1
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Andrade-Gagnon B, Casillas-Popova SN, Jazani AM, Oh JK. Design, Synthesis, and Acid-Responsive Disassembly of Shell-Sheddable Block Copolymer Labeled with Benzaldehyde Acetal Junction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400097. [PMID: 38499007 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Smart nanoassemblies degradable through the cleavage of acid-labile linkages have attracted significant attention because of their biological relevance found in tumor tissues. Despite their high potential to achieve controlled/enhanced drug release, a systematic understanding of structural factors that affect their pH sensitivity remains challenging, particulary in the consruction of effective acid-degradable shell-sheddable nanoassemblies. Herein, the authors report the synthesis and acid-responsive degradation through acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of three acetal and ketal diols and identify benzaldehyde acetal (BzAA) exhibiting optimal hydrolysis profiles in targeted pH ranges to be a suitable candidate for junction acid-labile linkage. The authors explore the synthesis and aqueous micellization of well-defined poly(ethylene glycol)-based block copolymer bearing BzAA linkage covalently attached to a polymethacrylate block for the formation of colloidally-stable nanoassemblies with BzAA groups at core/corona interfaces. Promisingly, the investigation on acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and disassembly shows that the formed nanoassemblies meet the criteria for acid-degradable shell-sheddable nanoassemblies: slow degradation at tumoral pH = 6.5 and rapid disassembly at endo/lysosomal pH = 5.0, while colloidal stability at physiological pH = 7.4. This work guides the design principle of acid-degradable shell-sheddable nanoassemblies bearing BzAA at interfaces, thus offering the promise to address the PEG dilemma and improve endocytosis in tumor-targeting drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Andrade-Gagnon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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2
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Fallah D, Fareghi-Alamdari R, Tavangar S. Unsaturated oligoesters containing internal triple and double bonds based on DL-malic acid: synthesis, characterization and study of crosslinking via click reaction. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Chu S, Shi X, Tian Y, Gao F. pH-Responsive Polymer Nanomaterials for Tumor Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855019. [PMID: 35392227 PMCID: PMC8980858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the tumor microenvironment presents significant challenges to cancer therapy, while providing opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Using characteristic signals of the tumor microenvironment, various stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems can be constructed for targeted drug delivery to tumor sites. Among these, the pH is frequently utilized, owing to the pH of the tumor microenvironment being lower than that of blood and healthy tissues. pH-responsive polymer carriers can improve the efficiency of drug delivery in vivo, allow targeted drug delivery, and reduce adverse drug reactions, enabling multifunctional and personalized treatment. pH-responsive polymers have gained increasing interest due to their advantageous properties and potential for applicability in tumor therapy. In this review, recent advances in, and common applications of, pH-responsive polymer nanomaterials for drug delivery in cancer therapy are summarized, with a focus on the different types of pH-responsive polymers. Moreover, the challenges and future applications in this field are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Chu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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4
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Enzymatic synthesis of glycerol, azido-glycerol and azido-triglycerol based amphiphilic copolymers and their relevance as nanocarriers: A review. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Jazani AM, Shetty C, Movasat H, Bawa KK, Oh JK. Imidazole-Mediated Dual Location Disassembly of Acid-Degradable Intracellular Drug Delivery Block Copolymer Nanoassemblies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100262. [PMID: 34050688 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acid-degradable (or acid-cleavable) polymeric nanoassemblies have witnessed significant progress in anti-cancer drug delivery. However, conventional nanoassemblies designed with acid-cleavable linkages at a single location have several challenges, such as, sluggish degradation, undesired aggregation of degraded products, and difficulty in controlled and on-demand drug release. Herein, a strategy that enables the synthesis of acid-cleavable nanoassemblies labeled with acetaldehyde acetal groups in both hydrophobic cores and at core/corona interfaces, exhibiting synergistic response to acidic pH at dual locations and thus inducing rapid drug release is reported. The systematic analyses suggest that the acid-catalyzed degradation and disassembly are further enhanced by decreasing copolymer concentration (i.e., increasing proton/acetal mole ratio). Moreover, incorporation of acid-ionizable imidazole pendants in the hydrophobic cores improve the encapsulation of doxorubicin, the anticancer drug, through π-π interactions and enhance the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetal linkages situated in the dual locations. Furthermore, the presence of the imidazole pendants induce the occurrence of core-crosslinking that compensates the kinetics of acetal hydrolysis and drug release. These results, combined with in vitro cell toxicity and cellular uptake, suggest the versatility of the dual location acid-degradation strategy in the design and development of effective intracellular drug delivery nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Chaitra Shetty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Hourieh Movasat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kamaljeet Kaur Bawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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6
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Responsive Polyesters with Alkene and Carboxylic Acid Side-Groups for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101636. [PMID: 34070123 PMCID: PMC8158382 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Main chain polyesters have been extensively used in the biomedical field. Despite their many advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others, these materials are rather inert and lack specific functionalities which will endow them with additional biological and responsive properties. In this work, novel pH-responsive main chain polyesters have been prepared by a conventional condensation polymerization of a vinyl functionalized diol with a diacid chloride, followed by a photo-induced thiol-ene click reaction to attach functional carboxylic acid side-groups along the polymer chains. Two different mercaptocarboxylic acids were employed, allowing to vary the alkyl chain length of the polymer pendant groups. Moreover, the degree of modification, and as a result, the carboxylic acid content of the polymers, was easily tuned by varying the irradiation time during the click reaction. Both these parameters, were shown to strongly influence the responsive behavior of the polyesters, which presented adjustable pKα values and water solubilities. Finally, the difunctional polyesters bearing the alkene and carboxylic acid functionalities enabled the preparation of cross-linked polyester films by chemically linking the pendant vinyl bonds on the polymer side groups. The biocompatibility of the cross-linked polymers films was assessed in L929 fibroblast cultures and showed that the cell viability, proliferation, and attachment were greatly promoted on the polyester surface, bearing the shorter alkyl chain length side groups and the higher fraction of carboxylic acid functionalities.
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7
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Li J, Hu ZE, Yang XL, Zhang MQ, Liu YH, Wang N, Yu XQ. Hierarchical Targeted Delivery of Lonidamine and Camptothecin Based on the Ultra-Rapid pH/GSH Response Nanoparticles for Synergistic Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7382-7387. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zu-E Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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8
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Liu Y, Song L, Feng N, Jiang W, Jin Y, Li X. Recent advances in the synthesis of biodegradable polyesters by sustainable polymerization: lipase-catalyzed polymerization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36230-36240. [PMID: 35517080 PMCID: PMC9056969 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07138b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, enzymatic polymerization has dramatically developed and gradually broadened as a creative methodology in the construction of polymeric materials with tailor-made structures and properties. Compared with transition metal catalyst polymerizations, enzymatic polymerization is more attractive in the biomedicine field due to the metal-free residue, good biocompatibility, and few by-products. Meanwhile, enzymatic polymerization has far more activity towards macrolides. In this review, the synthesis of lipase-catalyzed polymer materials is systematically summarized, focusing on the synthesis of the complex and well-defined polymers. The enzymatic polyester synthesis was then discussed concerning the different reaction types, including ring-opening polymerization, polycondensation, a combination of ring-opening polymerization with polycondensation, and chemoenzymatic polymerization. Besides, exploration of novel biocatalysts and reaction media was also described, with particular emphasis on the enzymes obtained via immobilization or protein engineering strategies, green solvents, and reactors. Finally, recent developments in catalytic kinetics and mechanistic studies through the use of spectroscopy, mathematics, and computer techniques have been introduced. Besides, we addressed the remaining central issues in enzymatic polymerization and discussed current studies aimed at providing answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University No. 2699, Qianjin Road Changchun Jilin 130012 PR China
| | - Lijie Song
- First Clinical Hospital, Jilin Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun 130021 China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University No. 2699, Qianjin Road Changchun Jilin 130012 PR China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University No. 2699, Qianjin Road Changchun Jilin 130012 PR China
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9
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Wang A, Chen X, Yu J, Li N, Li H, Yin Y, Xie T, Wu SG. Green preparation of lipase@Ca3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers using bone waste from food production for efficient synthesis of clindamycin palmitate. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Li J, Wei YJ, Yang XL, Wu WX, Zhang MQ, Li MY, Hu ZE, Liu YH, Wang N, Yu XQ. Rational Construction of a Mitochondrial Targeting, Fluorescent Self-Reporting Drug-Delivery Platform for Combined Enhancement of Endogenous ROS Responsiveness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32432-32445. [PMID: 32573194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the utilization and response to the high oxidative stress environment of tumor sites while avoiding the dilemma of enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) response in a single way, mitochondrial targeting combined with fluorescent self-reporting polymeric nanocarriers (1K-TPP and 2K-TPP) with grafted structures were synthesized via a chemoenzymatic method in a high yield to simultaneously enhance the drug delivery of endogenous ROS responses. 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP loaded doxorubicin (DOX) at a high content over 12% and formed homogeneous spherical micelles. In vitro, both of them showed promising high sensitivity (detection limit below 200 nM H2O2), fast response, and ratiometric fluorescent self-reporting properties (fluorescent enhancement more than 200 times) to ROS and excellent stability under physiological conditions, while achieving a rapid release of the DOX in response to 1 mM H2O2. Cell co-localization experiments exhibited that they had favorable mitochondrial targeting, and mitochondrial isolation experiments also confirmed that the TPP-modified 1K-TPP selectively accumulated nearly three times in mitochondria than that in total cells. The internalization of 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP into cancer cells was greatly improved by nearly 200% compared to that of unmodified control (1K-OH and 2K-OH) and also explored a unique energy-dependent endocytosis. Furthermore, stimulation of endogenous ROS enhanced the green fluorescence intensity (up to 51.4%) of the linked probe so as to destroy the internal structure of the nanocarriers, achieving self-reporting of the drug's intracellular release and tracking of the intracellular location of nanocarriers. The cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP in tumor cells with a higher ROS content showed statistical superiority to that of 1K-OH and 2K-OH, benefiting from the extremely good endogenous ROS response sensitivity leading to the differential selective release of drugs. These results demonstrate the potential of 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP, especially for 1K-TPP, as mitochondria-targeted, fluorescent self-reporting nanocarriers for combined enhancement of endogenous ROS responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yun-Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wan-Xia Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Meng-Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Meng-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zu-E Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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11
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Jazani AM, Oh JK. Development and disassembly of single and multiple acid-cleavable block copolymer nanoassemblies for drug delivery. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acid-degradable block copolymer-based nanoassemblies are promising intracellular candidates for tumor-targeting drug delivery as they exhibit the enhanced release of encapsulated drugs through their dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
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12
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Wu W. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic poly(
β
‐thioether ester) with various methylene group contents: thermal properties, crystallization and degradation. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐Xia Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological EngineeringChengdu University Chengdu China
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13
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Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization is an environmentally benign process for the synthesis of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. The regioselectivity of lipase B from Candida Antarctica (CAL-B) produces linear functional polyesters without protection-deprotection steps. In this work, two different methods for the enzymatic synthesis of functional polyesters based on renewable resources, as, e.g., glycerol, using CAL-B are outlined. Poly(glycerol adipate) was synthesized by enzymatic transesterification between glycerol and divinyl adipate or dimethyl adipate. Methods are also reported to graft poly(glycerol adipate) with different amounts of hydrophobic side chains (lauric, stearic, behenic, and oleic acids) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, respectively. The hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of grafted polyesters is well controlled by changing the degree of grafting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains. The multiple grafted polyesters are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the self-assembly of the graft copolymers in water and their use as steric stabilizers for cubosomes are discussed. For this purpose mainly dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering have been employed.
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14
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Gesse P, Müller TJJ. Consecutive Five-Component Ugi-4CR-CAL B-Catalyzed Aminolysis Sequence and Concatenation with Transition Metal Catalysis in a One-Pot Fashion to Substituted Triamides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gesse
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf; Germany
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15
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Yang XL, Xing X, Li J, Liu YH, Wang N, Yu XQ. Enzymatic synthesis of selenium-containing amphiphilic aliphatic polycarbonate as an oxidation-responsive drug delivery vehicle. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6003-6010. [PMID: 35517302 PMCID: PMC9060885 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although functional aliphatic polycarbonates (APCs) have attracted prominent research interest as stimuli-responsive biomaterials, the majority of functional APCs are fabricated by detrimental organometallic catalysts or organo-catalysts. Herein, a facile synthetic strategy based on enzymatic polymerization was developed to construct a selenium-containing amphiphilic aliphatic polycarbonate (mPEG-b-CMP45). Specifically, the selenium in its backbone framework underwent a hydrophobic–hydrophilic transition upon exposure to the abnormal ROS level of the tumor, thus providing a promising platform for ROS-triggered drug release. This amphiphilic mPEG-b-CMP45 efficiently encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) via self-assembly in aqueous solution and showed an excellent ability to regulate the release of DOX in response to H2O2 at biologically relevant concentrations (100 μM). These DOX-loaded nanoparticles could easily be internalized into U87 cells and possess the inherent antitumor properties of DOX, while they exhibited much lower cytotoxicity in normal cells HL-7702. Moreover, in many cases, the introduction of selenium caused high cytotoxicity of the materials, but the cytotoxicity results in HL-7702 cells demonstrated the good biocompatibility of mPEG-b-CMP45. These collective data suggested the potential use of mPEG-b-CMP45 as a biocompatible and smart drug delivery vehicle. A facile synthetic strategy based on enzymatic polymerization was developed to construct a ROS-responsive polycarbonate served as biocompatible drug vehicle.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
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16
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Lu Y, Lv Q, Liu B, Liu J. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed synthesis of biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4963-4983. [PMID: 31532401 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00716d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers synthesized via the catalysis of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qijun Lv
- Department of General Surgery
- The Ling Nan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of General Surgery
- The Ling Nan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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17
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Jazani AM, Arezi N, Shetty C, Hong SH, Li H, Wang X, Oh JK. Tumor-targeting intracellular drug delivery based on dual acid/reduction-degradable nanoassemblies with ketal interface and disulfide core locations. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual acid/reduction-degradable block copolymer nanoassemblies both at core/corona interfaces and in micellar cores leading to synergistic and accelerated drug release for robust tumor-targeting intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Newsha Arezi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Chaitra Shetty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Sung Hwa Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Haowen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada H4B 1R6
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18
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Wang N, Chen XC, Ding RL, Yang XL, Li J, Yu XQ, Li K, Wei X. Synthesis of high drug loading, reactive oxygen species and esterase dual-responsive polymeric micelles for drug delivery. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2371-2378. [PMID: 35520478 PMCID: PMC9059833 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09770d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel high drug loading, controlled-release drug delivery system was constructed with dual-stimulus responsive abilities in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xiao-Chuan Chen
- Operative Dentistry and Endodontics
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Ruo-Lin Ding
- West China College of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China 610064
| | - Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xi Wei
- Operative Dentistry and Endodontics
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
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19
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Li J, Yang XL, Liu YH, Wu WX, Liu BY, Wang N, Yu XQ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of dual-responsive graft copolymers for drug delivery: long-term stability, high loading and cell selectivity. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6993-7003. [PMID: 32254582 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic graft copolymers, poly(N-propargyldiethanolamine 4,4'-dithiodibutyionate)-graft-monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PPD-g-mPEG), were designed via a chemoenzymatic method for pH and reduced glutathione (GSH) dual-responsive drug delivery. The effects of percent grafting and molecular weights of mPEG on critical micelle concentration (CMC) values, size of micelles, drug loading and dual-response were tested. The graft copolymers could easily form homogeneous spherical micelles with appropriate sizes and zeta-potentials. The micelles of PPD-g-mPEG copolymers loaded doxorubicin (DOX) in high efficiency, and showed excellent stability under physiological conditions and synergetic dual-response to weakly acidic pH and GSH. In vitro experiments confirmed that the DOX-loaded micelles could be internalized into cancer cells efficiently and release DOX over time. Furthermore, cell cytotoxicity assays indicated that the graft copolymers were non-cytotoxic to both cancerous and normal cells while the DOX-loaded micelles greatly improved the selectivity ratios between HeLa cells and HL-7702 cells. DOX-loaded micelles also avoided hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) effectively compared with commercialized doxorubicin hydrochloride. All these demonstrated the potential of PPD-g-mPEG as a model to create more functional dual-responsive nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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20
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d'Arcy R, Burke J, Tirelli N. Branched polyesters: Preparative strategies and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:60-81. [PMID: 27189232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20years, the availability of precision chemical tools (e.g. controlled/living polymerizations, 'click' reactions) has determined a step change in the complexity of both the macromolecular architecture and the chemical functionality of biodegradable polyesters. A major part in this evolution has been played by the possibilities that controlled macromolecular branching offers in terms of tailored physical/biological performance. This review paper aims to provide an updated overview of preparative techniques that derive hyperbranched, dendritic, comb, grafted polyesters through polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization mechanisms.
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21
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Liu T, Huang Q. Biodegradable brush-type copolymer modified with targeting peptide as a nanoscopic platform for targeting drug delivery to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:1002-11. [PMID: 27521701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined amphiphilic tumor-targeting brush-type copolymers, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate-co-G3-C12)-g-poly(ε-caprolactone) (P(OEGMA-co-G3-C12)-g- PCL), were synthesized by the combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization and polymer post-functionalization, in which G3-C12 was castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) targeting peptide. The obtained polymers were then employed for the targeted treatment of CRPC by delivering a hydrophobic anticancer drug (bufalin, BUF). Polymerizable monomer, 3-((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)thio)propanoic acid (BSMA) and PCL-based macromolecular monomer (PCLMA) were synthesized at first. RAFT polymerization of OEGMA, BSMA, and PCLMA afforded amphiphilic brush-type copolymers, P(OEGMA-co-BSMA)-g-PCL. Post-functionalization of the obtained polymers with G3-C12 led to the formation of the final amphiphilic targeting brush-type copolymers, P(OEGMA-co-G3-C12)-g- PCL. In aqueous media, P(OEGMA-co-G3-C12)-g-PCL self-assembles into micelles with a hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of ∼66.1±0.44nm. It was demonstrated that the obtained micellar nanoparticles exhibited good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Besides, BUF-loaded micellar nanoparticles assembled from P(OEGMA-co-G3-C12)-g-PCL, BUF-NP-(G3-C12), showed a controlled drug release in vitro and improved anticancer efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Qianxia Huang
- Department of Emergency, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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22
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Wright C, Banerjee A, Yan X, Storms-Miller WK, Pugh C. Synthesis of Functionalized Poly(lactic acid) Using 2-Bromo-3-hydroxypropionic Acid. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Wright
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Abhishek Banerjee
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Xiang Yan
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | | | - Coleen Pugh
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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23
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Huang Z, Zhang YM, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Liu YH, Wang B, Yu XQ. Structure–activity relationship studies of symmetrical cationic bolasomes as non-viral gene vectors. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5575-5584. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bolalipids based on lysine or cyclen headgroups were synthesized and their structure–activity relationship as gene delivery vectors was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
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24
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Wu WX, Yang XL, Liu BY, Deng QF, Xun MM, Wang N, Yu XQ. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of oxidation-responsive poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(β-thioether ester) amphiphilic block copolymers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21779b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed one-step synthesis of novel oxidation-responsive poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(β-thioether ester) diblock copolymers was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Bei-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Qing-Feng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Miao-Miao Xun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
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25
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Beyazkilic Z, Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Synthesis and functionalization of vinylsulfide and ketone-containing aliphatic copolyesters from fatty acids. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Kuang X, Liu G, Zheng L, Li C, Wang D. Functional polyester with widely tunable mechanical properties: The role of reversible cross-linking and crystallization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Liu BY, Wu WX, Wang N, Yu XQ. Novel biocompatible fluorescent polymeric micelles based on 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives for cell imaging. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new type of fluorescent polymeric micelle was developed by the aqueous self-assembly from amphiphilic block copolymers via click chemistry and showed good potential for application in cell imaging with good biocompatibility. Notably, P1 can readily serve as an excellent intracellular pH sensor in whole living cells based on PET inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Wan-Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
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28
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Kalva N, Parekh N, Ambade AV. Controlled micellar disassembly of photo- and pH-cleavable linear-dendritic block copolymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible linear-dendritic copolymer comprising photo and pH-cleavable groups at the junction was synthesised and controlled release of drug into cells was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kalva
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Nimisha Parekh
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune - 411008
- India
| | - Ashootosh V. Ambade
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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29
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Duro-Castano A, Movellan J, Vicent MJ. Smart branched polymer drug conjugates as nano-sized drug delivery systems. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1321-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00166h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Branched polymers own special properties derived from their intrinsic characteristics. These properties make them ideal candidates to be used as carriers for an improved generation of polymer-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Duro-Castano
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab
- E-46012 Valencia
- Spain
| | - J. Movellan
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab
- E-46012 Valencia
- Spain
| | - M. J. Vicent
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab
- E-46012 Valencia
- Spain
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30
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Wu D, Xing Z, Zhou Y, Shi W, Li Q. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of polymeric materials using lipases as catalysts: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:642-51. [PMID: 24768887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, enzymatic polymerization has rapidly developed and become an important polymer synthesis technique. However, the range of polymers resulting from enzymatic polymerization could be further expanded through combination with chemical methods. This review systematically introduces recent developments in the combination of lipase-catalyzed polymerization with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), kinetic resolution, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), click reaction and carbene chemistry to construct polymeric materials like block, brush, comb and graft copolymers, hyperbranched and chiral polymers. Moreover, it presents a thorough and descriptive evaluation of future trends and perspectives concerning chemoenzymatic polymerization. It is expected that combining enzymatic polymerization with multiple chemical methods will be an efficient tool for producing more highly advanced polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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