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Hazra N, Lammertz J, Babenyshev A, Erkes R, Hagemans F, Misra C, Richtering W, Crassous JJ. Charged hollow microgel capsules. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4608-4620. [PMID: 38813847 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Responsive hollow microgels are a fascinating class of soft model systems at the crossover between polymer capsules and microgels. The presence of the cavity makes them promising materials for encapsulation and controlled release applications but also confers them an additional softness that is reflected by their peculiar behaviour in bulk and at interfaces. Their responsivity to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength, can be designed from their synthesis conditions and the choice of functional moieties. So far most studies have focused on "small" hollow microgels that were mostly studied with scattering or atomic force microscopy techniques. In our previous study, we have shown that large fluorescent hollow poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels could be synthesized using micrometer-sized silica particles as sacrificial templates allowing their investigation in situ via confocal microscopy. In this work, we extend this approach to charged large hollow microgels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic acid) (P(NIPAM-co-IA)). Hereby, we compare the structure and responsivity of "neutral" (PNIPAM) and "charged" (P(NIPAM-co-IA)) hollow microgel systems synthesized under similar conditions with the same sacrificial template using confocal and atomic force microscopy and light scattering techniques. In particular, we could demonstrate the extremely soft character of the swollen charged hollow microgels and their responsivity to pH, ionic strength, and temperature. To conclude this study, the buckling behavior of the different capsules was investigated illustrating the potential of such systems to change its conformation by varying the osmotic pressure and pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Hazra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Janik Lammertz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrey Babenyshev
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Erkes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Hagemans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Chandeshwar Misra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jérôme J Crassous
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Simons J, Hazra N, Petrunin AV, Crassous JJ, Richtering W, Hohenschutz M. Nonionic Microgels Adapt to Ionic Guest Molecules: Superchaotropic Nanoions. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7546-7557. [PMID: 38417118 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Microgels are commonly applied as solute carriers, where the size, density, and functionality of the microgels depend on solute binding. As representatives for ionic solutes with high affinity for the microgel, we study here the effect of superchaotropic Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) PW12O403- (PW) and SiW12O404- (SiW) on the aqueous swelling and internal structure of nonionic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNiPAM) microgels by light scattering techniques and small-angle X-ray scattering. Due to their weak hydration, these POMs bind spontaneously to the microgels at millimolar concentrations. The microgels thus become charged and swell at low POM concentration, surprisingly without strongly increasing the volume phase transition temperature, and deswell at higher POM concentration. The swelling arises because of the osmotic pressure of dissociated counterions of the POMs, while the deswelling is due to POMs acting as physical cross-links in the microgels under screened electrostatics in NaCl or excess POM solution. This swelling/deswelling transition is sharper for PW than for SiW related to the lower charge density, weaker hydration, and stronger binding of PW. The POMs elicit qualitatively and quantitatively different swelling effects from ionic surfactants and classical salts. Moreover, the network softness and topology govern the swelling response upon POM binding. The softer the microgel, the stronger is the swelling response, while, inside the microgel, regions of high polymer density swell/contract more upon electric charging/cross-linking than regions with low polymer density. POM binding thus enables fine-tuning of microgel properties and highlights the role of network topology in microgel swelling. Because POMs decompose at an alkaline pH, these POM/microgel systems also exhibit pH-responsive swelling in addition to the typical temperature responsiveness of pNiPAM microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Simons
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nabanita Hazra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander V Petrunin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jérôme J Crassous
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Max Hohenschutz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Hildebrandt M, Pham Thuy D, Kippenberger J, Wigger TL, Houston JE, Scotti A, Karg M. Fluid-solid transitions in photonic crystals of soft, thermoresponsive microgels. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7122-7135. [PMID: 37695048 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Microgels are often discussed as well-suited model system for soft colloids. In contrast to rigid spheres, the microgel volume and, coupled to this, the volume fraction in dispersion can be manipulated by external stimuli. This behavior is particularly interesting at high packings where phase transitions can be induced by external triggers such as temperature in the case of thermoresponsive microgels. A challenge, however, is the determination of the real volume occupied by these deformable, soft objects and consequently, to determine the boundaries of the phase transitions. Here we propose core-shell microgels with a rigid silica core and a crosslinked, thermoresponsive poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) shell with a carefully chosen shell-to-core size ratio as ideal model colloids to study fluid-solid transitions that are inducible by millikelvin changes in temperature. Specifically, we identify the temperature ranges where crystallization and melting occur using absorbance spectroscopy in a range of concentrations. Slow annealing from the fluid to the crystalline state leads to photonic crystals with Bragg peaks in the visible wavelength range and very narrow linewidths. Small-angle X-ray scattering is then used to confirm the structure of the fluid phase as well as the long-range order, crystal structure and microgel volume fraction in the solid phase. Thanks to the scattering contrasts and volume ratio of the cores with respect to the shells, the scattering data do allow for form factor analysis revealing osmotic deswelling at volume fractions approaching and also exceeding the hard sphere packing limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hildebrandt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - D Pham Thuy
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J Kippenberger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - T L Wigger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J E Houston
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Box 176, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - A Scotti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Karg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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4
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Harsányi A, Kardos A, Varga I. Preparation of Amino-Functionalized Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgel Particles. Gels 2023; 9:692. [PMID: 37754373 PMCID: PMC10530052 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Responsive cationic microgels are a promising building block in several diagnostic and therapeutic applications, like transfection and RNA or enzyme packaging. Although the direct synthesis of cationic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) microgel particles has a long history, these procedures typically resulted in low yield, low incorporation of the cationic comonomer, increased polydispersity, and pure size control. In this study, we investigated the possibility of the post-polymerization modification of P(NIPAm-co-acrylic acid) microgels to prepare primary amine functionalized microgels. To achieve this goal, we used 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) mediated coupling of a diamine to the carboxyl groups. We found that by controlling the EDC excess in the reaction mixture, the amine functionalization of the carboxyl functionalized microgel could be varied and as much as 6-7 mol% amine content could be incorporated into the microgels. Importantly, the reaction was conducted at room temperature in an aqueous medium and it was found to be time efficient, making it a practical and convenient approach for synthesizing primary amine functionalized PNIPAm microgel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Harsányi
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary (A.K.)
| | - Attila Kardos
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, J. Selye University, 945 01 Komárno, Slovakia
| | - Imre Varga
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, J. Selye University, 945 01 Komárno, Slovakia
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5
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Sigolaeva LV, Shalybkova AA, Sharifullin TZ, Pergushov DV. Adsorption of Preformed Microgel-Enzyme Complexes as a Novel Strategy toward Engineering Microgel-Based Enzymatic Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1629. [PMID: 37630165 PMCID: PMC10456651 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to surface modification, which consists of the adsorption of microgel-enzyme complexes preformed in solution, is highlighted. Accordingly, the microgel-enzyme complexes were formed due to the electrostatic interaction of the oppositely charged interacting components, that is, a cationic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgel and glucose oxidase taken as a model enzyme. The spontaneous adsorption of the prepared microgel-enzyme complexes, examined by means of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and atomic force microscopy, was observed, resulting in the formation of well-adhered microgel-enzyme coatings. Further, the preformed microgel-enzyme complexes were adsorbed onto the modified graphite-based screen-printed electrodes, and their enzymatic responses were determined by means of amperometry, demonstrating a remarkable analytical performance toward the quantification of β-D-glucose in terms of high sensitivity (0.0162 A × M-1 × cm-2), a low limit of detection (1 μM), and an expanded linear range (1-2000 μM). The fabricated microgel-enzyme biosensor constructs were found to be very stable against manifold-repeated measurements. Finally, the pH- or salt-induced release of glucose oxidase from the adsorbed preformed microgel-enzyme complexes was demonstrated. The findings obtained for the microgel-enzyme coatings prepared via adsorption of the preformed microgel-enzyme complexes were compared to those found for the microgel-enzyme coatings fabricated via a previously exploited two-stage sequential adsorption, which includes the adsorption of the microgel first, followed by the electrostatic binding of glucose oxidase by the adsorbed microgel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V. Sigolaeva
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (T.Z.S.)
| | | | | | - Dmitry V. Pergushov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (T.Z.S.)
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Shaulli X, Rivas-Barbosa R, Bergman MJ, Zhang C, Gnan N, Scheffold F, Zaccarelli E. Probing Temperature Responsivity of Microgels and Its Interplay with a Solid Surface by Super-Resolution Microscopy and Numerical Simulations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2067-2078. [PMID: 36656959 PMCID: PMC9933603 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has become a powerful tool to investigate the internal structure of complex colloidal and polymeric systems, such as microgels, at the nanometer scale. An interesting feature of this method is the possibility of monitoring microgel response to temperature changes in situ. However, when performing advanced microscopy experiments, interactions between the particle and the environment can be important. Often microgels are deposited on a substrate, since they have to remain still for several minutes during the experiment. This study uses direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) and advanced coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how individual microgels anchored on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces undergo their volume phase transition with temperature. We find that, in the presence of a hydrophilic substrate, the structure of the microgel is unperturbed and the resulting density profiles quantitatively agree with simulations performed under bulk conditions. Instead, when a hydrophobic surface is used, the microgel spreads at the interface and an interesting competition between the two hydrophobic strengths,monomer-monomer vs monomer-surface,comes into play at high temperatures. The robust agreement between experiments and simulations makes the present study a fundamental step to establish this high-resolution monitoring technique as a platform for investigating more complex systems, these being either macromolecules with peculiar internal structure or nanocomplexes where molecules of interest can be encapsulated in the microgel network and controllably released with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhorxhina Shaulli
- Department
of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Rivas-Barbosa
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185Roma, Italy
| | - Maxime J. Bergman
- Department
of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department
of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Gnan
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185Roma, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185Roma, Italy
| | - Frank Scheffold
- Department
of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185Roma, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185Roma, Italy
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7
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Fandrich P, Esteban Vázquez J, Haverkamp R, Hellweg T. Growth of Smart Microgels in a Flow Reactor Scrutinized by In-Line SAXS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1084-1092. [PMID: 36630721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a continuous flow setup for in situ investigation of microgel growth with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is established. Poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) (PNNPAM) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels are synthesized in H2O at different residence times inside a continuous flow reactor. The microgels are investigated by in situ SAXS and ex situ photon correlation spectroscopy. The size of the microgels was found to be reproducible in independent experiments with run times of up to 7 h. Already the scattering curves of the microgels with a time of residence of 15 min show a well-defined form factor. Further analysis of the scattering profiles confirms the spherical shape of the microgels. At a residence time of 2 min, the scattering intensity is significantly lower corresponding to a smaller particle size. The experimental conditions remain constant over time, which is crucial for long-time experiments. The PNNPAM system is found to be more suitable for the flow reactor experiment with in-line SAXS as it shows less polymer deposition in the tubing and forms particles with lower polydispersity. The presented reactor is characterized by a compact design and offers a plug-and-play setup close to the sample environment. This work paves the way for investigations of microgel growth at e.g. synchrotron X-ray beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Fandrich
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jorge Esteban Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - René Haverkamp
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Friesen S, Kakorin S, Hellweg T. Modified Flory–Rehner Theory Describes Thermotropic Swelling Transition of Smart Copolymer Microgels. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101999. [PMID: 35631881 PMCID: PMC9143634 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, we use an improved Flory–Rehner theory to describe the swelling behavior of copolymer microgels, where the interaction parameter is modeled by a Hill-like equation for a cooperative thermotropic transition. This description leads to very good fits of the swelling curves of the copolymer microgels at different comonomer contents (30 mol%, 50 mol% and 70 mol%) obtained by photon correlation spectroscopy. Fixed parameters, which are universally applicable for the respective monomers given in our previous work, are used to fit the swelling curves. The analysis of the swelling curves yields physically reasonable and meaningful results for the remaining adjustable parameters. The comonomer content of the statistical copolymer microgels poly(NNPAM-co-NIPAM), poly(NIPAM-co-NIPMAM) and poly(NIPMAM-co-NNPAM) is determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is in agreement with the nominal comonomer feed used in the synthesis. To investigate the volume phase transition at a molecular level, swelling curves are also measured by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. The obtained swelling curves are also fitted using the Hill-like model. The fits provide physically reasonable parameters too, consistent with the results from photon correlation spectroscopy.
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9
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Forg S, Karbacher A, Ye Z, Guo X, von Klitzing R. Copolymerization Kinetics of Dopamine Methacrylamide during PNIPAM Microgel Synthesis for Increased Adhesive Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5275-5285. [PMID: 35142528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Combining stimuli-responsive properties of gels with adhesive properties of mussels is highly interesting for a large field of applications as, e.g., in life science. Therefore, the present paper focuses on the copolymerization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels with dopamine methacrylamide (DMA). A detailed understanding of reaction kinetics is crucial to figure out an optimized synthesis strategy for tailoring microgels with adhesive properties. The present study addresses the influence of relevant synthesis parameters as the injection time of DMA during the microgel synthesis and the overall reaction time of the microgel. Reaction kinetics were studied by mass spectrometry of time samples taken during the microgel synthesis. This allowed us to determine the monomer consumption of NIPAM, the cross-linker N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS), and DMA. A second-order reaction kinetics was found for DMA incorporation. The amount of DMA incorporated in the resulting microgel was successfully determined by a combination of UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy to level off limitations of both methods. The dependence of the hydrodynamic radius on temperature was determined by DLS measurements for the microgels. While an early injection of DMA stops the PNIPAM polymerization due to scavenging, it greatly enhances the reaction speed of DMA. The faster reaction of DMA and the incomplete NIPAM and BIS conversion also compensate for shorter reaction times with respect to the incorporated amount of DMA. On the contrary, a later injection of DMA leads to a full NIPAM monomer and BIS cross-linker consumption. An overall reaction time of 60 min ensures the DMA incorporation. Longer reaction times lead to clumping. First adhesion tests show an increased adhesion of P(NIPAM-co-DMA) microgels compared to pure PNIPAM microgels, when mechanical stress is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Forg
- Soft Matter at Interfaces (SMI), Institute for Physics of Condensed Matter, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - Alexandra Karbacher
- Soft Matter at Interfaces (SMI), Institute for Physics of Condensed Matter, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - Zhishuang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces (SMI), Institute for Physics of Condensed Matter, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
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10
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Kittel Y, Kuehne AJC, De Laporte L. Translating Therapeutic Microgels into Clinical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101989. [PMID: 34826201 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are crosslinked, water-swollen networks with a 10 nm to 100 µm diameter and can be modified chemically or biologically to render them biocompatible for advanced clinical applications. Depending on their intended use, microgels require different mechanical and structural properties, which can be engineered on demand by altering the biochemical composition, crosslink density of the polymer network, and the fabrication method. Here, the fundamental aspects of microgel research and development, as well as their specific applications for theranostics and therapy in the clinic, are discussed. A detailed overview of microgel fabrication techniques with regards to their intended clinical application is presented, while focusing on how microgels can be employed as local drug delivery materials, scavengers, and contrast agents. Moreover, microgels can act as scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration application. Finally, an overview of microgels is given, which already made it into pre-clinical and clinical trials, while future challenges and chances are discussed. This review presents an instructive guideline for chemists, material scientists, and researchers in the biomedical field to introduce them to the fundamental physicochemical properties of microgels and guide them from fabrication methods via characterization techniques and functionalization of microgels toward specific applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonca Kittel
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ulm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) Polymeric Biomaterials RWTH University Aachen Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Max Planck School‐Matter to Life (MtL) Jahnstraße 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB) Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME) Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS) University Hospital RWTH 52074 Aachen Germany
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11
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Abuwatfa WH, Awad NS, Pitt WG, Husseini GA. Thermosensitive Polymers and Thermo-Responsive Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:925. [PMID: 35267747 PMCID: PMC8912701 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature excursions within a biological milieu can be effectively used to induce drug release from thermosensitive drug-encapsulating nanoparticles. Oncological hyperthermia is of particular interest, as it is proven to synergistically act to arrest tumor growth when combined with optimally-designed smart drug delivery systems (DDSs). Thermoresponsive DDSs aid in making the drugs more bioavailable, enhance the therapeutic index and pharmacokinetic trends, and provide the spatial placement and temporal delivery of the drug into localized anatomical sites. This paper reviews the fundamentals of thermosensitive polymers, with a particular focus on thermoresponsive liposomal-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waad H. Abuwatfa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (W.H.A.); (N.S.A.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nahid S. Awad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (W.H.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - William G. Pitt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (W.H.A.); (N.S.A.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Yasmeen N, Kalecki J, Borowicz P, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Electrochemically Initiated Synthesis of Polyacrylamide Microgels and Core-shell Particles. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:452-462. [PMID: 35059644 PMCID: PMC8762648 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a simple procedure for synthesizing micrometer-sized microgel particles as a suspension in an aqueous solution and thin films deposited as shells on different inorganic cores. A sufficiently high constant potential was applied to the working electrode to commence the initiator decomposition that resulted in gelation. Under hydrodynamic conditions, this initiation allowed preparing different morphology microgels at room temperature. Importantly, neither heating nor UV-light illumination was needed to initiate the polymerization. Moreover, thin films of the cross-linked gel were anchored on different core substrates, including silica and magnetic nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging confirmed the microgel particles' and films' irregular shape and porous structure. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the core coating with the microgel film was successful. Dynamic light scattering measured the micrometer size of gel particles with different combinations of acrylic monomers. Thermogravimetric analysis and the first-derivative thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the microgels' thermal stability of different compositions was different. Fourier-transform infrared and 13C NMR spectroscopy showed successful copolymerization of the main, functional, and cross-linking monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Yasmeen
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Kalecki
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Borowicz
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush S. Sharma
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Sharma A, Jung SH, Lomadze N, Pich A, Santer S, Bekir M. Adsorption Kinetics of a Photosensitive Surfactant Inside Microgels. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Se-Hyeong Jung
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Suzuki N, Koyama S, Koike R, Ebara N, Arai R, Takeoka Y, Rikukawa M, Tsai FY. Palladium-Catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck and Copper-Free Sonogashira Coupling Reactions in Water Using Thermoresponsive Polymer Micelles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2717. [PMID: 34451255 PMCID: PMC8402173 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A few kinds of thermoresponsive diblock copolymers have been synthesized and utilized for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in water. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm) are employed for thermoresponsive segments and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa) and poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-methylpropanesulfonate) (PAMPSNa) are employed for hydrophilic segments. Palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck reactions are performed in water and the efficiency of the extraction process is studied. More efficient extraction was observed for the PDEAAm copolymers when compared with the PNIPAAm copolymers and conventional surfactants. In the study of the Sonogashira coupling reactions in water, aggregative precipitation of the products was observed. Washing the precipitate with water gave the product with satisfactory purity with a good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Shun Koyama
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Rina Koike
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Nozomu Ebara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Rikito Arai
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Yuko Takeoka
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Masahiro Rikukawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (N.E.); (R.A.); (Y.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Fu-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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15
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Hannappel Y, Wiehemeier L, Dirksen M, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Smart Microgels from Unconventional Acrylamides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Hannappel
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Lars Wiehemeier
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maxim Dirksen
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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16
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Drozdov AD, deClaville Christiansen J. Equilibrium swelling of thermo‐responsive core‐shell microgels. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey D. Drozdov
- Department of Materials and Production Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
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17
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Flexible Sample Environment for the Investigation of Soft Matter at the European Spallation Source: Part II—The GISANS Setup. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The FlexiProb project is a joint effort of three soft matter groups at the Universities of Bielefeld, Darmstadt, and Munich with scientific support from the European Spallation Source (ESS), the small-K advanced diffractometer (SKADI) beamline development group of the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), and the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ). Within this framework, a flexible and quickly interchangeable sample carrier system for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) at the ESS was developed. In the present contribution, the development of a sample environment for the investigation of soft matter thin films with grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS) is introduced. Therefore, components were assembled on an optical breadboard for the measurement of thin film samples under controlled ambient conditions, with adjustable temperature and humidity, as well as the optional in situ recording of the film thickness via spectral reflectance. Samples were placed in a 3D-printed spherical humidity metal chamber, which enabled the accurate control of experimental conditions via water-heated channels within its walls. A separately heated gas flow stream supplied an adjustable flow of dry or saturated solvent vapor. First test experiments proved the concept of the setup and respective component functionality.
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18
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Chen J, Qiu T, Guo L, He L, Li X. Topology Reliable LCST-Type Behavior of ABA Triblock Polymer and Influence on Water Condensation and Crystallization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100024. [PMID: 33768621 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of smart material, thermoresponsive hydrogels are widely investigated and applied in many fields. Due to the limitation of the freezing temperature of the water, it is a challenge to further broaden their sol-gel transition temperature (Tgel ) range, especially below 0 °C. Herein, the lower critical solution temperature type of amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymers, synthesized via two-step reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is demonstrated. The hydrophilic A-block and the hydrophobic B-block are composed of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA) and poly(diacetone acrylamide) (PDAAM), respectively. The degree of polymerization (DP) of both A-block and B-block shows a significant influence on the Tgel of triblock copolymer dispersion. By changing the length of these two blocks or physically blending these copolymers dispersions, the Tgel can be well adjusted in a temperature range from 45 to -10 °C. Moreover, When the Tgel is higher than 4 °C, the triblock copolymer coatings show a good anti-fogging property. And when the Tgel is around or lower than the freezing temperature of the water, aqueous dispersions of the triblock copolymer have an ice recrystallization inhibition activity, resulting in the decrease of average maximum grain size (MLGS) of ice crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Teng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Longhai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lifan He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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19
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Bookhold J, Dirksen M, Wiehemeier L, Knust S, Anselmetti D, Paneff F, Zhang X, Gölzhäuser A, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Smart membranes by electron beam cross-linking of copolymer microgels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2205-2214. [PMID: 33459755 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) based copolymer microgels were used to create free-standing, transferable, thermoresponsive membranes. The microgels were synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with N-benzylhydrylacrylamide (NBHAM). Monolayers of these colloidal gels were subsequently cross-linked using an electron gun leading to the formation of a connected monolayer. Furthermore, the cross-linked microgel layer is detached from the supporting material by dissolving the substrate. These unique systems can be used as transferable, thermoresponsive coatings and as thermoresponsive membranes. As a proof of principle for the use of such membranes we studied the ion transport through them at different temperatures revealing drastic changes when the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer microgels is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bookhold
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Maxim Dirksen
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Lars Wiehemeier
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Knust
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Paneff
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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20
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Fandrich P, Wiehemeier L, Dirksen M, Wrede O, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Acrylamide precipitation polymerization in a continuous flow reactor: an in situ FTIR study reveals kinetics. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, we present a combination of a continuous flow reactor with in situ monitoring of the monomer conversion in a precipitation polymerization. The flow reactor is equipped with a preheating area for the synthesis of thermoresponsive microgels, based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The reaction progress is monitored with in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The monomer conversion at defined residence times is determined from absorbance spectra of the reaction solutions by linear combination with reference spectra of the stock solution and the purified microgel. The reconstruction of the spectra appears to be in good agreement with experimental data in the range of 1710 to 1530 cm− 1, in which prominent absorption bands are used as probes for the monomer and the polymer. With increasing residence time, we observed a decrease in intensity of the ν(C=C) vibration, originating from the monomer, while the ν(C=O) vibration is shifted to higher frequencies by polymerization. Differences between the determined inline conversion kinetics and offline growth kinetics, determined by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), are discussed in terms of diffusion and point to a crucial role of mixing in precipitation polymerizations.
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21
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Jiang Y, Yan R, Pang B, Mi J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xin J, Zhang Y, Li N, Zhao Y, Lin Q. A Novel Temperature-Dependent Hydrogel Emulsion with Sol/Gel Reversible Phase Transition Behavior Based on Polystyrene-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Core-Shell Nanoparticle. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000507. [PMID: 33210416 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of temperature-responsive hydrogel, polystyrene-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PS-co-PNIPAM/PNIPAM) core-shell nanoparticles prepared by two-step copolymerization are widely studied and used because of their specific structures and properties. Unlike most reports about the steady stability of PS-co-PNIPAM/PNIPAM core-shell nanoparticle hydrogel emulsion, in this work, the PS-co-PNIPAM/PNIPAM core-shell nanoparticle hydrogel emulsion (symbolized as PS/PNIPAM hydrogel emulsion), which is prepared after the second step of synthesis and without washing out a large number of PNIPAM polymer segments, shows a reversible temperature-dependent sol-gel transition characteristic during the temperature range of 34-80 °C. The PS/PNIPAM hydrogel emulsion is a normal solution at room temperature, and it changes from a sol to a gel statue when the temperature approaches up to low critical solution temperature (LCST). As the temperature continues to increase, the gel (core-shell nanoparticles as the crosslinkers and the linear PNIPAM chain as the 3D gel network) of the PS/PNIPAM hydrogel emulsion gradually shrinks and drains linearly. Compared with most crosslinked hydrogels, the hydrogel here can be arbitrarily changed in shape according to use needs, which is convenient for use, transportation, and storage. Here a new route is provided for the preparation of a PS/PNIPAM core-shell hydrogel nanoparticle system, as well as a new supramolecular crosslinking sol-gel system for application in biomedical materials, sensors, biological separation, drug release, macromolecular adsorption, and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Jiang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ruyue Yan
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiqiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Hou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jingwei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Na Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Quan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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22
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Farooqi ZH, Masaud A, Begum R, Irfan A. Physicochemical aspects of reduction of 3-Nitroaniline using methacrylamide based nano-hybrid catalyst. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Fischer T, Demco DE, Fechete R, Möller M, Singh S. Poly(vinylamine-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) linear polymer and hydrogels with tuned thermoresponsivity. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6549-6562. [PMID: 32617537 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of functional hydrogels with tuned thermoresponsivity is a major challenge. To meet this challenge we copolymerize N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) with N-vinylformamide (NVF) in different ratios with the formamide group being subsequently selectively hydrolyzed to the corresponding amine (VAm). The copolymers are crosslinked with phenylcarbonate telechelic glycol. The influence of the NIPAm : VAm ratio on the thermoresponsitiviy is investigated in terms of absorbance, rheology, NMR spectroscopy, relaxometry, and diffusometry. Phase transition temperatures, change in the entropy of the polymer-water system, and width of the transition in the process of coil-to-globule and swollen-to-collapsed network transitions were evaluated by a two state model and Boltzmann sigmoidal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fischer
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dan E Demco
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. and Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Physics and Chemistry, 25 G. Baritiu Str., RO-400027, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Fechete
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Physics and Chemistry, 25 G. Baritiu Str., RO-400027, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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24
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Sabadasch V, Wiehemeier L, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Core-shell microgels as thermoresponsive carriers for catalytic palladium nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5422-5430. [PMID: 32490485 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Responsive core-shell microgels are promising systems for a stabilization of Pd nanoparticles and control of their catalytic activity. Here, poly-N-n-propylacrylamide (PNNPAM) was copolymerized with methacrylic acid to yield microgel core particles, which were subsequently coated with an additional, acid-free poly-N-isopropylmethacrylamide (PNIPMAM) shell. Both core and core-shell systems were used as pH- and temperature-responsive carrier systems for the incorporation of palladium nanoparticles. The embedded nanoparticles were found to have a uniform size distribution with diameters at around 20 nm. Their catalytic activity was investigated by following the kinetics of the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol using UV-vis spectroscopy. For the PNNPAM microgel core, the temperature dependence of the rate constant followed the Arrhenius equation, which is an unusual behaviour for thermoresponsive carrier systems but common for passive systems such as polyelectrolyte brushes. In contrast, the catalytic activity of nanoparticles embedded in microgel core-shell systems decreased drastically at the volume phase transition temperature (44 °C) of the PNIPMAM shell. Accordingly, a promising architecture of passive nanoparticle-carrying core and thermoresponsive shell was realized successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sabadasch
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Germany.
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25
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Luo GF, Chen WH, Zhang XZ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Thermally Responsive Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:872-881. [PMID: 35648534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based thermally responsive micelles are of great importance as smart materials for a number of applications such as drug delivery and biosensing, owing to their tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Their design and synthesis in the nanoscale size range have been widely studied, and research interest in their structural and physic-chemical properties is continually growing. In this Viewpoint, representative research on the construction of PNIPAAm-based thermally responsive micelles as well as their applications are highlighted and discussed, which would serve as a good start for newcomers in this field and a positive guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Zhao Z, Ma X, Chen R, Xue H, Lei J, Du H, Zhang Z, Chen H. Universal Antibacterial Surfaces Fabricated from Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based PNIPAM Microgels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19268-19276. [PMID: 32255339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of the excellent film-forming ability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel and high-efficient bactericidal property of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS), QAS-based PNIPAM (QAS-PNIPAM) microgels are synthesized and employed to modify the surface of a range of commonly used materials including metal, plastic, and elastomer. Bacterial culture is carried out on such QAS-PNIPAM microgel-modified surfaces to examine the viability of the attached bacteria. It is found that the bactericidal efficiency is nearly 100% on the modified surfaces of all the studied materials. We attribute the high-efficient bactericidal performance of QAS-PNIPAM microgel film to the QAS component rather than the topography of the microgel film itself. In addition, the microgel film is robust and shows great integrity even after culture of the bacteria and repeated rinses, and the cell experiment demonstrates that this microgel film is cyto-compatible. Therefore, such a simple, versatile method of preparing antibacterial films paves the way for future bactericidal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xue
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiehua Lei
- Jiangsu Biosurf Biotech Company Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hui Du
- Jiangsu Biosurf Biotech Company Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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Oberdisse J, Hellweg T. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive core-shell microgel particles: synthesis, characterisation, and applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInspired by the path followed by Matthias Ballauff over the past 20 years, the development of thermosensitive core-shell microgel structures is reviewed. Different chemical structures, from hard nanoparticle cores to double stimuli-responsive microgels have been devised and successfully implemented by many different groups. Some of the rich variety of these systems is presented, as well as some recent progress in structural analysis of such microstructures by small-angle scattering of neutrons or X-rays, including modelling approaches. In the last part, again following early work by the group of Matthias Ballauff, applications with particular emphasis on incorporation of catalytic nanoparticles inside core-shell structures—stabilising the nanoparticles and granting external control over activity—will be discussed, as well as core-shell microgels at interfaces.
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Zehm D, Lieske A, Stoll A. On the Thermoresponsivity and Scalability of
N
,
N
‐Dimethylacrylamide Modified NIPAM Microgels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zehm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 Potsdam‐Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Antje Lieske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 Potsdam‐Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Andrea Stoll
- Research Institute of Leather and Plastic Sheeting – FILK Meißner Ring 1–5 Freiberg 09599 Germany
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29
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Wolff HJM, Linkhorst J, Göttlich T, Savinsky J, Krüger AJD, de Laporte L, Wessling M. Soft temperature-responsive microgels of complex shape in stop-flow lithography. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:285-295. [PMID: 31802080 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stop-flow lithography (SFL) has emerged as a facile high-throughput fabrication method for μm-sized anisometric particles; yet, the fabrication of soft, anisometric microgels has not frequently been addressed in the literature. Furthermore, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, no soft, complex-shaped microgels with temperature-responsive behavior have been fabricated with this technology before. However, such microgels have tremendous potential as building blocks and actuating elements in rapidly developing fields, such as tissue engineering and additive manufacturing of soft polymeric building blocks, bio-hybrid materials, or soft micro-robotics. Given their great potential, we prove in this work that SFL is a viable method for the fabrication of soft, temperature-responsive, and complex-shaped microgels. The microgels, fabricated in this work, consist of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm), which is crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide). The results confirm that the shape of the pNIPAm microgels is determined by the transparency mask, used in SFL. Furthermore, it is shown that, in order to realize stable microgels, a minimum threshold of crosslinker concentration of 2 wt% is required. Above this threshold, the stiffness of pNIPAm microgels can be deliberately altered by adjusting the concentration of the crosslinker. The fabricated pNIPAm microgels show the targeted temperature-responsive behavior. Within this context, temperature-dependent reversible swelling is confirmed, even for fractal-like geometries, such as micro snowflakes. Thus, these microgels provide the targeted unique combination of softness, shape complexity, and temperature responsiveness and increase the freedom of design for actuated building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J M Wolff
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - John Linkhorst
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Göttlich
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johann Savinsky
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas J D Krüger
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura de Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany and RWTH Aachen University, ITMC - Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany. and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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30
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Widmann T, Kreuzer LP, Hohn N, Bießmann L, Wang K, Rinner S, Moulin JF, Schmid AJ, Hannappel Y, Wrede O, Kühnhammer M, Hellweg T, von Klitzing R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Hydration and Solvent Exchange Induced Swelling and Deswelling of Homogeneous Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16341-16352. [PMID: 31714092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the response kinetics of smart colloidal microgel films is crucial for their optimization to enable advanced applications. We study the classical thermoresponsive microgel model system N-isopropylacrylamide cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. Without the typically used polyelectrolyte coating of the substrate, thin microgel films are prepared in a single spin-coating step. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal an extremely dense packing, resulting in a homogeneous compact thin film of microgel particles. The hydration kinetics of these films in H2O and D2O atmospheres as well as the kinetics of the solvent exchange between both water species are investigated with in situ time-of-flight neutron reflectometry (TOF-NR) and in situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. With accounting for a nonconstant humid atmosphere, the intrinsic diffusion dynamics of water molecules into the thin microgel film are modeled and the specific time constant τ and the effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χeff are determined. Comparing the results in H2O and D2O atmospheres, TOF-NR and FTIR spectroscopy results show an increased affinity of the microgel films toward H2O as compared to D2O. From the FTIR spectroscopy data, we further identify different kinetics of intermolecular processes and order them according to their temporal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lucas P Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Nuri Hohn
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Stephan Rinner
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Jean-François Moulin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum , Lichtenbergstraße 1 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Andreas J Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie, Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Yvonne Hannappel
- Fakultät für Chemie, Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Oliver Wrede
- Fakultät für Chemie, Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Matthias Kühnhammer
- Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstraße 8 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Fakultät für Chemie, Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstraße 8 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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31
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How small can poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanogels be prepared by controlling the size with surfactant? J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 557:793-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Karg M, Pich A, Hellweg T, Hoare T, Lyon LA, Crassous JJ, Suzuki D, Gumerov RA, Schneider S, Potemkin II, Richtering W. Nanogels and Microgels: From Model Colloids to Applications, Recent Developments, and Future Trends. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6231-6255. [PMID: 30998365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels and microgels are soft, deformable, and penetrable objects with an internal gel-like structure that is swollen by the dispersing solvent. Their softness and the potential to respond to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, and different analytes make them interesting as soft model systems in fundamental research as well as for a broad range of applications, in particular in the field of biological applications. Recent tremendous developments in their synthesis open access to systems with complex architectures and compositions allowing for tailoring microgels with specific properties. At the same time state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches offer deeper understanding of the behavior and structure of nano- and microgels under external influences and confinement at interfaces or at high volume fractions. Developments in the experimental analysis of nano- and microgels have become particularly important for structural investigations covering a broad range of length scales relevant to the internal structure, the overall size and shape, and interparticle interactions in concentrated samples. Here we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art, recent developments as well as emerging trends in the field of nano- and microgels. The following aspects build the focus of our discussion: tailoring (multi)functionality through synthesis; the role in biological and biomedical applications; the structure and properties as a model system, e.g., for densely packed arrangements in bulk and at interfaces; as well as the theory and computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I , Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf , 40204 Duesseldorf , Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry , Bielefeld University , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4L8 , Canada
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- Schmid College of Science and Technology , Chapman University , Orange , California 92866 , United States
| | - J J Crassous
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | | | - Rustam A Gumerov
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Physics Department , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Igor I Potemkin
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Physics Department , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
- National Research South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk 454080 , Russian Federation
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
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Suzuki N, Takabe T, Yamauchi Y, Koyama S, Koike R, Rikukawa M, Liao WT, Peng WS, Tsai FY. Palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck reactions in water using thermoresponsive polymer micelles. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Wang FW, Hsu CW, Hsieh CC. Numerical Design and Experimental Realization of a PNIPAM-Based Micro Thermosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8591-8600. [PMID: 30724551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers are capable of responding to external stimuli and therefore have been widely used for sensing. However, such applications are often based on naïve designs and cannot achieve the desired performance. In this study, we created a micro thermosensor with temperature-sensitive poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel and temperature-insensitive poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel using stop-flow lithography. The thermosensor is a bihydrogel microparticle consisting of a NIPAM-rich section and a NIPAM-poor section. Since the sensor is similar to a bimetallic strip in structure, its deformation can be easily identified to indicate temperature. To gain better control over the sensor performance, a numerical model capable of predicting the thermal behavior of the sensor was also developed. The model simulated the mass transfer and polymerization reaction during the fabrication process to determine the distributions of PNIPAM and PEGDA in the sensor. The information was then applied to predict the sensor deformation at various temperatures. We have used the model to access the effects of sensor geometry and fabrication temperature on the performance of the sensor. The sensor made under the guidelines from the numerical model has a working range between 16 and 55 °C. Except at very large deformation, the thermal response of the microsensor measured in experiments follows closely the numerical prediction. We believe such a numerical model can also be used for developing other applications involving stimuli-responsive polymers such as shape-evolving microparticles and origami-based microstructures. With the small size, ease of use, low manufacturing cost, good biocompatibility, and broad sensing range near physiological condition, the PNIPAM-based micro thermosensor should have strong potential to be used for bio-related applications and in a confined environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
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35
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Sánchez-Moreno P, de Vicente J, Nardecchia S, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Thermo-Sensitive Nanomaterials: Recent Advance in Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E935. [PMID: 30428608 PMCID: PMC6266697 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology has enabled us to open many new fronts in biomedical research by exploiting the peculiar properties of materials at the nanoscale. The thermal sensitivity of certain materials is a highly valuable property because it can be exploited in many promising applications, such as thermo-sensitive drug or gene delivery systems, thermotherapy, thermal biosensors, imaging, and diagnosis. This review focuses on recent advances in thermo-sensitive nanomaterials of interest in biomedical applications. We provide an overview of the different kinds of thermoresponsive nanomaterials, discussing their potential and the physical mechanisms behind their thermal response. We thoroughly review their applications in biomedicine and finally discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of thermal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sánchez-Moreno
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Juan de Vicente
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Stefania Nardecchia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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36
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Schön S, Richter M, Witt M, Klitzing RV. Externally Triggered Oscillatory Structural Forces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11526-11533. [PMID: 30179013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses triggering of oscillatory structural forces via temperature variation across an aqueous dispersion of thermoresponsive poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanogels confined between silica surfaces. Oscillatory structural forces are a well-known phenomenon in colloidal science, caused by interactions between molecules or colloids. Modulation of these forces usually requires changing the internal parameters of the dispersion, such as ionic strength, particle concentration, and surface charge, or changing the properties of the confining walls, such as surface roughness, potential, or elasticity. All of these parameters are usually fixed and can only be changed via exchange of the sample or the complete experimental setup. Here, a new approach is presented, combining the characteristics of smart materials with the properties of nanoparticles, using negatively charged PNIPAM nanogels. Aqueous dispersions of these nanogels express no oscillatory structural forces in the initial state (20 °C), below the volume phase transition temperature (32 °C). Heating (60 °C) reduces the nanogel size and leads to a more negative ζ-potential, which triggers the onset of oscillatory structural forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schön
- Stranski-Laboratorium, Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124 , D-10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Marcel Richter
- Stranski-Laboratorium, Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124 , D-10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Marcus Witt
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics , Technical University of Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 10 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics , Technical University of Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 10 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
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37
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Leite DC, Kakorin S, Hertle Y, Hellweg T, da Silveira NP. Smart Starch-Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Hybrid Microgels: Synthesis, Structure, and Swelling Behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10943-10954. [PMID: 30132672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present hybrid microgels made of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) and poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) [p(NIPAM)]. SNPs were formed through nanoprecipitation. Hybrid microgels were prepared by surfactant-free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) or in the presence of surfactant precipitation polymerization (PP) at different NIPAM/SNP ratios. Dynamic light scattering results of hybrid microgels synthesized by SFPP revealed changes in volume phase transition temperature according to SNP amount, where the increase in the hydrophilic content caused small shifts in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), reaching nearly 35 °C. Colloidal stability was improved with the SNP content, leading to increased stability because of the hydroxyl groups. Small-angle X-ray scattering indicates a core-shell structure above the LCST, where SNPs chains cover a p(NIPAM) core. Swelling curves experimentally obtained were analyzed using the Flory-Rehner model, where the interaction parameter (χ) has been modeled either by a series expansion of the swelling ratio or by a Hill-like equation for a cooperative thermotropic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiani C Leite
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 , 91501-970 Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Sergej Kakorin
- Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätstrasse 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Yvonne Hertle
- Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätstrasse 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätstrasse 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Nádya P da Silveira
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 , 91501-970 Porto Alegre , Brazil
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38
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Borrmann R, Palchyk V, Pich A, Rueping M. Reversible Switching and Recycling of Adaptable Organic Microgel Catalysts (Microgelzymes) for Asymmetric Organocatalytic Desymmetrization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Borrmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Palchyk
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenberckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenberckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Agrawal G, Agrawal R. Stimuli-Responsive Microgels and Microgel-Based Systems: Advances in the Exploitation of Microgel Colloidal Properties and Their Interfacial Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E418. [PMID: 30966453 PMCID: PMC6415239 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, recent developments in the chemical design of functional microgels are summarized. A wide range of available synthetic methods allows the incorporation of various reactive groups, charges, or biological markers inside the microgel network, thus controlling the deformation and swelling degree of the resulting smart microgels. These microgels can respond to various stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, electric field, etc. and can show unique deformation behavior at the interface. Due to their switchability and interfacial properties, these smart microgels are being extensively explored for various applications, such as antifouling coatings, cell encapsulation, catalysis, controlled drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agrawal
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500, USA.
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40
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Etchenausia L, Deniau E, Brûlet A, Forcada J, Save M. Cationic Thermoresponsive Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Microgels Synthesized by Emulsion Polymerization Using a Reactive Cationic Macro-RAFT Agent. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Etchenausia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour, 64000 Pau, France
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elise Deniau
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- CEA CNRS CEA Saclay, UMR12, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maud Save
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour, 64000 Pau, France
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41
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Oberdisse J. Introduction to soft matter and neutron scattering. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201818801001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an opening lecture to the French-Swedish neutron scattering school held in Uppsala (6th to 9th of December 2016), the basic concepts of both soft matter science and neutron scattering are introduced. Typical soft matter systems like self-assembled surfactants in water, microemulsions, (co-)polymers, and colloids are presented. It will be shown that widely different systems have a common underlying physics dominated by the thermal energy, with astonishing consequences on their statistical thermodynamics, and ultimately rheological properties – namely softness. In the second part, the fundamentals of neutron scattering techniques and in particular small-angle neutron scattering as a powerful method to characterize soft matter systems will be outlined.
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42
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Lim M, Lee H, Kang M, Yoo W, Rhee H. Azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions in water via recyclable heterogeneous Cu catalysts: reverse phase silica gel and thermoresponsive hydrogels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6152-6159. [PMID: 35539624 PMCID: PMC9078218 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized reverse phase silica gel and thermoresponsive hydrogels were synthesized as heterogeneous catalysts supports. Cu(i) and Cu(ii) catalysts immobilized onto two types of supports were prepared and characterized. The copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition was performed in water via a one-pot reaction and yielded good results. These catalysts are air stable and reusable over multiple uses. Azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions were performed via copper catalysts immobilized onto two types of supports in water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Lim
- Department of Bionanotechnology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Minseok Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Woncheol Yoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Hakjune Rhee
- Department of Bionanotechnology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry
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43
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Mackiewicz M, Stojek Z, Karbarz M. Unusual swelling behavior of core-shell microgels built from polymers exhibiting lower critical solubility temperature. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Brändel T, Wiehemeier L, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Microphase separation of smart double-responsive copolymer microgels studied by local fluorescence probes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Naseem K, Ur Rehman MA, Huma R. Review on vinyl acetic acid-based polymer microgels for biomedical and other applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1327434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Naseem
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Rahila Huma
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
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46
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Wedel B, Brändel T, Bookhold J, Hellweg T. Role of Anionic Surfactants in the Synthesis of Smart Microgels Based on Different Acrylamides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:84-90. [PMID: 31457211 PMCID: PMC6641024 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of two anionic surfactants, namely, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium decyl sulfate, on acrylamide-based microgels consisting of N-n-propylacrylamide. In this context, the main focus was on the influence of surfactant addition on the size of the microgels. The surfactant was added to the reaction mixture before or during the polymerization at different points in time. Microgels were characterized via photon correlation spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. All results were compared to those for other more common acrylamide-based microgels consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide and N-isopropylmethacrylamide. A significant difference between the three microgels and a strong dependence on the surface activity of the surfactant was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Bookhold
- Physical and Biophysical
Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical
Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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47
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Schimka S, Lomadze N, Rabe M, Kopyshev A, Lehmann M, von Klitzing R, Rumyantsev AM, Kramarenko EY, Santer S. Photosensitive microgels containing azobenzene surfactants of different charges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:108-117. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on light sensitive microgel particles that can change their volume reversibly in response to illumination with light of different wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Schimka
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Maren Rabe
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Alexey Kopyshev
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Maren Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technical University Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
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48
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Wedel B, Hertle Y, Wrede O, Bookhold J, Hellweg T. Smart Homopolymer Microgels: Influence of the Monomer Structure on the Particle Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E162. [PMID: 30979256 PMCID: PMC6432239 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we compare the properties of smart homopolymer microgels based on N-n-propylacrylamide (NNPAM), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM) synthesized under identical conditions. The particles are studied with respect to size, morphology, and swelling behavior using scanning electron and scanning force microscopy. In addition, light scattering techniques and fluorescent probes are employed to follow the swelling/de-swelling of the particles. Significant differences are found and discussed. Poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) (PNNPAM) microgels stand out due to their very sharp volume phase transition, whereas Poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) particles are found to exhibit a more homogeneous network structure compared to the other two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Wedel
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Hertle
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Oliver Wrede
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Johannes Bookhold
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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49
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Maccarrone S, Mergel O, Plamper FA, Holderer O, Richter D. Electrostatic Effects on the Internal Dynamics of Redox-Sensitive Microgel Systems. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Maccarrone
- Outstation
at MLZ, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Olga Mergel
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Olaf Holderer
- Outstation
at MLZ, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dieter Richter
- Outstation
at MLZ, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747, Garching, Germany
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50
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Boularas M, Deniau-Lejeune E, Alard V, Tranchant JF, Billon L, Save M. Dual stimuli-responsive oligo(ethylene glycol)-based microgels: insight into the role of internal structure in volume phase transitions and loading of magnetic nanoparticles to design stable thermoresponsive hybrid microgels. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Design of multi-responsive biocompatible P(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA-co-MAA) microgels and their hybrid magnetic couterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Boularas
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour
- CNRS
- UMR 5254
- IPREM
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
| | - Elise Deniau-Lejeune
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour
- CNRS
- UMR 5254
- IPREM
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
| | - Valérie Alard
- LVMH Recherche Parfums et Cosmétiques
- St Jean de Braye
- France
| | | | - Laurent Billon
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour
- CNRS
- UMR 5254
- IPREM
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
| | - Maud Save
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour
- CNRS
- UMR 5254
- IPREM
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
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