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Halawa MI, Xia Q, Li BS. An ultrasensitive chemiluminescent biosensor for tracing glutathione in human serum using BSA@AuNCs as a peroxidase-mimetic nanozyme on a luminol/artesunate system. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8038-8047. [PMID: 34486628 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a nanosensor chemiluminescent (CL) probe for sensing glutathione (GSH) was developed, for the first time, based on its inhibition of the intrinsic peroxidase-mimetic effect of BSA@AuNCs. The endoperoxide linkage of artesunate could be hydrolyzed by BSA@AuNCs resulting in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the consequent generation of strong CL emission. By virtue of the strong covalent interactions of -S⋯Au-, GSH could greatly suppress the peroxidase-mimetic effect of BSA@AuNCs, leading to a drastic CL quenching. The CL quenching efficiency increased proportionally to the logarithm of GSH concentration through the linearity range of 50.0-5000.0 nM with a limit of detection of 5.2 nM. This CL-based strategy for GSH tracing demonstrated the advantages of ultrasensitivity, high selectivity and simplicity. This strategy was successfully utilized to measure GSH levels in human serum with reasonable recovery results of 98.71%, 103.18%, and 101.68%, suggesting that this turn-off CL sensor is a promising candidate for GSH in biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. .,College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Qing Xia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Bing Shi Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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2
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Tsiasioti A, Zotou AS, Tzanavaras PD. Single run analysis of glutathione and its disulfide in food samples by liquid chromatography coupled to on-line post-column derivatization. Food Chem 2021; 361:130173. [PMID: 34062455 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione and its disulfide were determined in a single run using liquid chromatography with on-line post-column derivatization and fluorimetric detection (340 nm/425 nm). The analytes were separated using a reversed-phase column capable of operating at 100% aqueous mobile phase and detected following direct on-line reaction with o-phthalaldehyde (7.5 mmol L-1) in highly basic medium (0.37 mol L-1 NaOH). The instrumental and chemical variables were carefully investigated towards high sensitivity and throughput, while special attention was paid to validating potential matrix effects. Glutathione and its disulfide could be selectively determined with respective LODs of 0.10 and 0.30 μmol L-1 in the absence of matrix effect (<6%). The endogenous content of the analytes was accurately determined in various food samples with recoveries ranging between 80 and 120% in all cases. The proposed method is reliable and promising as a generic analytical tool for the convenient estimation of the redox status of glutathione in various food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia Tsiasioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Anastasia-Stella Zotou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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3
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Ahmed Z, Yaqoob M, Asghar M, Ali S, Munawar N, Achakzai AKK, Nabi A. Flow-Injection Lucigenin–Cu(III) Complex Chemiluminescence Determination of Cysteine and Glutathione in Pharmaceutical Formulations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Wei L, Lu X, Kang X, Song Y. Determination of Glutathione and Cysteine in Human Breast Milk by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemiluminescence Detection for Evaluating the Oxidative Stress and Exposure to Heavy Metals of Lactating Women. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1750024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Xiaoting Lu
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Song
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
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5
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Núñez C, Chantada-Vázquez MDP, Bravo SB, Vázquez-Estévez S. Novel functionalized nanomaterials for the effective enrichment of proteins and peptides with post-translational modifications. J Proteomics 2018; 181:170-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Addinsall AB, Wright CR, Shaw CS, McRae NL, Forgan LG, Weng CH, Conlan XA, Francis PS, Smith ZM, Andrikopoulos S, Stupka N. Deficiency of selenoprotein S, an endoplasmic reticulum resident oxidoreductase, impairs the contractile function of fast-twitch hindlimb muscles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R380-R396. [PMID: 29668323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein S (Seps1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident antioxidant implicated in ER stress and inflammation. In human vastus lateralis and mouse hindlimb muscles, Seps1 localization and expression were fiber-type specific. In male Seps1+/- heterozygous mice, spontaneous physical activity was reduced compared with wild-type littermates ( d = 1.10, P = 0.029). A similar trend was also observed in Seps1-/- knockout mice ( d = 1.12, P = 0.051). Whole body metabolism, body composition, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and soleus mass and myofiber diameter were unaffected by genotype. However, in isolated fast EDL muscles from Seps1-/- knockout mice, the force frequency curve (FFC; 1-120 Hz) was shifted downward versus EDL muscles from wild-type littermates ( d = 0.55, P = 0.002), suggestive of reduced strength. During 4 min of intermittent, submaximal (60 Hz) stimulation, the genetic deletion or reduction of Seps1 decreased EDL force production ( d = 0.52, P < 0.001). Furthermore, at the start of the intermittent stimulation protocol, when compared with the 60-Hz stimulation of the FFC, EDL muscles from Seps1-/- knockout or Seps1+/- heterozygous mice produced 10% less force than those from wild-type littermates ( d = 0.31, P < 0.001 and d = 0.39, P = 0.015). This functional impairment was associated with reduced mRNA transcript abundance of thioredoxin-1 ( Trx1), thioredoxin interacting protein ( Txnip), and the ER stress markers Chop and Grp94, whereas, in slow soleus muscles, Seps1 deletion did not compromise contractile function and Trx1 ( d = 1.38, P = 0.012) and Txnip ( d = 1.27, P = 0.025) gene expression was increased. Seps1 is a novel regulator of contractile function and cellular stress responses in fast-twitch muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Addinsall
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Chris S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Natasha L McRae
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Leonard G Forgan
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Chia-Heng Weng
- Department of Medicine-Austin Health, The University of Melbourne , Heidelberg, Victoria , Australia
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine-Austin Health, The University of Melbourne , Heidelberg, Victoria , Australia
| | - Nicole Stupka
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
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7
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Copper accumulation in senescent cells: Interplay between copper transporters and impaired autophagy. Redox Biol 2018; 16:322-331. [PMID: 29579719 PMCID: PMC5953000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible growth arrest incurred through either replicative exhaustion or by pro-oncogenic cellular stressors (radioactivity, oxidative stress, oncogenic activation). The enrichment of senescent cells in tissues with age has been associated with tissue dyshomeostasis and age-related pathologies including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc.) and metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes). We identified copper accumulation as being a universal feature of senescent cells [mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), human prostate epithelial cells and human diploid fibroblasts] in vitro. Elevated copper in senescent MEFs was accompanied by elevated levels of high-affinity copper uptake protein 1 (Ctr1), diminished levels of copper-transporting ATPase 1 (Atp7a) (copper export) and enhanced antioxidant defence reflected by elevated levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1). The levels of intracellular copper were further increased in senescent MEFs cultured in copper supplemented medium and in senescent Mottled Brindled (Mobr) MEFs lacking functional Atp7a. Finally, we demonstrated that the restoration/preservation of autophagic-lysosomal degradation in senescent MEFs following rapamycin treatment correlated with attenuation of copper accumulation in these cells despite a further decrease in Atp7a levels. This study for the first time establishes a link between Atp7a and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, and a requirement for both to effect efficient copper export. Such a connection between cellular autophagy and copper homeostasis is significant, as both have emerged as important facets of age-associated degenerative disease. Copper accumulation is a feature of cellular senescence. Elevated copper in senescent cells is associated with impaired autophagic-lysosomal function. Restoration/preservation of lysosomal function attenuates copper accumulation. Both Atp7a and autophagic-lysosomal function are required for copper export.
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Burns NK, Ashton TD, Stevenson PG, Pearson JR, Fox IL, Pfeffer FM, Francis PS, Smith ZM, Barnett NW, Chen L, White JM, Conlan XA. Extraction, identification and detection of synthetic cannabinoids found pre-ban in herbal products in Victoria, Australia. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Copper as a target for prostate cancer therapeutics: copper-ionophore pharmacology and altering systemic copper distribution. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37064-37080. [PMID: 27175597 PMCID: PMC5095059 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-ionophores that elevate intracellular bioavailable copper display significant therapeutic utility against prostate cancer cells in vitro and in TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice. However, the pharmacological basis for their anticancer activity remains unclear, despite impending clinical trails. Herein we show that intracellular copper levels in prostate cancer, evaluated in vitro and across disease progression in TRAMP mice, were not correlative with copper-ionophore activity and mirrored the normal levels observed in patient prostatectomy tissues (Gleason Score 7 & 9). TRAMP adenocarcinoma cells harbored markedly elevated oxidative stress and diminished glutathione (GSH)-mediated antioxidant capacity, which together conferred selective sensitivity to prooxidant ionophoric copper. Copper-ionophore treatments [CuII(gtsm), disulfiram & clioquinol] generated toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TRAMP adenocarcinoma cells, but not in normal mouse prostate epithelial cells (PrECs). Our results provide a basis for the pharmacological activity of copper-ionophores and suggest they are amendable for treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Additionally, recent in vitro and mouse xenograft studies have suggested an increased copper requirement by prostate cancer cells. We demonstrated that prostate adenocarcinoma development in TRAMP mice requires a functional supply of copper and is significantly impeded by altered systemic copper distribution. The presence of a mutant copper-transporting Atp7b protein (tx mutation: A4066G/Met1356Val) in TRAMP mice changed copper-integration into serum and caused a remarkable reduction in prostate cancer burden (64% reduction) and disease severity (grade), abrogating adenocarcinoma development. Implications for current clinical trials are discussed.
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10
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Ni P, Jiang D, Chen C, Jiang Y, Lu Y, Zhao Z. Highly sensitive fluorescent detection of glutathione and histidine based on the Cu(ii)-thiamine system. Analyst 2018; 143:4442-4447. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence method for the simultaneous detection of glutathione and histidine based on their inhibitory effects on the oxidation of thiamine by Cu(ii) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Dafeng Jiang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Jinan 250014
- China
| | - Chuanxia Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Yizhong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Zhenlu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
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11
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Fan D, Shang C, Gu W, Wang E, Dong S. Introducing Ratiometric Fluorescence to MnO 2 Nanosheet-Based Biosensing: A Simple, Label-Free Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor Programmed by Cascade Logic Circuit for Ultrasensitive GSH Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25870-25877. [PMID: 28696093 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays crucial roles in various biological functions, the level alterations of which have been linked to varieties of diseases. Herein, we for the first time expanded the application of oxidase-like property of MnO2 nanosheet (MnO2 NS) to fluorescent substrates of peroxidase. Different from previously reported fluorescent quenching phenomena, we found that MnO2 NS could not only largely quench the fluorescence of highly fluorescent Scopoletin (SC) but also surprisingly enhance that of nonfluorescent Amplex Red (AR) via oxidation reaction. If MnO2 NS is premixed with GSH, it will be reduced to Mn2+ and lose the oxidase-like property, accompanied by subsequent increase in SC's fluorescence and decrease in AR's. On the basis of the above mechanism, we construct the first MnO2 NS-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of GSH. Notably, this ratiometric sensor is programmed by the cascade logic circuit (an INHIBIT gate cascade with a 1 to 2 decoder). And a linear relationship between ratiometric fluorescent intensities of the two substrates and logarithmic values of GSH's concentrations is obtained. The detection limit of GSH is as low as 6.7 nM, which is much lower than previous ratiometric fluorescent sensors, and the lowest MnO2 NS-based fluorescent GSH sensor reported so far. Furthermore, this sensor is simple, label-free, and low-cost; it also presents excellent applicability in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Changshuai Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenling Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shaojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
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12
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A glutathione biosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with CdO nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes in a nafion matrix. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Su Y, Deng D, Zhang L, Song H, Lv Y. Strategies in liquid-phase chemiluminescence and their applications in bioassay. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sangsuwan A, Narupai B, Sae-ung P, Rodtamai S, Rodthongkum N, Hoven VP. Patterned Poly(acrylic acid) Brushes Containing Gold Nanoparticles for Peptide Detection by Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10738-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Sangsuwan
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, ‡Organic Synthesis
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, §Program in Macromolecular
Science, Faculty of Science, and ∥Metallurgy and Materials Science Research
Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, ‡Organic Synthesis
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, §Program in Macromolecular
Science, Faculty of Science, and ∥Metallurgy and Materials Science Research
Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornpen Sae-ung
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, ‡Organic Synthesis
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, §Program in Macromolecular
Science, Faculty of Science, and ∥Metallurgy and Materials Science Research
Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sasithon Rodtamai
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, ‡Organic Synthesis
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, §Program in Macromolecular
Science, Faculty of Science, and ∥Metallurgy and Materials Science Research
Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nadnudda Rodthongkum
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, ‡Organic Synthesis
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, §Program in Macromolecular
Science, Faculty of Science, and ∥Metallurgy and Materials Science Research
Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Voravee P. Hoven
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, ‡Organic Synthesis
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, §Program in Macromolecular
Science, Faculty of Science, and ∥Metallurgy and Materials Science Research
Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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N-Acetylcysteine improves mitochondrial function and ameliorates behavioral deficits in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e492. [PMID: 25562842 PMCID: PMC4312826 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, involving psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms, caused by a CAG-repeat expansion encoding an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity have previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of HD. We hypothesized that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may reduce both excitotoxicity and oxidative stress through its actions on glutamate reuptake and antioxidant capacity. The R6/1 transgenic mouse model of HD was used to investigate the effects of NAC on HD pathology. It was found that chronic NAC administration delayed the onset and progression of motor deficits in R6/1 mice, while having an antidepressant-like effect on both R6/1 and wild-type mice. A deficit in the astrocytic glutamate transporter protein, GLT-1, was found in R6/1 mice. However, this deficit was not ameliorated by NAC, implying that the therapeutic effect of NAC is not due to rescue of the GLT-1 deficit and associated glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Assessment of mitochondrial function in the striatum and cortex revealed that R6/1 mice show reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity specific to the striatum. This deficit was rescued by chronic treatment with NAC. There was a selective increase in markers of oxidative damage in mitochondria, which was rescued by NAC. In conclusion, NAC is able to delay the onset of motor deficits in the R6/1 model of Huntington's disease and it may do so by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, NAC shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent in HD. Furthermore, our data suggest that NAC may also have broader antidepressant efficacy.
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