photosynthetic devices. We present here a hybrid light-harvesting system mimicking the chlorosomal structures of the natural photosynthetic system using synthetic zinc chlorin units (ZnChl-C6, ZnChl-C12 and ZnChl-C18) that are self-aggregated inside the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nano-channel membranes. AAO nano-templates were modified with a TiO2 matrix and functionalized with long hydrophobic chains to facilitate the formation of supramolecular Zn-chlorin aggregates. The transparent Zn-chlorin nano-aggregates inside the alkyl-TiO2 modified AAO nano-channels have a diameter of ∼120 nm in a 60 μm length channel. UV-Vis studies and fluorescence emission spectra further confirm the formation of the supramolecular ZnChl aggregates from monomer molecules inside the alkyl-functionalized nano-channels. Our results prove that the novel and unique method can be used to produce efficient and stable light-harvesting assemblies for effective solar energy capture through transparent and stable nano-channel ceramic materials modified with bio-mimetic molecular self-assembled nano-aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Ocakoglu
- Advanced Technology Research & Application Center, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy Campus, TR-33343 Mersin, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Natural strategies for photosynthetic light harvesting. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:492-501. [PMID: 24937067 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms are crucial for life on Earth as they provide food and oxygen and are at the basis of most energy resources. They have a large variety of light-harvesting strategies that allow them to live nearly everywhere where sunlight can penetrate. They have adapted their pigmentation to the spectral composition of light in their habitat, they acclimate to slowly varying light intensities and they rapidly respond to fast changes in light quality and quantity. This is particularly important for oxygen-producing organisms because an overdose of light in combination with oxygen can be lethal. Rapid progress is being made in understanding how different organisms maximize light harvesting and minimize deleterious effects. Here we summarize the latest findings and explain the main design principles used in nature. The available knowledge can be used for optimizing light harvesting in both natural and artificial photosynthesis to improve light-driven production processes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang E, Wang J, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Probing electronic communication for efficient light-harvesting functionality: dyads containing a common perylene and a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1630-47. [PMID: 24484243 DOI: 10.1021/jp411629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of three perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads were investigated to probe the efficacy of the arrays for use as light-harvesting constituents. Each dyad contains a common perylene-monoimide that is linked at the N-imide position via an arylethynyl group to the meso-position of the tetrapyrrole. The tetrapyrroles include a porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin, which have zero, one, and two reduced pyrrole rings, respectively. The increased pyrrole-ring reduction results in a progressive red shift and intensification of the lowest-energy absorption band, as exemplified by benchmark monomers. The arylethyne linkage affords moderate perylene-tetrapyrrole electronic coupling in the dyads as evidenced by the optical, molecular-orbital, and redox properties of the components of the dyads versus the constituent parts. All three dyads in nonpolar solvents exhibit relatively fast (subpicosecond) energy transfer from the perylene to the tetrapyrrole. Competing charge-transfer processes are also absent in nonpolar solvents, but become active for both the chlorin and bacteriochlorin-containing dyads in polar solvents. Calculations of energy-transfer rates via the Förster, through-space mechanism reveal that these rates are, on average, 3-fold slower than the observed rates. Thus, the Dexter through-bond mechanism contributes more substantially than the through-space mechanism to energy transfer in the dyads. The electronic communication between the perylene and tetrapyrrole falls in a regime intermediate between those operative in other classes of perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads that have previously been studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, 63130-4889, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Reddy KR, Sahin T, Pavan MP, Lubian E, Lindsey JS. Hydrophilic tetracarboxy bacteriochlorins for photonics applications. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:86-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41791c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|