1
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Hunter NH, Thomas CM. Polarized metal-metal multiple bonding and reactivity of phosphinoamide-bridged heterobimetallic group IV/cobalt compounds. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:15764-15781. [PMID: 39224084 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic complexes are studied for their ability to mimic biological systems as well as active sites in heterogeneous catalysts. While specific interest in early/late heterobimetallic systems has fluctuated, they serve as important models to fundamentally understand metal-metal bonding. Specifically, the polarized metal-metal multiple bonds formed in highly reduced early/late heterobimetallic complexes exemplify how each metal modulates the electronic environment and reactivity of the complex as a whole. In this Perspective, we chronicle the development of phosphinoamide-supported group IV/cobalt heterobimetallic complexes. This combination of metals allows access to a low valent Co-I center, which performs a rich variety of bond activation reactions when coupled with the pendent Lewis acidic metal center. Conversely, the low valent late transition metal is also observed to act as an electron reservoir, allowing for redox processes to occur at the d0 group IV metal site. Most of the bond activation reactions carried out by phosphinoamide-bridged M/Co-I (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) complexes are facilitated by cleavage of metal-metal multiple bonds, which serve as readily accessible electron reservoirs. Comparative studies in which both the number of buttressing ligands as well as the identity of the early metal were varied to give a library of heterobimetallic complexes are summarized, providing a thorough understanding of the reactivity of M/Co-I heterobimetallic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael H Hunter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W, 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Christine M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W, 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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2
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Spielvogel KD, Campbell EJ, Chowdhury SR, Benner F, Demir S, Hatzis GP, Petras HR, Sembukuttiarachchige D, Shepherd JJ, Thomas CM, Vlaisavljevich B, Daly SR. Modulation of Fe-Fe distance and spin in diiron complexes using tetradentate ligands with different flanking donors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8399-8402. [PMID: 39028006 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis and characterization of diiron complexes containing triaryl N4 and N2S2 ligands derived from o-phenylenediamine. The complexes display significant differences in Fe-Fe distances and magnetic properties that depend on the identity of the flanking NMe2 and SMe donor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Spielvogel
- The University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Emily J Campbell
- The University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sabyasachi Roy Chowdhury
- The University of South Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 414 E Clark St., Vermillion SD, 57069, USA
| | - Florian Benner
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Selvan Demir
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Gillian P Hatzis
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hayley R Petras
- The University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | - James J Shepherd
- The University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Christine M Thomas
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- The University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- The University of South Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 414 E Clark St., Vermillion SD, 57069, USA
| | - Scott R Daly
- The University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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3
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Sun R, Jiang Y, Chen HR, Jiang X, Cao YC, Ye S, Liao RZ, Tung CH, Wang W. Bimetallic H 2 Addition and Intramolecular Caryl-H Activation Mediated by an Iron-Zinc Hydride. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6082-6091. [PMID: 38512050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Heteronuclear Fe(μ-H)Zn hydride Cp*Fe(1,2-Cy2PC6H4)HZnEt (3) undergoes reversible intramolecular Caryl-H reductive elimination through coupling of the cyclometalated phosphinoaryl ligand and the hydride, giving rise to a formal Fe(0)-Zn(II) species. Addition of CO intercepts this equilibrium, affording Cp*(Cy2PPh)(CO)Fe-ZnEt that features a dative Fe-Zn bond. Significantly, this system achieves bimetallic H2 addition, as demonstrated by the transformation of the monohydride Fe(μ-H)Zn to a deuterated dihydride Fe-(μ-D)2-Zn upon reaction with D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hao-Ran Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuebin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yu-Chen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Korona K, Terlecki M, Justyniak I, Magott M, Żukrowski J, Kornowicz A, Pinkowicz D, Kubas A, Lewiński J. A New Look at Molecular and Electronic Structure of Homoleptic Diiron(II,II) Complexes with
N,N
‐Bidentate Ligands: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200620. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzesimir Korona
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Terlecki
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Magott
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Jan Żukrowski
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology AGH University of Science and Technology Av. A. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Cracow Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kornowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dawid Pinkowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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5
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Selective hydroboration of terminal alkynes catalyzed by heterometallic clusters with uranium–metal triple bonds. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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6
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Taylor MG, Nandy A, Lu CC, Kulik HJ. Deciphering Cryptic Behavior in Bimetallic Transition-Metal Complexes with Machine Learning. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9812-9820. [PMID: 34597514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an alternative, data-driven approach to uncovering structure-property relationships for the rational design of heterobimetallic transition-metal complexes that exhibit metal-metal bonding. We tailor graph-based representations of the metal-local environment for these complexes for use in multiple linear regression and kernel ridge regression (KRR) models. We curate a set of 28 experimentally characterized complexes to develop a multiple linear regression model for oxidation potentials. We achieve good accuracy (mean absolute error of 0.25 V) and preserve transferability to unseen experimental data with a new ligand structure. We also train a KRR model on a subset of 330 structurally characterized heterobimetallics to predict the degree of metal-metal bonding. This KRR model predicts relative metal-metal bond lengths in the test set to within 5%, and analysis of key features reveals the fundamental atomic contributions (e.g., the valence electron configuration) that most strongly influence the behavior of these complexes. Our work provides guidance for rational bimetallic design, suggesting that properties, including the formal shortness ratio, should be transferable from one period to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Charles RM, Brewster TP. H 2 and carbon-heteroatom bond activation mediated by polarized heterobimetallic complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 433:213765. [PMID: 35418712 PMCID: PMC9004596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of heterobimetallic chemistry has rapidly expanded over the last decade. In addition to their interesting structural features, heterobimetallic structures have been found to facilitate a range of stoichiometric bond activations and catalytic processes. The accompanying review summarizes advances in this area since January of 2010. The review encompasses well-characterized heterobimetallic complexes, with a particular focus on mechanistic details surrounding their reactivity applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malcolm Charles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, 3744 Walker Ave., Smith Chemistry Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - Timothy P Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, 3744 Walker Ave., Smith Chemistry Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
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8
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the past 10-15 years on the design, synthesis, and properties of multimetallic coordination complexes with heterometallic metal-metal bonds that are paramagnetic. Several general classes have been explored including heterobimetallic compounds, heterotrimetallic compounds of either linear or triangular geometry, discrete molecular compounds containing a linear array of more than three metal atoms, and coordination polymers with a heterometallic metal-metal bonded backbone. We focus in this Review on the synthetic methods employed to access these compounds, their structural features, magnetic properties, and electronic structure. Regarding the metal-metal bond distances, we make use of the formal shortness ratio (FSR) for comparison of bond distances between a broad range of metal atoms of different sizes. The magnetic properties of these compounds can be described using an extension of the Goodenough-Kanamori rules to cases where two magnetic ions interact via a third metal atom. In describing the electronic structure, we focus on the ability (or not) of electrons to be delocalized across heterometallic bonds, allowing for rationalizations and predictions of single-molecule conductance measurements in paramagnetic heterometallic molecular wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Chipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Moore JT, Chatterjee S, Tarrago M, Clouston LJ, Sproules S, Bill E, Bernales V, Gagliardi L, Ye S, Lancaster KM, Lu CC. Enhanced Fe-Centered Redox Flexibility in Fe-Ti Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6199-6214. [PMID: 30957996 PMCID: PMC6727590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Previously, we reported the synthesis
of Ti[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3] and
the Fe–Ti complex, FeTi[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3], abbreviated as TiL (1), and FeTiL
(2), respectively. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of the complete redox families of the monometallic
Ti and Fe–Ti compounds. Cyclic voltammetry studies on FeTiL
reveal both reduction and oxidation processes at −2.16 and
−1.36 V (versus Fc/Fc+), respectively. Two isostructural
redox members, [FeTiL]+ and [FeTiL]− (2ox and 2red, respectively)
were synthesized and characterized, along with BrFeTiL (2-Br) and the monometallic [TiL]+ complex (1ox). The solid-state structures of the [FeTiL]+/0/– series feature short metal–metal bonds, ranging from 1.94–2.38
Å, which are all shorter than the sum of the Ti and Fe single-bond
metallic radii (cf. 2.49 Å). To elucidate the bonding and electronic
structures, the complexes were characterized with a host of spectroscopic
methods, including NMR, EPR, and 57Fe Mössbauer,
as well as Ti and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These
studies, along with hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
DFT calculations, suggest that the redox processes in the isostructural
[FeTiL]+,0,– series are primarily Fe-based and that
the polarized Fe–Ti π-bonds play a role in delocalizing
some of the additional electron density from Fe to Ti (net 13%). An isostructural redox series of Fe≡Ti complexes was investigated
using a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional
theory to elucidate their electronic structures and to understand
their polarized metal−metal bonding. Overall, the results support
that the redox changes occur primarily at the Fe site though some
electron density is delocalized to Ti. Hence, the Ti plays an important
role in enhancing the redox flexibility of the single Fe site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Laura J Clouston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Varinia Bernales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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10
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Vogiatzis KD, Polynski MV, Kirkland JK, Townsend J, Hashemi A, Liu C, Pidko EA. Computational Approach to Molecular Catalysis by 3d Transition Metals: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2453-2523. [PMID: 30376310 PMCID: PMC6396130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry provides a versatile toolbox for studying mechanistic details of catalytic reactions and holds promise to deliver practical strategies to enable the rational in silico catalyst design. The versatile reactivity and nontrivial electronic structure effects, common for systems based on 3d transition metals, introduce additional complexity that may represent a particular challenge to the standard computational strategies. In this review, we discuss the challenges and capabilities of modern electronic structure methods for studying the reaction mechanisms promoted by 3d transition metal molecular catalysts. Particular focus will be placed on the ways of addressing the multiconfigurational problem in electronic structure calculations and the role of expert bias in the practical utilization of the available methods. The development of density functionals designed to address transition metals is also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the methods that account for solvation effects and the multicomponent nature of practical catalytic systems. This is followed by an overview of recent computational studies addressing the mechanistic complexity of catalytic processes by molecular catalysts based on 3d metals. Cases that involve noninnocent ligands, multicomponent reaction systems, metal-ligand and metal-metal cooperativity, as well as modeling complex catalytic systems such as metal-organic frameworks are presented. Conventionally, computational studies on catalytic mechanisms are heavily dependent on the chemical intuition and expert input of the researcher. Recent developments in advanced automated methods for reaction path analysis hold promise for eliminating such human-bias from computational catalysis studies. A brief overview of these approaches is presented in the final section of the review. The paper is closed with general concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin K. Kirkland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob Townsend
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chong Liu
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- TheoMAT
group, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg 191002, Russia
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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11
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Barden BA, Culcu G, Krogman JP, Bezpalko MW, Hatzis GP, Dickie DA, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. Assessing the Metal–Metal Interactions in a Series of Heterobimetallic Nb/M Complexes (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) and Their Effect on Multielectron Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:821-833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Barden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gursu Culcu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jeremy P. Krogman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Mark W. Bezpalko
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Gillian P. Hatzis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bruce M. Foxman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Christine M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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12
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Sánchez RH, Betley TA. Thermally Persistent High-Spin Ground States in Octahedral Iron Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16792-16806. [PMID: 30403845 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical oxidation and reduction of the all-ferrous (HL)2Fe6 in THF affords isostructural, coordinatively unsaturated clusters of the type [(HL)2Fe6] n: [(HL)2Fe6][BArF24] (1, n = +1; where [BArF24]- = tetrakis[(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate), [Bu4N][(HL)2Fe6] (2a, n = -1), [P][(HL)2Fe6] (2b, n = -1; where [P]+ = tributyl(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)phosphonium), and [Bu4N]2[(HL)2Fe6] (3, n = -2). Each member of the redox-transfer series was characterized by zero-field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and magnetometry. Redox-directed trends are observed when comparing the structural metrics within the [Fe6] core. The metal octahedron [Fe6] decreases marginally in volume as the molecular reduction state increases as gauged by the Fe-Feavg distance varying from 2.608(11) Å ( n = +1) to 2.573(3) ( n = -2). In contrast, the mean Fe-N distances and ∠Fe-N-Fe angles correlate linearly with the [Fe6] oxidation level, or alternatively, the changes observed within the local Fe-N4 coordination planes vary linearly with the aggregate spin ground state. In general, as the spin ground state ( S) increases, the Fe-N(H)avg distances also increase. The structural metric perturbations within the [Fe6] core and measured spin ground states were rationalized extending the previously proposed molecular orbital diagram derived for (HL)2Fe6. Chemical reduction of the (HL)2Fe6 cluster results in an abrupt increase in spin ground state from S = 6 for the all-ferrous cluster, to S = 19/2 in the monoanionic 2b and S = 11 for the dianionic 3. The observation of asymmetric intervalence charge transfer bands in 3 provides further evidence of the fully delocalized ground state observed by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy for all species examined (1-3). For each of the clusters examined within the electron-transfer series, the observed spin ground states thermally persist to 300 K. In particular, the S = 11 in dianionic 3 and S = 19/2 in the monoanionic 2b represent the highest spin ground states isolated up to room temperature known to date. The increase in spin ground state results from population of the antibonding orbital band comprised of the Fe-N σ* interactions. As such, the thermally persistent ground states arise from population of the resultant single spin manifolds in accordance with Hund's rules. The large spin ground states, indicative of strong ferromagnetic electronic alignment of the valence electrons, result from strong direct exchange electronic coupling mediated by Fe-Fe orbital overlap within the [Fe6] cores, equivalent to a strong double exchange magnetic coupling B for 3 that was calculated to be 309 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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13
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Alvarez MA, García ME, García-Vivó D, Huergo E, Ruiz MA. Acetonitrile Adduct [MoReCp(μ-H)(μ-PCy 2)(CO) 5(NCMe)]: A Surrogate of an Unsaturated Heterometallic Hydride Complex. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:912-915. [PMID: 29320172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The title compound was prepared upon irradiation of acetonitrile solutions of the readily available hexacarbonyl [MoReCp(μ-H)(μ-PCy2)(CO)6]. The acetonitrile ligand in this compound could be replaced easily by donor molecules or displaced upon two-electron reduction. In most cases, the substitution step was followed by additional processes such as insertion into the M-H bonds, E-H bond cleavage, H2 elimination, and other transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Esther García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Vivó
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Huergo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel A Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo , E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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14
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Culcu G, Iovan DA, Krogman JP, Wilding MJT, Bezpalko MW, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. Heterobimetallic Complexes Comprised of Nb and Fe: Isolation of a Coordinatively Unsaturated NbIII/Fe0 Bimetallic Complex Featuring a Nb≡Fe Triple Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9627-9636. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gursu Culcu
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeremy P. Krogman
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Matthew J. T. Wilding
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mark W. Bezpalko
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bruce M. Foxman
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Christine M. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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15
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McWilliams SF, Brennan-Wydra E, MacLeod KC, Holland PL. Density Functional Calculations for Prediction of 57Fe Mössbauer Isomer Shifts and Quadrupole Splittings in β-Diketiminate Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2594-2606. [PMID: 28691111 PMCID: PMC5494642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relative ease of Mössbauer spectroscopy and of density functional theory (DFT) calculations encourages the use of Mössbauer parameters as a validation method for calculations, and the use of calculations as a double check on crystallographic structures. A number of studies have proposed correlations between the computationally determined electron density at the iron nucleus and the observed isomer shift, but deviations from these correlations in low-valent iron β-diketiminate complexes encouraged us to determine a new correlation for these compounds. The use of B3LYP/def2-TZVP in the ORCA platform provides an excellent balance of accuracy and speed. We provide here not only this new correlation and a clear guide to its use but also a systematic analysis of the limitations of this approach. We also highlight the impact of crystallographic inaccuracies, DFT model truncation, and spin states, with intent to assist experimentalists to use Mössbauer spectroscopy and calculations together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean F McWilliams
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emma Brennan-Wydra
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - K Cory MacLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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16
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Rosenkoetter KE, Ziller JW, Heyduk AF. Heterobimetallic complexes of palladium and platinum containing a redox-active W[SNS]2 metalloligand. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:5503-5507. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04451d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic W–Pd and W–Pt complexes have been prepared using the redox-active W(SNS)2 metalloligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan F. Heyduk
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
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17
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Wu B, Wilding MJT, Kuppuswamy S, Bezpalko MW, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. Exploring Trends in Metal–Metal Bonding, Spectroscopic Properties, and Conformational Flexibility in a Series of Heterobimetallic Ti/M and V/M Complexes (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12137-12148. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Matthew J. T. Wilding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Subramaniam Kuppuswamy
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Mark W. Bezpalko
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bruce M. Foxman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Christine M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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18
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Carlsen RW, Ess DH. Allylic amination reactivity of Ni, Pd, and Pt heterobimetallic and monometallic complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9835-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal heterobimetallic complexes with dative metal–metal interactions have the potential for novel fast reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Brigham Young University
- Provo
- USA
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Brigham Young University
- Provo
- USA
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19
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Horak KT, Lin S, Rittle J, Agapie T. Heterometallic Effects in Trinuclear Complexes Supported by p-Terphenyl Diphosphine Ligands. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Horak
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East
California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sibo Lin
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East
California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonathan Rittle
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East
California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East
California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Sánchez RH, Zheng SL, Betley TA. Ligand Field Strength Mediates Electron Delocalization in Octahedral [((H)L)2Fe6(L')m](n+) Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11126-43. [PMID: 26231520 PMCID: PMC5572642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the impact of terminal ligand binding on a variety of cluster properties (redox delocalization, ground-state stabilization, and breadth of redox state accessibility), we prepared three electron-transfer series based on the hexanuclear iron cluster [((H)L)2Fe6(L')m](n+) in which the terminal ligand field strength was modulated from weak to strong (L' = DMF, MeCN, CN). The extent of intracore M-M interactions is gauged by M-M distances, spin ground state persistence, and preference for mixed-valence states as determined by electrochemical comproportionation constants. Coordination of DMF to the [((H)L)2Fe6] core leads to weaker Fe-Fe interactions, as manifested by the observation of ground states populated only at lower temperatures (<100 K) and by the greater evidence of valence trapping within the mixed-valence states. Comproportionation constants determined electrochemically (Kc = 10(4)-10(8)) indicate that the redox series exhibits electronic delocalization (class II-III), yet no intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) bands are observable in the near-IR spectra. Ligation of the stronger σ donor acetonitrile results in stabilization of spin ground states to higher temperatures (∼300 K) and a high degree of valence delocalization (Kc = 10(2)-10(8)) with observable IVCT bands. Finally, the anionic cyanide-bound series reveals the highest degree of valence delocalization with the most intense IVCT bands (Kc = 10(12)-10(20)) and spin ground state population beyond room temperature. Across the series, at a given formal oxidation level, the capping ligand on the hexairon cluster dictates the overall properties of the aggregate, modulating the redox delocalization and the persistence of the intracore coupling of the metal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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21
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Eisenhart RJ, Rudd PA, Planas N, Boyce DW, Carlson RK, Tolman WB, Bill E, Gagliardi L, Lu CC. Pushing the Limits of Delta Bonding in Metal-Chromium Complexes with Redox Changes and Metal Swapping. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7579-92. [PMID: 26168331 PMCID: PMC5960016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Into the metalloligand Cr[N(o-(NCH2P((i)Pr)2)C6H4)3] (1, CrL) was inserted a second chromium atom to generate the dichromium complex Cr2L (2), which is a homobimetallic analogue of the known MCrL complexes, where M is manganese (3) or iron (4). The cationic and anionic counterparts, [MCrL](+) and [MCrL](-), respectively, were targeted, and each MCr pair was isolated in at least one other redox state. The solid-state structures of the [MCrL](+,0,-) redox members are essentially the same, with ultrashort metal-metal bonds between 1.96 and 1.74 Å. The formal shortness ratios (r) of these interactions are between 0.84 and 0.74 and are interpreted as triple to quintuple metal-metal bonds with the aid of theory. The trio of (d-d)(10) species [Cr2L](-) (2(red)), MnCrL (3), and [FeCrL](+) (4(ox)) are S = 0 diamagnets. On the basis of M-Cr bond distances and theoretical calculations, the strength of the metal-metal bond across the (d-d)(10) series increases in the order Fe < Mn < Cr. The methylene protons in the ligand are shifted downfield in the (1)H NMR spectra, and the diamagnetic anisotropy of the metal-metal bond was calculated as -3500 × 10(-36), -3900 × 10(-36), and -5800 × 10(-36) m(3) molecule(-1) for 2(red), 3, and 4(ox) respectively. The magnitude of diamagnetic anisotropy is, thus, affected more by bond polarity than by bond order. A comparative vis-NIR study of quintuply bonded 2(red) and 3 revealed a large red shift in the δ(4) → δ(3)δ* transition energy upon swapping from the (Cr2)(2+) to the (MnCr)(3+) core. Complex 2(red) was further investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy, and a band at 434 cm(-1) was assigned as the Cr-Cr bond vibration. Finally, 4(ox) exhibited a Mössbauer doublet with an isomer shift of 0.18 mm/s that suggests a primarily Fe-based oxidation to Fe(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed J. Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - P. Alex Rudd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nora Planas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David W. Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William B. Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Lee KH, Napoline J, Bezpalko MW, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. Probing substituent effects in phosphinoamine ligands using Mo(CO)5L complexes. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Kuppuswamy S, Cass T, Bezpalko MW, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. Synthesis and investigation of the metal–metal interactions in heterobimetallic Cr/Rh and Cr/Ir complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Banerjee S, Karunananda MK, Bagherzadeh S, Jayarathne U, Parmelee SR, Waldhart GW, Mankad NP. Synthesis and characterization of heterobimetallic complexes with direct Cu-M bonds (M = Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Ru, W) supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: a toolkit for catalytic reaction discovery. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11307-15. [PMID: 25275927 DOI: 10.1021/ic5019778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Building upon the precedent of catalytically active (NHC)Cu-FeCp(CO)2 complexes, a series of (NHC)Cu-[M] complexes were synthesized via the addition of Na(+)[M](-) reagents to (NHC)CuCl synthons. The different [M](-) anions used span a range of 7 × 10(7) relative nucleophilicity units, allowing for controlled variation of nucleophile/electrophile pairing in the heterobimetallic species. Direct Cu-M bonds (M = Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Ru, W) formed readily when the bulky IPr carbene was used as a support. Crystallographic characterization and computational examination of these complexes was conducted. For the smaller IMes carbene, structural isomerism was observed when using the weakest [M](-) nucleophiles, with (IMes)Cu-[M] and {(IMes)2Cu}{Cu[M]2} isomers being observed in equilibrium. Collectively, the series of complexes provides a toolbox for catalytic reaction discovery with precise control of structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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