1
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Absolute quantitation of high abundant Fc-glycopeptides from human serum IgG-1. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1102:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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Antibody glycosylation: impact on antibody drug characteristics and quality control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1905-1914. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Glycan reductive amino acid coded affinity tagging (GRACAT) for highly specific analysis of N-glycome by mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Ghamat SN, Talebpour Z, Mehdi A. Click reactions: Recent trends in preparation of new sorbents and stationary phases for extraction and chromatographic applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Cao L, Diedrich JK, Ma Y, Wang N, Pauthner M, Park SKR, Delahunty CM, McLellan JS, Burton DR, Yates JR, Paulson JC. Global site-specific analysis of glycoprotein N-glycan processing. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1196-1212. [PMID: 29725121 PMCID: PMC5941933 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2018.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans contribute to the folding, stability and functions of the proteins they decorate. They are produced by transfer of the glycan precursor to the sequon Asn-X-Thr/Ser, followed by enzymatic trimming to a high-mannose-type core and sequential addition of monosaccharides to generate complex-type and hybrid glycans. This process, mediated by the concerted action of multiple enzymes, produces a mixture of related glycoforms at each glycosite, making analysis of glycosylation difficult. To address this analytical challenge, we developed a robust semiquantitative mass spectrometry (MS)-based method that determines the degree of glycan occupancy at each glycosite and the proportion of N-glycans processed from high-mannose type to complex type. It is applicable to virtually any glycoprotein, and a complete analysis can be conducted with 30 μg of protein. Here, we provide a detailed description of the method that includes procedures for (i) proteolytic digestion of glycoprotein(s) with specific and nonspecific proteases; (ii) denaturation of proteases by heating; (iii) sequential treatment of the glycopeptide mixture with two endoglycosidases, Endo H and PNGase F, to create unique mass signatures for the three glycosylation states; (iv) LC-MS/MS analysis; and (v) data analysis for identification and quantitation of peptides for the three glycosylation states. Full coverage of site-specific glycosylation of glycoproteins is achieved, with up to thousands of high-confidence spectra hits for each glycosite. The protocol can be performed by an experienced technician or student/postdoc with basic skills for proteomics experiments and takes ∼7 d to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sung-Kyu Robin Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire M Delahunty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Chen L, Ding D, Sheng Q, Yu L, Liu X, Liang X. Selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and glycans by using a dextran-modified hydrophilic material. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2003-2011. [PMID: 29333671 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- The Fifth People's Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Di Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Qianying Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Long Yu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- The Fifth People's Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
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8
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9
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Banazadeh A, Veillon L, Wooding KM, Zabet-Moghaddam M, Mechref Y. Recent advances in mass spectrometric analysis of glycoproteins. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:162-189. [PMID: 27757981 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins that plays essential roles in various biological processes, including protein folding, host-pathogen interaction, immune response, and inflammation and aberrant protein glycosylation is a well-known event in various disease states including cancer. As a result, it is critical to develop rapid and sensitive methods for the analysis of abnormal glycoproteins associated with diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) in conjunction with different separation methods, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE), ion mobility (IM), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become a popular tool for glycoprotein analysis, providing highly informative fragments for structural identification of glycoproteins. This review provides an overview of the developments and accomplishments in the field of glycomics and glycoproteomics reported between 2014 and 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Banazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kerry M Wooding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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10
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Reversed-phase separation methods for glycan analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:359-378. [PMID: 27888305 PMCID: PMC5203856 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase chromatography is a method that is often used for glycan separation. For this, glycans are often derivatized with a hydrophobic tag to achieve retention on hydrophobic stationary phases. The separation and elution order of glycans in reversed-phase chromatography is highly dependent on the hydrophobicity of the tag and the contribution of the glycan itself to the retention. The contribution of the different monosaccharides to the retention strongly depends on the position and linkage, and isomer separation may be achieved. The influence of sialic acids and fucoses on the retention of glycans is still incompletely understood and deserves further study. Analysis of complex samples may come with incomplete separation of glycan species, thereby complicating reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence or UV detection, whereas coupling with mass spectrometry detection allows the resolution of complex mixtures. Depending on the column properties, eluents, and run time, separation of isomeric and isobaric structures can be accomplished with reversed-phase chromatography. Alternatively, porous graphitized carbon chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography are also able to separate isomeric and isobaric structures, generally without the necessity of glycan labeling. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, porous graphitized carbon chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography all serve different research purposes and thus can be used for different research questions. A great advantage of reversed-phase chromatography is its broad distribution as it is used in virtually every bioanalytical research laboratory, making it an attracting platform for glycan analysis. Glycan isomer separation by reversed phase liquid chromatography ![]()
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11
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Thaysen-Andersen M, Packer NH, Schulz BL. Maturing Glycoproteomics Technologies Provide Unique Structural Insights into the N-glycoproteome and Its Regulation in Health and Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1773-90. [PMID: 26929216 PMCID: PMC5083109 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o115.057638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteome remains severely understudied because of significant analytical challenges associated with glycoproteomics, the system-wide analysis of intact glycopeptides. This review introduces important structural aspects of protein N-glycosylation and summarizes the latest technological developments and applications in LC-MS/MS-based qualitative and quantitative N-glycoproteomics. These maturing technologies provide unique structural insights into the N-glycoproteome and its synthesis and regulation by complementing existing methods in glycoscience. Modern glycoproteomics is now sufficiently mature to initiate efforts to capture the molecular complexity displayed by the N-glycoproteome, opening exciting opportunities to increase our understanding of the functional roles of protein N-glycosylation in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- §School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Lu J, Fu D, Yu L, Cao C, Zou L, Liang X. Determination of N-Glycopeptides by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Porous Graphitized Carbon Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Detection. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1181644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Fu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Long Yu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Cuiyan Cao
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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13
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Challenges in biomarker discovery with MALDI-TOF MS. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:84-98. [PMID: 27134187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF MS technique is commonly used in system biology and clinical studies to search for new potential markers associated with pathological conditions. Despite numerous concerns regarding a sample preparation or processing of complex data, this strategy is still recognized as a popular tool and its awareness has risen in the proteomic community over the last decade. In this review, we present comprehensive application of MALDI mass spectrometry with special focus on profiling research. We also discuss major advantages and disadvantages of universal sample preparation methods such as micro-SPE columns, immunodepletion or magnetic beads, and we show the potential of nanostructured materials in capturing low molecular weight subproteomes. Furthermore, as the general protocol considerably affects spectra quality and interpretation, an alternative solution for improved ion detection, including hydrophobic constituents, data processing and statistical analysis is being considered in up-to-date profiling pattern. In conclusion, many reports involving MALDI-TOF MS indicated highly abundant proteins as valuable indicators, and at the same time showed the inaccuracy of available methods in the detection of low abundant proteome that is the most interesting from the clinical perspective. Therefore, the analytical aspects of sample preparation methods should be standardized to provide a reproducible, low sample handling and credible procedure.
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14
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Liang Y, Wu C, Zhao Q, Wu Q, Jiang B, Weng Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Gold nanoparticles immobilized hydrophilic monoliths with variable functional modification for highly selective enrichment and on-line deglycosylation of glycopeptides. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 900:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Sequential enrichment of singly- and multiply-phosphorylated peptides with zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography material. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1413:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Hörner A, Hagendorn T, Schepers U, Bräse S. Photophysical properties and synthesis of new dye-cyclooctyne conjugates for multicolor and advanced microscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:718-24. [PMID: 25734400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooctyne conjugates with fluorophores are often used for bioorthogonal labeling in cells and tissues. However, no comprehensive library of one cyclooctyne core structure with different fluorescent dyes spanning the whole visible spectrum up to the NIR had been described so far. Hence, we synthesized and evaluated one cyclooctyne core structure which is easily accessible for the attachment of different dyes for multicolor imaging, FRET analysis, and study of metabolism in vivo. For these reasons we developed an easy one step synthesis starting from a known cyclooctyne. In combination with NHS-activated dyes, the cyclooctyne reacted to the dye DAB-MFCO conjugates within only 1-2 h at room temperature with high yields. We created conjugates with dyes that have high brightness and are bleaching stable with wavelengths from green to NIR. The ability to label glycans on cell surfaces was tested. All dye DAB-MFCO conjugates undergo click reactions on azide functionalized glycan structures with satisfactory photophysical properties. In total, seven different dye DAB-MFCO conjugates were synthesized; their photophysical properties and suitability for click labeling in biological applications were evaluated, making them suitable for single molecule and high resolution measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hörner
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,‡Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Hagendorn
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,§Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,§Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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17
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Zhang YW, Zhao MZ, Liu JX, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. Double-layer poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary for highly sensitive and stable capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry glycan analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:475-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Jing-Xin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Ying-Lin Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Xin-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing China
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18
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Jiao J, Zhang Y, Yang P, Lu H. Hydrazinonicotinic acid as a novel matrix for highly sensitive and selective MALDI-MS analysis of oligosaccharides. Analyst 2015; 140:156-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new matrix that enables highly sensitive and selective as well as straightforward glycan analysis is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
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