1
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Hirschi S, Ward TR, Meier WP, Müller DJ, Fotiadis D. Synthetic Biology: Bottom-Up Assembly of Molecular Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16294-16328. [PMID: 36179355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bottom-up assembly of biological and chemical components opens exciting opportunities to engineer artificial vesicular systems for applications with previously unmet requirements. The modular combination of scaffolds and functional building blocks enables the engineering of complex systems with biomimetic or new-to-nature functionalities. Inspired by the compartmentalized organization of cells and organelles, lipid or polymer vesicles are widely used as model membrane systems to investigate the translocation of solutes and the transduction of signals by membrane proteins. The bottom-up assembly and functionalization of such artificial compartments enables full control over their composition and can thus provide specifically optimized environments for synthetic biological processes. This review aims to inspire future endeavors by providing a diverse toolbox of molecular modules, engineering methodologies, and different approaches to assemble artificial vesicular systems. Important technical and practical aspects are addressed and selected applications are presented, highlighting particular achievements and limitations of the bottom-up approach. Complementing the cutting-edge technological achievements, fundamental aspects are also discussed to cater to the inherently diverse background of the target audience, which results from the interdisciplinary nature of synthetic biology. The engineering of proteins as functional modules and the use of lipids and block copolymers as scaffold modules for the assembly of functionalized vesicular systems are explored in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on ensuring the controlled assembly of these components into increasingly complex vesicular systems. Finally, all descriptions are presented in the greater context of engineering valuable synthetic biological systems for applications in biocatalysis, biosensing, bioremediation, or targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hirschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Molecular Systems Engineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Molecular Systems Engineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang P Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Molecular Systems Engineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Molecular Systems Engineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Molecular Systems Engineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Di Leone S, Kyropoulou M, Köchlin J, Wehr R, Meier WP, Palivan CG. Tailoring a Solvent-Assisted Method for Solid-Supported Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6561-6570. [PMID: 35580858 PMCID: PMC9161443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combining amphiphilic block copolymers and phospholipids opens new opportunities for the preparation of artificial membranes. The chemical versatility and mechanical robustness of polymers together with the fluidity and biocompatibility of lipids afford hybrid membranes with unique properties that are of great interest in the field of bioengineering. Owing to its straightforwardness, the solvent-assisted method (SA) is particularly attractive for obtaining solid-supported membranes. While the SA method was first developed for lipids and very recently extended to amphiphilic block copolymers, its potential to develop hybrid membranes has not yet been explored. Here, we tailor the SA method to prepare solid-supported polymer-lipid hybrid membranes by combining a small library of amphiphilic diblock copolymers poly(dimethyl siloxane)-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(butylene oxide)-block-poly(glycidol) with phospholipids commonly found in cell membranes including 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(glutaryl). The optimization of the conditions under which the SA method was applied allowed for the formation of hybrid polymer-lipid solid-supported membranes. The real-time formation and morphology of these hybrid membranes were evaluated using a combination of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy. Depending on the type of polymer-lipid combination, significant differences in membrane coverage, formation of domains, and quality of membranes were obtained. The use of the SA method for a rapid and controlled formation of solid-supported hybrid membranes provides the basis for developing customized artificial hybrid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Leone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- School
of Life Sciences, Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland
(FHNW), Grundenstrasse
40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Myrto Kyropoulou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Systems Engineering (NCCR
MSE), BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse
24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Köchlin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Wehr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang P. Meier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Systems Engineering (NCCR
MSE), BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse
24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Systems Engineering (NCCR
MSE), BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse
24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Abstract
Hierarchic self-assembly underpins much of the form and function seen in synthetic or biological soft materials. Lipids are paramount examples, building themselves in nature or synthetically in a variety of meso/nanostructures. Synthetic block copolymers capture many of lipid's structural and functional properties. Lipids are typically biocompatible and high molecular weight polymers are mechanically robust and chemically versatile. The development of new materials for applications like controlled drug/gene/protein delivery, biosensors, and artificial cells often requires the combination of lipids and polymers. The emergent composite material, a "polymer-lipid hybrid membrane", displays synergistic properties not seen in pure components. Specific examples include the observation that hybrid membranes undergo lateral phase separation that can correlate in registry across multiple layers into a three-dimensional phase-separated system with enhanced permeability of encapsulated drugs. It is timely to underpin these emergent properties in several categories of hybrid systems ranging from colloidal suspensions to supported hybrid films. In this review, we discuss the form and function of a vast number of polymer-lipid hybrid systems published to date. We rationalize the results to raise new fundamental understanding of hybrid self-assembling soft materials as well as to enable the design of new supramolecular systems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Kyung Go
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Reimhult E, Virk MM. Hybrid lipopolymer vesicle drug delivery and release systems. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:301-309. [PMID: 34421006 PMCID: PMC8383167 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid lipopolymer vesicles are membrane vesicles that can be self-assembled on both the micro- and nano-scale. On the nanoscale, they are potential novel smart materials for drug delivery systems that could combine the relative strengths of liposome and polymersome drug delivery systems without their respective weaknesses. However, little is known about their properties and how they could be tailored. Currently, most methods of investigation are limited to the microscale. Here we provide a brief review on hybrid vesicle systems with a specific focus on recent developments demonstrating that nanoscale hybrid vesicles have different properties from their macroscale counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Reimhult
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mudassar Mumtaz Virk
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Le Meins JF. Membrane reinforcement in giant hybrid polymer lipid vesicles achieved by controlling the polymer architecture. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:83-89. [PMID: 33150346 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of membranes of hybrid polymer lipid vesicles are so far relatively unknown. Since their discovery a decade ago, many studies have aimed to show their great potential in many fields of application, but so far, few systematic studies have been carried out to decipher the relationship between the molecular characteristics of the components (molar mass, chemical nature, and architecture of the copolymer), the membrane structure and its properties. In this work, we study the association of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-b-PEO) diblock copolymers of different molar masses in giant hybrid vesicles and establish a complete phase diagram of the membrane structure. We also measured the mechanical properties of the giant hybrid unilamellar vesicle (GHUV) through micropipette aspiration at different lipid/polymer compositions. Thanks to a previous work using triblock PEO-b-PDMS-b-PEO copolymers, we were able to reveal the effect of the architecture of the block copolymer on membrane structure and properties. Besides, the association of diblock copolymers PDMS-b-PEO and POPC leads to the formation of hybrid vesicles with unprecedented membrane toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France.
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6
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Go YK, Kambar N, Leal C. Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles of Phospholipids and Block Copolymers with Crystalline Domains. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1232. [PMID: 32485809 PMCID: PMC7362021 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid (PL) membranes are ubiquitous in nature and their phase behavior has been extensively studied. Lipids assemble in a variety of structures and external stimuli can activate a quick switch between them. Amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) can self-organize in analogous structures but are mechanically more robust and transformations are considerably slower. The combination of PL dynamical behavior with BCP chemical richness could lead to new materials for applications in bioinspired separation membranes and drug delivery. It is timely to underpin the phase behavior of these hybrid systems and a few recent studies have revealed that PL-BCP membranes display synergistic structural, phase-separation, and dynamical properties not seen in pure components. One example is phase-separation in the membrane plane, which seems to be strongly affected by the ability of the PL to form lamellar phases with ordered alkyl chains. In this paper we focus on a rather less explored design handle which is the crystalline properties of the BCP component. Using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and X-ray scattering we show that hybrid membranes of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-b-PCL) display BCP-rich and PL-rich domains when the BCP comprises crystalline moieties. The packing of the hydrophilic part of the BCP (PEG) favors mixing of DPPC at the molecular level or into nanoscale domains while semi-crystalline and hydrophobic PCL moieties bolster microscopic domain formation in the hybrid membrane plane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Y.K.G.); (N.K.)
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7
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Di Leone S, Avsar SY, Belluati A, Wehr R, Palivan CG, Meier W. Polymer–Lipid Hybrid Membranes as a Model Platform to Drive Membrane–Cytochrome c Interaction and Peroxidase-like Activity. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4454-4465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Leone
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), Grundenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Saziye Yorulmaz Avsar
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Belluati
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Wehr
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Khan S, McCabe J, Hill K, Beales PA. Biodegradable hybrid block copolymer – lipid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 562:418-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Carlotti S, Brûlet A, Schmutz M, Le Meins JF. Large and Giant Unilamellar Vesicle(s) Obtained by Self-Assembly of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)- b-poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers, Membrane Properties and Preliminary Investigation of their Ability to Form Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Vesicles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2013. [PMID: 31817266 PMCID: PMC6960648 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the emerging field of hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles, relatively few copolymers have been evaluated regarding their ability to form these structures and the resulting membrane properties have been scarcely studied. Here, we present the synthesis and self-assembly in solution of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers (PDMS-b-PEO). A library of different PDMS-b-PEO diblock copolymers was synthesized using ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) and further coupling with PEO chains via click chemistry. Self-assembly of the copolymers in water was studied using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Static Light Scattering (SLS), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), and Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM). Giant polymersomes obtained by electroformation present high toughness compared to those obtained from triblock copolymer in previous studies, for similar membrane thickness. Interestingly, these copolymers can be associated to phospholipids to form Giant Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles (GHUV); preliminary investigations of their mechanical properties show that tough hybrid vesicles can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Carlotti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
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10
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Dao TPT, Fernandes F, Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Prieto M, Le Meins JF. The combination of block copolymers and phospholipids to form giant hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs) does not systematically lead to "intermediate" membrane properties. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6476-6484. [PMID: 30043790 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the elasticity under stretching as well as the fluidity of Giant Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles (GHUV) has been studied. The membrane structuration of these GHUVs has already been studied at the micro and nanoscale in a previous study of the team. These GHUVs were obtained by the association of a fluid phospholipid (POPC) and a triblock copolymer, poly(ethyleneoxide)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethyleneoxide). Although the architecture of triblock copolymers can facilitate vesicle formation, they have been scarcely used to generate GHUVs. We show, through micropipette aspiration and FRAP experiments, that the incorporation of a low amount of lipids in the polymer membrane leads to a significant loss of the toughness of the vesicle and subtle modification of the lateral diffusion of polymer chains. We discuss the results within the framework of the conformation of the triblock copolymer chain in the membrane and in the presence of lipid nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P T Dao
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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11
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Zong W, Thingholm B, Itel F, Schattling PS, Brodszkij E, Mayer D, Stenger S, Goldie KN, Han X, Städler B. Phospholipid-Block Copolymer Hybrid Vesicles with Lysosomal Escape Ability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6874-6886. [PMID: 29776311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The success of nanoparticulate formulations in drug delivery depends on various aspects including their toxicity, internalization, and intracellular location. Vesicular assemblies consisting of phospholipids and amphiphilic block copolymers are an emerging platform, which combines the benefits from liposomes and polymersomes while overcoming their challenges. We report the synthesis of poly(cholesteryl methacrylate)- block-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (pCMA- b-pDMAEMA) block copolymers and their assembly with phospholipids into hybrid vesicles. Their geometry, their ζ-potential, and their ability to adsorb onto polymer-coated surfaces were assessed. Giant unilamellar vesicles were employed to confirm the presence of both the phospholipids and the block copolymer in the same membrane. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of selected hybrid vesicles was determined in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, primary rat Kupffer cells, and human macrophages. The internalization and lysosomal escape ability of the hybrid vesicles were confirmed using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Taken together, our findings illustrate that the reported hybrid vesicles are a promising complementary drug delivery platform for existing liposomes and polymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , 92 West Da-Zhi Street , Harbin 150001 , China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Bo Thingholm
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Fabian Itel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Philipp S Schattling
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Edit Brodszkij
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control , University Hospital Ulm , 89021 Ulm , Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control , University Hospital Ulm , 89021 Ulm , Germany
| | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , 92 West Da-Zhi Street , Harbin 150001 , China
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
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12
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Kang M, Lee B, Leal C. Three-Dimensional Microphase Separation and Synergistic Permeability in Stacked Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Membranes. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:9120-9132. [PMID: 31097879 PMCID: PMC6516788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present new structures of soft-material thin films that augment the functionality of substrate-mediated delivery systems. A hybrid material composed of phospholipids and block copolymers adopts a multilayered membrane structure supported on a solid surface. The hybrid films comprise intentional intramembrane heterogeneities that register across multilayers. These stacked domains convey unprecedented enhancement and control of permeability of solutes across micrometer-thick films. Using grazing incidence X-ray scattering, phase contrast atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy, we observed that in each lamella, lipid and polymers partition unevenly within the membrane plane segregating into lipid- or polymer-rich domains. Interestingly, we found evidence that like-domains align in registry across multilayers, thereby making phase separation three-dimensional. Phase boundaries exist over extended length scales to compensate the height mismatch between lipid and polymer molecules. We show that microphase separation in hybrid films can be exploited to augment the capability of drug-eluting substrates. Lipid-polymer hybrid films loaded with paclitaxel show synergistic permeability of drug compared to single-component counterparts. We present a thorough structural study of stacked lipid-polymer hybrid membranes and propose that the presence of registered domains and domain boundaries impart enhanced drug release functionality. This work offers new perspectives in designing thin films for controlled delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Deike S, Malke M, Lechner BD, Binder WH. Constraining Polymers into β-Turns: Miscibility and Phase Segregation Effects in Lipid Monolayers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E369. [PMID: 30971043 PMCID: PMC6418963 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Investigation of model biomembranes and their interactions with natural or synthetic macromolecules are of great interest to design membrane systems with specific properties such as drug-delivery. Here we study the behavior of amphiphilic β-turn mimetic polymer conjugates at the air⁻water interface and their interactions with lipid model membranes. For this endeavor we synthesized two different types of conjugates containing either hydrophobic polyisobutylene (PIB, Mn = 5000 g·mol-1) or helical poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC, Mn = 4000 g·mol-1), both polymers being immiscible, whereas polyisobutylene as a hydrophobic polymer can incorporate into lipid membranes. The conjugates were investigated using Langmuir-film techniques coupled with epifluorescence microscopy and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), in addition to their phase behavior in mixed lipid/polymer membranes composed of DPPC (dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). It was found that the DPPC monolayers are strongly disturbed by the presence of the polymer conjugates and that domain formation of the polymer conjugates occurs at high surface pressures (π > 30 mN·m-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Deike
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Marlen Malke
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Bob-Dan Lechner
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4, UK.
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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14
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Dao TPT, Brûlet A, Fernandes F, Er-Rafik M, Ferji K, Schweins R, Chapel JP, Fedorov A, Schmutz M, Prieto M, Sandre O, Le Meins JF. Mixing Block Copolymers with Phospholipids at the Nanoscale: From Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Wormlike Micelles to Vesicles Presenting Lipid Nanodomains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1705-1715. [PMID: 28128560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids, i.e., intimately mixed polymer/phospholipid vesicles, can potentially marry in a single membrane the best characteristics of the two separate components. The ability of amphiphilic copolymers and phospholipids to self-assemble into hybrid membranes has been studied until now on the submicrometer scale using optical microscopy on giant hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs), but limited information is available on large hybrid unilamellar vesicles (LHUVs). In this work, copolymers based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(ethylene oxide) with different molar masses and architectures (graft, triblock) were associated with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). Classical protocols of LUV formation were used to obtain nanosized self-assembled structures. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we show that copolymer architecture and molar mass have direct influences on the formation of hybrid nanostructures that can range from wormlike hybrid micelles to hybrid vesicles presenting small lipid nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Tuyen Dao
- University of Bordeaux , LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS , Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F Fernandes
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences-Rede de Química e Tecnologia (UCIBIO-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
| | - M Er-Rafik
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - K Ferji
- University of Bordeaux , LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS , Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - R Schweins
- ILL Grenoble, DS LSS, CS20156, 71 Avenue Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France
| | - J-P Chapel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS , Ctr Rech Paul Pascal CRPP, UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - A Fedorov
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Prieto
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - O Sandre
- University of Bordeaux , LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS , Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - J-F Le Meins
- University of Bordeaux , LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS , Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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15
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Dao TPT, Fernandes F, Ibarboure E, Ferji K, Prieto M, Sandre O, Le Meins JF. Modulation of phase separation at the micron scale and nanoscale in giant polymer/lipid hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs). SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:627-637. [PMID: 27991638 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation in giant polymer/lipid hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs) has been described over the last few years. However there is still a lack of understanding on the physical and molecular factors governing the phase separation in such systems. Among these parameters it has been suggested that in analogy to multicomponent lipid vesicles hydrophobic mismatches as well as lipid fluidity play a role. In this work, we aim to map a global picture of phase separation and domain formation in the membrane of GHUVs by using various copolymers based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO) with different architectures (grafted, triblock) and molar masses, combined with phospholipids in the fluid (POPC) or gel state (DPPC) at room temperature. From confocal imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) techniques, the phase separation into either micro- or nano-domains within GHUVs was studied. In particular, our systematic studies demonstrate that in addition to the lipid/polymer fraction or the lipid physical state, important factors such as line tension at lipid polymer/lipid boundaries can be finely modulated by the molar mass and the architecture of the copolymer and lead to the formation of stable lipid domains with different sizes and morphologies in such GHUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Tuyen Dao
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France and Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fabio Fernandes
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. and UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 32829-516, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Khalid Ferji
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Manuel Prieto
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Olivier Sandre
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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16
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Bieligmeyer M, Artukovic F, Nussberger S, Hirth T, Schiestel T, Müller M. Reconstitution of the membrane protein OmpF into biomimetic block copolymer-phospholipid hybrid membranes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:881-92. [PMID: 27547605 PMCID: PMC4979867 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure and function of many transmembrane proteins are affected by their environment. In this respect, reconstitution of a membrane protein into a biomimetic polymer membrane can alter its function. To overcome this problem we used membranes formed by poly(1,4-isoprene-block-ethylene oxide) block copolymers blended with 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. By reconstituting the outer membrane protein OmpF from Escherichia coli into these membranes, we demonstrate functionality of this protein in biomimetic lipopolymer membranes, independent of the molecular weight of the block copolymers. At low voltages, the channel conductance of OmpF in 1 M KCl was around 2.3 nS. In line with these experiments, integration of OmpF was also revealed by impedance spectroscopy. Our results indicate that blending synthetic polymer membranes with phospholipids allows for the reconstitution of transmembrane proteins under preservation of protein function, independent of the membrane thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bieligmeyer
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Department of Chemical Interfacial Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franjo Artukovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Biophysics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Nussberger
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Biophysics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirth
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Department of Chemical Interfacial Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Interfacial Engineering and Materials Science, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Schiestel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Interfacial Engineering and Materials Science, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michaela Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Interfacial Engineering and Materials Science, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Schulz M, Binder WH. Mixed Hybrid Lipid/Polymer Vesicles as a Novel Membrane Platform. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:2031-41. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schulz
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics); Institute of Chemistry; D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics); Institute of Chemistry; D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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18
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Kowal J, Wu D, Mikhalevich V, Palivan CG, Meier W. Hybrid polymer-lipid films as platforms for directed membrane protein insertion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4868-4877. [PMID: 25849126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids composed of amphiphilic block copolymers and lipids constitute a new generation of biological membrane-inspired materials. Hybrid membranes resulting from self-assembly of lipids and polymers represent adjustable models for interactions between artificial and natural membranes, which are of key importance, e.g., when developing systems for drug delivery. By combining poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) amphiphilic copolymers (PDMS-b-PMOXA) with various phospholipids, we obtained hybrid films with modulated properties and topology, based on phase separation, and the formation of distinct domains. By understanding the factors driving the phase separation in these hybrid lipid-polymer films, we were able to use them as platforms for directed insertion of membrane proteins. Tuning the composition of the polymer-lipids mixtures favored successful insertion of membrane proteins with desired topological distributions (in polymer or/and lipid regions). Controlled insertion and location of membrane proteins in hybrid films make these hybrids ideal candidates for numerous applications where specific spatial functionality is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kowal
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dalin Wu
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Mikhalevich
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Dao TPT, Fernandes F, Er-Rafik M, Salva R, Schmutz M, Brûlet A, Prieto M, Sandre O, Le Meins JF. Phase Separation and Nanodomain Formation in Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Vesicles. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:182-186. [PMID: 35596428 DOI: 10.1021/mz500748f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid polymer/lipid large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) were studied by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). For the first time in hybrid vesicles, evidence for phase separation at the nanoscale was obtained, leading to the formation of stable nanodomains enriched either in lipid or polymer. This stability was allowed by using vesicle-forming copolymer with a membrane thickness close to the lipid bilayer thickness, thereby minimizing the hydrophobic mismatch at the domain periphery. Hybrid giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with the same composition have been previously shown to be unstable and susceptible to fission, suggesting a role of curvature in the stabilization of nanodomains in these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Tuyen Dao
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères
Organiques,
UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
- Centro
de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F. Fernandes
- Centro
de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Er-Rafik
- Institut
Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - R. Salva
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères
Organiques,
UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - M. Schmutz
- Institut
Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - A. Brûlet
- Laboratoire
Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Prieto
- Centro
de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - O. Sandre
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères
Organiques,
UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - J.-F. Le Meins
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères
Organiques,
UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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20
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Malke M, Barqawi H, Binder WH. Synthesis of an Amphiphilic β-Turn Mimetic Polymer Conjugate. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:393-397. [PMID: 35590752 DOI: 10.1021/mz500108n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new biomimetic polymer containing a beta-turn mimetic element (1) was synthesized, using a combination of living carbocationic polymerization (LCCP), amidation, and "click" chemistry. Two different α-ω-functionalized polyisobutylenes (PIBs 3 and 5) bearing either an alkyne group (PIB 3) or a primary amine group (PIB 5) were directly synthesized via LCCP. The linking of the two PIB strands with the closely positioned carboxyl/azido moieties of a β-turn dipeptide (BTD) 2 was achieved via a sequence of amidation reaction and the CuI-mediated azide/alkyne "click" reaction. By means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), NMR spectroscopy, and LC/MALDI-TOF MS, a detailed structural proof of the β-turn mimetic PIB conjugate (1) was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Malke
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Haitham Barqawi
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany
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