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Salmasi Z, Rouhi N, Safarpour H, Zebardast N, Zare H. The Recent Progress in DNAzymes-Based Aptasensors for Thrombin Detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:818-839. [PMID: 35867568 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2098671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin (TB) is classified among human blood coagulation proteins with key functions in hemostasis of blood vessels, wound healing, atherosclerosis, tissue adhesion, etc. Moreover, TB is involved as the main enzyme in the conversion of the fibrinogen to fibrin. Given the importance of TB detection in the clinical area, the development of innovative methods can considerably improve TB detection. Newly, aptasensors or aptamer-based biosensors have received special attention for sensitive and facile TB detection. In addition, the aptamer/nanomaterial conjugates have presented new prospects in accurate TB detection as nanoaptasensors. DNA-based enzymes or DNAzymes, as new biocatalysts, have many advantages over protein enzymes and can be used in analytical tools. This article reviews a brief overview of significant progresses regarding the various types of DNAzymes-based aptasensors and nano aptasensors developed for thrombin detection. In the following, challenges and prospects of TB detection by DNAzymes-based aptasensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nadiyeh Rouhi
- Seafood Processing Department, Marine Science Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nozhat Zebardast
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamed Zare
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Liao X, Zhang C, Machuki JO, Wen X, Chen D, Tang Q, Gao F. Proximity hybridization triggered hybridization chain reaction for label-free electrochemical homogeneous aptasensors. Talanta 2021; 226:122058. [PMID: 33676642 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A label-free homogeneous electrochemical aptasensor was developed for detection of thrombin based on proximity hybridization triggered hybridization chain reaction induced G-quadruplex formation. Thrombin promoted the formation of a complex via the proximity hybridization of the aptamer DNA strands, which unfolded the molecular beacon, the stem part of molecular beacon as a primer to initiate the hybridization chain reaction process. Thus, with the electrochemical indicator hemin selectively intercalated into the multiple G-quadruplexes, a significant electrochemical signal drop is observed, which is dependent on the concentration of the target thrombin. Thus, using this"signal-off" mode, label-free homogeneous electrochemical strategy for sensitive thrombin assay with a detection limit of 44 fM is realized. Furthermore, this method also exhibits additional advantages of simplicity and low cost, since both expensive labeling and sophisticated probe immobilization processes are avoided. Its high sensitivity, acceptable accuracy, and satisfactory versatility of analytes led to various applications in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiu Liao
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jeremiah Ong'achwa Machuki
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wen
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Duankai Chen
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Qianli Tang
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China.
| | - Fenglei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China.
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Bezuneh TT, Fereja TH, Addisu Kitte S, Li H, Jin Y. Enzyme-free signal amplified Au nanoparticle fluorescence detection of thrombin via target-triggered catalytic hairpin assembly. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang Y, Tao M, Luo S, Zhang Y, Situ B, Ye X, Chen P, Jiang X, Wang Q, Zheng L. A novel nest hybridization chain reaction based electrochemical assay for sensitive detection of circulating tumor DNA. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:40-47. [PMID: 32200900 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As an ideal biomarker candidate, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) plays a vital role in noninvasive diagnosis of cancer. However, most traditional approaches for quantifying ctDNA are cumbersome and expensive. In the present work, a novel electrochemical biosensor based on nest hybridization chain reaction was proposed for the sensitive and specific detection of PIK3CA E545K ctDNA with a simple process. The nest hybridization chain reaction was initiated by the hybridization of two dumbbell-shaped DNA units which were assembled by two classes of well-designed DNA probes respectively, leading to the formation of a complex DNA structure. In the presence of target ctDNA, the amplified hybridization chain reaction products were captured by target ctDNA, resulting in a significant increase of electrochemical signal. Under the optimal conditions, the developed biosensor exhibited good analytical performance for the detection of target ctDNA with the linear range from 5 pM to 0.5 nM and the detection limit of 3 pM. Furthermore, this assay was successfully applied to the detection of ctDNA in spiked-in samples, pleural effusion and serum samples of malignant tumor patients. This simple and cost-effective sensing system holds great potentials for ctDNA detection and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiFang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - MaLiang Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - ShiHua Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bo Situ
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - XinYi Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - PeiWen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - XiuJuan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Zhou Q, Yan H, Ran F, Cao J, Chen L, Shang B, Chen H, Wei J, Chen Q. Ultrasensitive enzyme-free fluorescent detection of VEGF 165 based on target-triggered hybridization chain reaction amplification. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25955-25960. [PMID: 35548700 PMCID: PMC9086580 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) is important for early cancer disease diagnosis in the clinic. A sensitive fluorescent sensing platform for VEGF165 detection is developed in this work. It is based on a target-triggered hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and graphene oxide (GO) selective fluorescence quenching. In this assay, in the presence of the VEGF165, the hairpin structure of Hp opens up and the initiation sequence will be exposed to Hp1 to open its hairpin structure. Then the opened Hp1 hybridizes with Hp2 to expose the complementary sequence of Hp1 which hybridizes with Hp1 again by HCR. Thus HCR would be initiated, generating super-long dsDNA. After the HCR, the double strands of the HCR product cannot be adsorbed on the GO surface. As a result, the HCR product gives a strong fluorescence signal which is dependent on the concentration of VEGF165. By using VEGF165 as a model analyte, the assay provides a highly sensitive fluorescence detection method for VEGF165 with a detection limit down to 20 pg mL-1. The proposed aptasensing strategy based on target-triggered HCR amplification can thus be realized. It was successfully applied to the determination of VEGF165 in spiked human serum, urine and saliva. Therefore, it can easily have wide applications in the diagnosis of vital diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhen Zhou
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hubei Cancer Hospital 116 South Zuodaoquan Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Fengying Ran
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Jianjun Cao
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Long Chen
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Bing Shang
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Hao Chen
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Jian Wei
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Hubei Shiyan 442008 China +86 0719-8272283
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Augspurger EE, Rana M, Yigit MV. Chemical and Biological Sensing Using Hybridization Chain Reaction. ACS Sens 2018; 3:878-902. [PMID: 29733201 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of its theoretical discovery more than 30 years ago, DNA nanotechnology has been used in a plethora of diverse applications in both the fundamental and applied sciences. The recent prominence of DNA-based technologies in the scientific community is largely due to the programmable features stored in its nucleobase composition and sequence, which allow it to assemble into highly advanced structures. DNA nanoassemblies are also highly controllable due to the precision of natural and artificial base-pairing, which can be manipulated by pH, temperature, metal ions, and solvent types. This programmability and molecular-level control have allowed scientists to create and utilize DNA nanostructures in one, two, and three dimensions (1D, 2D, and 3D). Initially, these 2D and 3D DNA lattices and shapes attracted a broad scientific audience because they are fundamentally captivating and structurally elegant; however, transforming these conceptual architectural blueprints into functional materials is essential for further advancements in the DNA nanotechnology field. Herein, the chemical and biological sensing applications of a 1D DNA self-assembly process known as hybridization chain reaction (HCR) are reviewed. HCR is a one-dimensional (1D) double stranded (ds) DNA assembly process initiated only in the presence of a specific short ssDNA (initiator) and two kinetically trapped DNA hairpin structures. HCR is considered an enzyme-free isothermal amplification process, which shows substantial promise and offers a wide range of applications for in situ chemical and biological sensing. Due to its modular nature, HCR can be programmed to activate only in the presence of highly specific biological and/or chemical stimuli. HCR can also be combined with different types of molecular reporters and detection approaches for various analytical readouts. While the long dsDNA HCR product may not be as structurally attractive as the 2D and 3D DNA networks, HCR is highly instrumental for applied biological, chemical, and environmental sciences, and has therefore been studied to foster a variety of objectives. In this review, we have focused on nucleic acid, protein, metabolite, and heavy metal ion detection using this 1D DNA nanotechnology via fluorescence, electrochemical, and nanoparticle-based methodologies.
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Fluorescence Sensing Using DNA Aptamers in Cancer Research and Clinical Diagnostics. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9120174. [PMID: 29261171 PMCID: PMC5742822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various advantages of aptamers over antibodies, remarkable is their ability to tolerate a large number of chemical modifications within their backbone or at the termini without losing significant activity. Indeed, aptamers can be easily equipped with a wide variety of reporter groups or coupled to different carriers, nanoparticles, or other biomolecules, thus producing valuable molecular recognition tools effective for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review reports an updated overview on fluorescent DNA aptamers, designed to recognize significant cancer biomarkers both in soluble or membrane-bound form. In many examples, the aptamer secondary structure switches induced by target recognition are suitably translated in a detectable fluorescent signal using either fluorescently-labelled or label-free aptamers. The fluorescence emission changes, producing an enhancement (“signal-on”) or a quenching (“signal-off”) effect, directly reflect the extent of the binding, thereby allowing for quantitative determination of the target in bioanalytical assays. Furthermore, several aptamers conjugated to fluorescent probes proved to be effective for applications in tumour diagnosis and intraoperative surgery, producing tumour-type specific, non-invasive in vivo imaging tools for cancer pre- and post-treatment assessment.
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Zhang Z, Ji H, Zhang S, Peng D, Fu Q, Wang M, He L, Yue L. Plasma polyacrylic acid and hollow TiO2 spheres modified with rhodamine B for sensitive electrochemical sensing Cu(ii). NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rhodamine B-modified nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensor was fabricated for selectively and sensitively detecting Cu(ii) in environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- P. R. China
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Hongfei Ji
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- P. R. China
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Donglai Peng
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Qixuan Fu
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Minghua Wang
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Linghao He
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Yue
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- P. R. China
- State Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Henan Province Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
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Wang X, Jiang A, Hou T, Li H, Li F. Enzyme-free and label-free fluorescence aptasensing strategy for highly sensitive detection of protein based on target-triggered hybridization chain reaction amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:324-9. [PMID: 25840018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are of great importance in medical and biological fields. In this paper, a novel fluorescent aptasensing strategy for protein assay has been developed based on target-triggered hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and graphene oxide (GO)-based selective fluorescence quenching. Three DNA probes, a helper DNA probe (HP), hairpin probe 1 (H1) and hairpin probe 2 (H2) are ingeniously designed. In the presence of the target, the aptamer sequences in HP recognize the target to form a target-aptamer complex, which causes the HP conformation change, and then triggers the chain-like assembly of H1 and H2 through the hybridization chain reaction, generating a long chain of HP leading complex of H1 and H2. At last the fluorescence indicator SYBR Green I (SG) binds with the long double strands of the HCR product through both intercalation and minor groove binding. When GO was added into the solutions after HCR, the free H1, H2 and SG would be closely adsorbed onto GO surface via π-π stacking. However, the HCR product cannot be adsorbed on GO surface, thereby the SG bound to HCR product gives a strong fluorescence signal dependent on the concentration of the target. With the use of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) as the model analyte, this newly designed protocol provides a highly sensitive fluorescence detection of PDGF-BB with a limit of detection down to 1.25 pM, and also exhibit good selectivity and applicability in complex matrixes. Therefore, the proposed aptasensing strategy based on target-triggered hybridization chain reaction amplification should have wide applications in the diagnosis of genetic diseases due to its simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity at extremely low target concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Aiwen Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ting Hou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Haiyin Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Bogomolova A, Aldissi M. Real-time and label-free analyte detection in a flow-through mode using immobilized fluorescent aptamer/quantum dots molecular switches. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 66:290-6. [PMID: 25437366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the goal to create a biosensor with designer specificity for real-time detection of unlabeled analytes in a flow-through mode, we designed a miniature flow cell with interchangeable quartz window carrying immobilized aptamer/quantum dot molecular switches as a part of a portable fluorescent setup. The inner surface of the 1.5mm ID, 12µl flow cell quartz window has been modified with the aptamer sensing complexes containing highly-fluorescent quantum dots. The aptamer complexes were designed as molecular switches to undergo conformational change and release fluorescent label upon interaction with the flow of the analyte, causing fluorescence decrease. The specificity of the sensor was designed to address the light chain of Botulinum Neurotoxin A and Ricin Toxin A chain, which could be specifically and repeatedly detected in the flow of 60µl/min with sensitivity comparable to other real-time detection methods. The specifics of quantum dots use as fluorescent labels for continuous monitoring under constant UV illumination were outlined. The possibility for multispecific sensing was explored by testing of bi-specific sensor. This work shows the possibility of surface-bound aptamer sensing for flow-through analyte detection and provides a useful tool to perform surface fluorescent studies in real-time. The flexibility of the described design allows for sensor specificity change through altering the specificity of the aptamer. Future work should address response quantification. The described sensing approach can be adapted to a number of environmental or clinical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bogomolova
- Smart Polymers Research Corporation, 108 4th Street, Belleair Beach, FL 33786, USA.
| | - Matt Aldissi
- Smart Polymers Research Corporation, 108 4th Street, Belleair Beach, FL 33786, USA
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