1
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Singh Z, Chiong JD, Kamal S, Majewski MB. Effects of increasing ligand conjugation in Cu(I) photosensitizers on NiO semiconductor surfaces. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6367-6376. [PMID: 38497406 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoelectrodes may be used as heterogeneous components for fuel-forming reactions in photoelectrochemical cells. There has been increasing interest in developing Earth-abundant cheaper photosensitizers based on first-row transition metals. We describe here the synthesis, characterization, and study of the ground and excited state properties of three Cu(I) complexes bearing ligands with varying electron-accepting capacities and conjugation that may act as photosensitizers for wide bandgap semiconductors. Femtosecond transient absorption studies indicate that the nature of the final excited state is dictated by the extent of conjugation in the electron-accepting ligand, where shorter conjugation leads to the formation of a singly reduced ligand and longer conjugation leads to the formation of a ligand-centered final excited state. These complexes were surface anchored onto nanostructured NiO on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide glass to fabricate photocathodes. It was found that even though the ligands with increasing conjugation have an effect on the formation of the final excited state in solution, all complexes exhibit similar photocurrents upon white light illumination, suggesting that charge transfer to NiO happens in advance of the formation of the final excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6.
| | - Joseph D Chiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6.
| | - Saeid Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research (LASIR), The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Marek B Majewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6.
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2
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Liao C, Hoyer CE, Banerjee Ghosh R, Jenkins AJ, Knecht S, Frisch MJ, Li X. Comparison of Variational and Perturbative Spin-Orbit Coupling within Two-Component CASSCF. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38489510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The modeling of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) remains a challenge in computational chemistry due to the high computational cost. With the rising popularity of spin-driven processes and f-block metals in chemistry and materials science, it is incumbent on the community to develop accurate multiconfigurational SOC methods that scale to large systems and understand the limits of different treatments of SOC. Herein, we introduce an implementation of perturbative SOC in scalar-relativistic two-component CASSCF (srX2C-CASSCF-SO). Perspectives on the limitations and accuracy of srX2C-CASSCF-SO are presented via benchmark calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chad E Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rahoul Banerjee Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd, Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Life Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Bldg 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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3
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Fortunato MT, Moore CE, Turro C. Ligand-Centered Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in an Axially Capped Rh 2(II,II) Paddlewheel Complex with Red Light. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27348-27357. [PMID: 38055041 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A new series of Rh2(II,II) complexes with the formula cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(bpnp)(L)]2+, where bpnp = 2,7-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine, DTolF = N,N'-di(p-tolyl) formamidinate, and L = pdz (pyridazine; 2), cinn (cinnoline; 3), and bncn (benzo[c]cinnoline; 4), were synthesized from the precursor cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(bpnp)(CH3CN)2]2+ (1). The first reduction couple in 2-4 is localized on the bpnp ligand at approximately -0.52 V vs Ag/AgCl in CH3CN (0.1 M TBAPF6), followed by reduction of the corresponding diazine ligand. Complex 1 exhibits a Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → bpnp(π*) metal/ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (1ML-LCT) absorption with a maximum at 767 nm (ε = 1800 M-1 cm-1). This transition is also present in the spectra of 2-4, overlaid with the Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → L(π*) 1ML-LCT bands at 516 nm in 2 (L = pdz), 640 nm in 3 (L = cinn), and 721 nm in 4 (L = bncn). Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → bpnp 3ML-LCT excited states with lifetimes, τ, of 3 and 5 ns, respectively, in CH3CN, whereas the lowest energy 3ML-LCT state in 4 is Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → bncn in nature with τ = 1 ns. Irradiation of 4 with 670 nm light in DMF in the presence of 0.1 M TsOH (p-toluene sulfonic acid) and 30 mM BNAH (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide) results in the production of H2 with a turnover number (TON) of 16 over 24 h. The axial capping of the Rh2(II,II) bimetallic core with the bpnp ligand prevents the formation of an Rh-H hydride intermediate. These results show that the observed photocatalytic reactivity is localized on the bncn ligand, representing the first example of ligand-centered H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
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4
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Toupin N, Herroon MK, Thummel RP, Turro C, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Kodanko JJ. Metalloimmunotherapy with Rhodium and Ruthenium Complexes: Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104430. [PMID: 35235227 PMCID: PMC9541094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) suppress the cancer immune response and are a key target for immunotherapy. The effects of ruthenium and rhodium complexes on TAMs have not been well characterized. To address this gap in the field, a panel of 22 dirhodium and ruthenium complexes were screened against three subtypes of macrophages, triple-negative breast cancer and normal breast tissue cells. Experiments were carried out in 2D and biomimetic 3D co-culture experiments with and without irradiation with blue light. Leads were identified with cell-type-specific toxicity toward macrophage subtypes, cancer cells, or both. Experiments with 3D spheroids revealed complexes that sensitized the tumor models to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. Cell surface exposure of calreticulin, a known facilitator of immunogenic cell death (ICD), was increased upon treatment, along with a concomitant reduction in the M2-subtype classifier arginase. Our findings lay a strong foundation for the future development of ruthenium- and rhodium-based chemotherapies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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5
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Liu C, Bos D, Hartog B, Meij D, Ramakrishnan A, Bonnet S. Ligand Controls the Activity of Light‐Driven Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Nickel(II) Porphyrin Complexes in Neutral Homogeneous Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Daan Bos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Barthold Hartog
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Meij
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Ashok Ramakrishnan
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
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6
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Liu C, van den Bos D, den Hartog B, van der Meij D, Ramakrishnan A, Bonnet S. Ligand Controls the Activity of Light-Driven Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Nickel(II) Porphyrin Complexes in Neutral Homogeneous Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13463-13469. [PMID: 33768670 PMCID: PMC8252617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding photostable, first‐row transition metal‐based molecular systems for photocatalytic water oxidation is a step towards sustainable solar fuel production. Herein, we discovered that nickel(II) hydrophilic porphyrins are molecular catalysts for photocatalytic water oxidation in neutral to acidic aqueous solutions using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as photosensitizer and [S2O8]2− as sacrificial electron acceptor. Electron‐poorer Ni‐porphyrins bearing 8 fluorine or 4 methylpyridinium substituents as electron‐poorer porphyrins afforded 6‐fold higher turnover frequencies (TOFs; ca. 0.65 min−1) than electron‐richer analogues. However, the electron‐poorest Ni‐porphyrin bearing 16 fluorine substituents was photocatalytically inactive under such conditions, because the potential at which catalytic O2 evolution starts was too high (+1.23 V vs. NHE) to be driven by the photochemically generated [Ru(bpy)3]3+. Critically, these Ni‐porphyrin catalysts showed excellent stability in photocatalytic conditions, as a second photocatalytic run replenished with a new dose of photosensitizer, afforded only 1–3 % less O2 than during the first photocatalytic run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van den Bos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barthold den Hartog
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meij
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashok Ramakrishnan
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Rej S, Chatani N. Effect of Sulfonamide and Carboxamide Ligands on the Structural Diversity of Bimetallic Rh II-Rh II Cores: Exploring the Catalytic Activity of These Newly Synthesized Rh 2 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3534-3538. [PMID: 33656330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new class of dirhodium(II) complexes with tethered sulfonamide and carboxamide ligands was synthesized and characterized. A new type of coordination mode was found for the quinoline moiety containing a sulfonamide ligand, which afforded the axially coordination-free bimetallic dirhodium complexes. Studies were conducted on the catalytic properties of these complexes for cyclopropanation reactions, and the findings indicate that a free axial coordination site is crucial for achieving a high degree of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Rej
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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8
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Lin S, Turro C. Dirhodium Complexes as Panchromatic Sensitizers, Electrocatalysts, and Photocatalysts. Chemistry 2021; 27:5379-5387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 W. 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 W. 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
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9
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Braun JD, Lozada IB, Herbert DE. In Pursuit of Panchromatic Absorption in Metal Coordination Complexes: Experimental Delineation of the HOMO Inversion Model Using Pseudo-Octahedral Complexes of Diarylamido Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17746-17757. [PMID: 33225695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a compound to broadly absorb light across the incident solar spectrum is an important design target in the development of molecular photosensitizers. The 'HOMO inversion' model predicts that for [(tpy)2Fe]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) compounds, adjusting the character of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) from metal-centered to ligand-centered can drastically improve photophysical properties by broadening absorption in the visible and increasing molar extinction coefficients. In an effort to experimentally realize strong, panchromatic absorption, a tridentate N^N-^N diarylamido ligand bearing flanking benzannulated N-heterocyclic donors (tBuL) was used to prepare deeply colored, pseudo-octahedral coordination complexes of a range of first-row transition and main-group metals [(tBuL)2M0/+; M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga]. While the Fe(II) congener exhibits the sought-after broad absorption, isostructural and isoelectronic complexes of other first-row transition and main-group metals show vastly different absorption and redox properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations point toward the relative energies of the metal d orbitals and ligand orbitals as the source of major changes in electronic structure, confirming aspects and limitations of the predictive 'HOMO inversion' model in experimentally realized systems with implications for the design of abundant transition-metal sensitizers with broad, panchromatic absorptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Braun
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute of Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Issiah B Lozada
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute of Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute of Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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10
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Coll RP, Dunbar KR. Three Reversible Redox States of Thiolate-Bridged Dirhodium Complexes without Metal–Metal Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16313-16323. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Coll
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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11
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Huang J, Gallucci JC, Turro C. Panchromatic dirhodium photocatalysts for dihydrogen generation with red light. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9775-9783. [PMID: 34094240 PMCID: PMC8162114 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of three dirhodium complexes cis-[Rh2(DPhB)2(bncn)2](BF4)2 (1, DPhB = diphenylbenzamidine; bncn = benzocinnoline), cis-[Rh2(DPhTA)2(bncn)2](BF4)2 (2, DPhTA = diphenyltriazenide), and cis-[Rh2(DPhF)2(bncn)2](BF4)2 (3, DPhF = N,N′-diphenylformamidinate) shown to act as single-molecule photocatalysts for H2 production was evaluated. Complexes 1–3 are able to generate H2 in the absence of any other catalyst in homogenous acidic solution upon irradiation with red light in the presence of the sacrificial electron donor BNAH (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide). The excited state of each complex is reductively quenched by BNAH, producing the corresponding one-electron reduced complex. The latter is also able to absorb a photon and oxidize another BNAH molecule, producing the doubly-reduced, activated form of the catalyst that is able to generate H2. The present work shows the effect of substitution on the bridging ligands on the driving force for reductive quenching and hydricity of the proposed active intermediate, both of which affect the efficiency of hydrogen production. Complexes 1–3 operate following a double reductive quenching mechanism and, importantly, are active with red light. This work lays the foundation for the design of single-molecule photocatalysts that operate from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared, such that solar photons throughout this entire range are harnessed and utilized for solar energy conversion. Three dirhodium complexes cis-[Rh2(DPhB)2(bncn)2](BF4)2, cis-[Rh2(DPhTA)2(bncn)2](BF4)2 and cis-[Rh2(DPhF)2(bncn)2](BF4)2 are shown to act as single-molecule photocatalysts for H2 production.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Judith C Gallucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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12
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Whittemore TJ, Xue C, Huang J, Gallucci JC, Turro C. Single-chromophore single-molecule photocatalyst for the production of dihydrogen using low-energy light. Nat Chem 2020; 12:180-185. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Xue C, Sayre HJ, Turro C. Electron injection into titanium dioxide by panchromatic dirhodium photosensitizers with low energy red light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10428-10431. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two new Rh2(ii,ii) dyes were synthesized and anchored to TiO2 for charge injection upon low energy irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Hannah J. Sayre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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14
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Whittemore TJ, Millet A, Sayre HJ, Xue C, Dolinar BS, White EG, Dunbar KR, Turro C. Tunable Rh 2(II,II) Light Absorbers as Excited-State Electron Donors and Acceptors Accessible with Red/Near-Infrared Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5161-5170. [PMID: 29617115 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of dirhodium(II,II) paddlewheeel complexes of the type cis-[Rh2(μ-DTolF)2(μ-L)2][BF4]2, where DTolF = N,N'-di( p-tolyl)formamidinate and L = 1,8-naphthyridine (np), 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine (pynp), 2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine (qnnp), and 2-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)quinoxaline (qxnp), were synthesized and characterized. These molecules feature new tridentate ligands that concomitantly bridge the dirhodium core and cap the axial positions. The complexes absorb light strongly throughout the ultraviolet/visible range and into the near-infrared region and exhibit relatively long-lived triplet excited-state lifetimes. Both the singlet and triplet excited states exhibit metal/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (ML-LCT) in nature as determined by transient absorption spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry measurements. When irradiated with low-energy light, these black dyes are capable of undergoing reversible bimolecular electron transfer both to the electron acceptor methyl viologen and from the electron donor p-phenylenediamine. Photoinduced charge transfer in the latter was inaccessible with previous Rh2(II,II) complexes. These results underscore the fact that the excited state of this class of molecules can be readily tuned for electron-transfer reactions upon simple synthetic modification and highlight their potential as excellent candidates for p- and n-type semiconductor applications and for improved harvesting of low-energy light to drive useful photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Whittemore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Agustin Millet
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Hannah J Sayre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Congcong Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Brian S Dolinar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Eryn G White
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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15
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Witt SE, White TA, Li Z, Dunbar KR, Turro C. Cationic dirhodium(ii,ii) complexes for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to HCOOH. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:12175-12178. [PMID: 27722523 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two formamidinate bridged dirhodium(ii,ii) complexes with chelating diimine ligands L, [Rh2(μ-DTolF)2(L)2]2+, were shown to electrocatalytically reduce CO2 in the presence of H2O. Analysis of the reaction mixture and headspace following bulk electrolysis revealed H2 and HCOOH as the major products. The variation in relative product formation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Travis A White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zhanyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Whittemore TJ, Sayre HJ, Xue C, White TA, Gallucci JC, Turro C. New Rh2(II,II) Complexes for Solar Energy Applications: Panchromatic Absorption and Excited-State Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14724-14732. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Whittemore
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hannah J. Sayre
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Congcong Xue
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Judith C. Gallucci
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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17
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Haldrup K, Dohn AO, Shelby ML, Mara MW, Stickrath AB, Harpham MR, Huang J, Zhang X, Møller KB, Chakraborty A, Castellano FN, Tiede DM, Chen LX. Butterfly Deformation Modes in a Photoexcited Pyrazolate-Bridged Pt Complex Measured by Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7475-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Haldrup
- Physics
Department, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asmus O. Dohn
- Physics
Department, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Megan L. Shelby
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael W. Mara
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus B. Møller
- Physics
Department, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arnab Chakraborty
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | | | - Lin X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Brown-Xu SE, Kelley MSJ, Fransted KA, Chakraborty A, Schatz GC, Castellano FN, Chen LX. Tunable Excited-State Properties and Dynamics as a Function of Pt–Pt Distance in Pyrazolate-Bridged Pt(II) Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:543-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Brown-Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew S. J. Kelley
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kelly A. Fransted
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Arnab Chakraborty
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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19
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White TA, Dunbar KR, Thummel RP, Turro C. Electronic influences of bridging and chelating diimine ligand coordination in formamidinate-bridged Rh2(II,II) dimers. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Horvath R, Fraser MG, Clark CA, Sun XZ, George MW, Gordon KC. Nature of Excited States of Ruthenium-Based Solar Cell Dyes in Solution: A Comprehensive Spectroscopic Study. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11697-708. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Horvath
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Fraser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte A. Clark
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Talking East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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21
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White TA, Witt SE, Li Z, Dunbar KR, Turro C. New Rh2(II,II) Architecture for the Catalytic Reduction of H+. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10042-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhanyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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22
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Novel paste electrodes based on phosphonium salt room temperature ionic liquids for studying the redox properties of insoluble compounds. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Li Z, David A, Albani BA, Pellois JP, Turro C, Dunbar KR. Optimizing the Electronic Properties of Photoactive Anticancer Oxypyridine-Bridged Dirhodium(II,II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17058-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5078359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Amanda David
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Bryan A. Albani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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24
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Chartrand D, Hanan GS. Optoelectronic properties and structural effects of the incremental addition of pyridyl moieties on a rhodium dimer. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10340-52. [PMID: 25039858 DOI: 10.1021/jp502243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of five C-C coupling products obtained from the reaction of a paddlewheel tetrakis 4-bromo-N,N'-diphenylbenzamidinate dirhodium dimer with 4-pyridineboronic acid pinacol ester are reported. The coupling reactions occur on one to four amidinate ligands, leading to rhodium dimers containing [tetrakis, tris, cis-bis, trans-bis, or mono]-N,N'-diphenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamidinate ligands, effectively creating new binding sites on the metal complexes. The new compounds were isolated by column chromatography, and the exact conformations were verified by X-ray crystallography. Redox processes showed only a small variation within the coupling products and included two oxidations (1.30 ± 0.02 V, 0.27 ± 0.01 V vs SCE) and one reduction (-1.55 ± 0.02 V vs SCE), all centered on the Rh-Rh core. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to analyze this series with four other fully characterized N,N'-diphenyl-aryl-amidinate rhodium dimers that were found in the literature. The two main absorption bands of these nine rhodium dimers were compared to TD-DFT calculations, both giving excellent correlation. The first, a metal-to-metal (MM) transition around 11800 cm(-1) (845 nm) was blue-shifted in the calculation, with an average difference of 1378 cm(-1) but had only a 15 cm(-1) standard deviation, showing a strong correlation despite the energy difference. The second, a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition around 18900 cm(-1) (530 nm) was a near perfect match with only a 64 cm(-1) average difference and a 35 cm(-1) standard deviation. The electronic transition, redox potentials, and HOMO and LUMO energies of all dimers were plotted versus the Hammett parameter (σ) of the aryl group and Taft's model with 2 components: field effects (σF) and resonance (σR). The properties involving only the Rh-Rh core (MM band, all oxidation potentials, HOMO and LUMO) were fit with a single set of σF and σR contributions (73% and 27%), with a goodness-of-fit (R(2)) value ranging from 90% to 99.7%. The metal-dimer to ligand charge-transfer band, involving the amidinate ligand, displayed different values of contribution with 45% and 55% for the σF and σR, respectively, with a fit of 94.8%. The accuracy of these fits enables the designed modification of amidinate-based dirhodium complexes to achieve desirable redox and spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chartrand
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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25
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Kramer WW, Cameron LA, Zarkesh RA, Ziller JW, Heyduk AF. Donor-acceptor ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer coordination complexes of nickel(II). Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8825-37. [PMID: 25100175 DOI: 10.1021/ic5017214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A family of charge-transfer chromophores comprising square-planar nickel(II) complexes with one catecholate donor ligand and one α-diimine acceptor ligand is reported. The nine new chromophores were prepared using three different catecholate ligands and three different α-diimine ligands. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on all members of the series confirm a catecholate donor-nickel(II)-α-diimine acceptor electronic structure. The coplanar arrangement of donor and acceptor ligands manifests an intense ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LL'CT) absorption band that can be tuned incrementally from 650 nm (1.9 eV) to 1370 nm (0.9 eV). Electrochemical studies of all nine complexes reveal rich redox chemistry with two one-electron reduction processes and two one-electron oxidation processes. For one dye, both the singly reduced anion and the singly oxidized cation were prepared, isolated, and characterized by EPR spectroscopy to confirm ligand-localization of the redox processes. The optical and electrochemical properties of these new complexes identify them as attractive candidates for charge-transfer photochemistry and solar-energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley W Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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