1
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Darestani-Farahani M, Ma F, Patel V, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. An ion-selective chemiresistive platform as demonstrated for the detection of nitrogen species in water. Analyst 2023; 148:5731-5744. [PMID: 37840463 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of ion-selective electrodes (ISE) is a well-established technique for the detection of ions in aqueous solutions but requires the use of a reference electrode. Here, we introduce a platform of ion-selective chemiresistors for the detection of nitrogen species in water as an alternative method without the need for reference electrodes. Chemiresistors have a sensitive surface that is prone to damage during operation in aqueous solutions. By applying a layer of ion-selective membrane to the surface of the chemiresistive device, the surface becomes protected and highly selective. We demonstrate both anion-selective (NO3-, NO2-) and cation-selective (NH4+) membranes. The nitrate sensors are able to measure nitrate ions in a range of 2.2-220 ppm with a detection limit of 0.3 ppm. The nitrite sensors respond between 67 ppb and 67 ppm of nitrite ions (64 ppb detection limit). The ammonium sensors can measure ammonium concentrations in a wide range from 10 ppb to 100 ppm (0.5 ppb detection limit). The fast responses to nitrate and nitrite are due to a mechanism involving electrostatic gating repulsion between negative charge carriers of the film and anions while ammonium detection arises from two mechanisms based on electrostatic gating repulsion and adsorption of ammonium ions at the surface of the p-doped chemiresistive film. The adsorption phenomenon slows down the recovery time of the ammonium sensor. This sensor design is a new platform to continuously monitor ions in industrial, domestic, and environmental water resources by robust chemiresistive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darestani-Farahani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Fanqing Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Vinay Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | | | - Peter Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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2
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AlQahtani HR, Al-Odayni ABM, Alhamed Y, Grell M. Bridged EGFET Design for the Rapid Screening of Sorbents as Sensitisers in Water-Pollution Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7554. [PMID: 37688010 PMCID: PMC10490669 DOI: 10.3390/s23177554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We further simplify the most 'user-friendly' potentiometric sensor for waterborne analytes, the 'extended-gate field effect transistor' (EGFET). This is accomplished using a 'bridge' design, that links two separate water pools, a 'control gate' (CG) pool and a 'floating gate' (FG) pool, by a bridge filled with agar-agar hydrogel. We show electric communication between electrodes in the pools across the gel bridge to the gate of an LND150 FET. When loading the gel bridge with a sorbent that is known to act as a sensitiser for Cu2+ water pollution, namely, the ion exchanging zeolite 'clinoptilolite', the bridged EGFET acts as a potentiometric sensor to waterborne Cu2+. We then introduce novel sensitisers into the gel bridge, the commercially available resins PurometTM MTS9140 and MTS9200, which are sorbents for the extraction of mercury (Hg2+) pollution from water. We find a response of the bridged EGFET to Hg2+ water pollution, setting a template for the rapid screening of ion exchange resins that are readily available for a wide range of harmful (or precious) metal ions. We fit the potentiometric sensor response vs. pollutant concentration characteristics to the Langmuir-Freundlich (LF) model which is discussed in context with other ion-sensor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rasam AlQahtani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Basit M. Al-Odayni
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusif Alhamed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Grell
- Llyfrgell Bangor, Ffordd Gwynedd, Bangor LL57 1DT, UK;
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3
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Eswaran M, Chokkiah B, Pandit S, Rahimi S, Dhanusuraman R, Aleem M, Mijakovic I. A Road Map toward Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor Technology for Early Stage Cancer Detection. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200809. [PMID: 36068169 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field effect transistor (FET)-based nanoelectronic biosensor devices provide a viable route for specific and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers, which can be used for early stage cancer detection, monitoring the progress of the disease, and evaluating the effectiveness of therapies. On the road to implementation of FET-based devices in cancer diagnostics, several key issues need to be addressed: sensitivity, selectivity, operational conditions, anti-interference, reusability, reproducibility, disposability, large-scale production, and economic viability. To address these well-known issues, significant research efforts have been made recently. An overview of these efforts is provided here, highlighting the approaches and strategies presently engaged at each developmental stage, from the design and fabrication of devices to performance evaluation and data analysis. Specifically, this review discusses the multistep fabrication of FETs, choice of bioreceptors for relevant biomarkers, operational conditions, measurement configuration, and outlines strategies to improve the sensing performance and reach the level required for clinical applications. Finally, this review outlines the expected progress to the future generation of FET-based diagnostic devices and discusses their potential for detection of cancer biomarkers as well as biomarkers of other noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusankar Eswaran
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bavatharani Chokkiah
- Nanoelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, 609609, India
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ragupathy Dhanusuraman
- Nanoelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, 609609, India
| | - Mahaboobbatcha Aleem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Xue M, Mackin C, Weng WH, Zhu J, Luo Y, Luo SXL, Lu AY, Hempel M, McVay E, Kong J, Palacios T. Integrated biosensor platform based on graphene transistor arrays for real-time high-accuracy ion sensing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5064. [PMID: 36030295 PMCID: PMC9420106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials such as graphene have shown great promise as biosensors, but suffer from large device-to-device variation due to non-uniform material synthesis and device fabrication technologies. Here, we develop a robust bioelectronic sensing platform composed of more than 200 integrated sensing units, custom-built high-speed readout electronics, and machine learning inference that overcomes these challenges to achieve rapid, portable, and reliable measurements. The platform demonstrates reconfigurable multi-ion electrolyte sensing capability and provides highly sensitive, reversible, and real-time response for potassium, sodium, and calcium ions in complex solutions despite variations in device performance. A calibration method leveraging the sensor redundancy and device-to-device variation is also proposed, while a machine learning model trained with multi-dimensional information collected through the multiplexed sensor array is used to enhance the sensing system’s functionality and accuracy in ion classification. The potential of 2D materials for biosensing applications is often limited by large device-to-device variation. Here, the authors report a calibration method and a machine learning approach leveraging the redundancy of a sensing platform based on 256 integrated graphene transistors to enhance the system accuracy in real-time ion classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantian Xue
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Wei-Hung Weng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiadi Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiyue Luo
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ang-Yu Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marek Hempel
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elaine McVay
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Li Y, Cui B, Zhang S, Li B, Li J, Liu S, Zhao Q. Ion-Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Recent Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107413. [PMID: 35182018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charged species inside biofluids (blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, etc.) can reflect the human body's physiological conditions and thus be adopted to diagnose various diseases early. Among all personalized health management applications, ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (IS-OECTs) have shown tremendous potential in point-of-care testing of biofluids due to low cost, ease of fabrication, high signal amplification, and low detection limit. Moreover, IS-OECTs exhibit excellent flexibility and biocompatibility that enable their application in wearable bioelectronics for continuous health monitoring. In this review, the working principle of IS-OECTs and the recent studies of IS-OECTs for performance improvement are reviewed. Specifically, contemporary studies on material design and device optimization to enhance the sensitivity of IS-OECTs are discussed. In addition, the progress toward the commercialization of IS-OECTs is highlighted, and the recently proposed solutions or alternatives are summarized. The main challenges and perspectives for fully exploiting IS-OECTs toward future preventive and personal medical devices are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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6
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Côté S, Bouilly D, Mousseau N. The molecular origin of the electrostatic gating of single-molecule field-effect biosensors investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4174-4186. [PMID: 35113103 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04626h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Field-effect biosensors (bioFETs) offer a novel way to measure the kinetics of biomolecular events such as protein function and DNA hybridization at the single-molecule level on a wide range of time scales. These devices generate an electrical current whose fluctuations are correlated to the kinetics of the biomolecule under study. BioFETs are indeed highly sensitive to changes in the electrostatic potential (ESP) generated by the biomolecule. Here, using all-atom solvent explicit molecular dynamics simulations, we further investigate the molecular origin of the variation of this ESP for two prototypical cases of proteins or nucleic acids attached to a carbon nanotube bioFET: the function of the lysozyme protein and the hybridization of a 10-nt DNA sequence, as previously done experimentally. Our results show that the ESP changes significantly on the surface of the carbon nanotube as the state of these two biomolecules changes. More precisely, the ESP distributions calculated for these molecular states explain well the magnitude of the conductance fluctuations measured experimentally. The dependence of the ESP with salt concentration is found to agree with the reduced conductance fluctuations observed experimentally for the lysozyme, but to differ for the case of DNA, suggesting that other mechanisms might be at play in this case. Furthermore, we show that the carbon nanotube does not impact significantly the structural stability of the lysozyme, corroborating that the kinetic rates measured using bioFETs are similar to those measured by other techniques. For DNA, we find that the structural ensemble of the single-stranded DNA is significantly impacted by the presence of the nanotube, which, combined with the ESP analysis, suggests a stronger DNA-device interplay. Overall, our simulations strengthen the comprehension of the inner working of field-effect biosensors used for single-molecule kinetics measurements on proteins and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Côté
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. .,Département de Physique, Cégep de Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Delphine Bouilly
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. .,Institut de recherche en immunologie et cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Normand Mousseau
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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7
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Bollella P, Sarcina L, Tricase A, Di Franco C, Österbacka R, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Large-Area Interfaces for Single-Molecule Label-free Bioelectronic Detection. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4636-4699. [PMID: 35077645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic transducing surfaces that are nanometric in size have been the main route to detect single molecules. Though enabling the study of rarer events, such methodologies are not suited to assay at concentrations below the nanomolar level. Bioelectronic field-effect-transistors with a wide (μm2-mm2) transducing interface are also assumed to be not suited, because the molecule to be detected is orders of magnitude smaller than the transducing surface. Indeed, it is like seeing changes on the surface of a one-kilometer-wide pond when a droplet of water falls on it. However, it is a fact that a number of large-area transistors have been shown to detect at a limit of detection lower than femtomolar; they are also fast and hence innately suitable for point-of-care applications. This review critically discusses key elements, such as sensing materials, FET-structures, and target molecules that can be selectively assayed. The amplification effects enabling extremely sensitive large-area bioelectronic sensing are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
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8
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Torricelli F, Adrahtas DZ, Bao Z, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Bonfiglio A, Bortolotti CA, Frisbie CD, Macchia E, Malliaras GG, McCulloch I, Moser M, Nguyen TQ, Owens RM, Salleo A, Spanu A, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:66. [PMID: 35475166 PMCID: PMC9037952 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Demetra Z. Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo A. Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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9
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AlQahtani H, Alswieleh A, Al-Khurayyif I, AlGarni S, Grell M. Parallel Potentiometric and Capacitive Response in a Water-Gate Thin Film Transistor Biosensor at High Ionic Strength. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165618. [PMID: 34451066 PMCID: PMC8402598 DOI: 10.3390/s21165618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We show that an SnO2-based water-gate thin film transistor (WGTFT) biosensor responds to a waterborne analyte, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, by a parallel potentiometric and capacitive mechanism. We draw our conclusion from an analysis of transistor output characteristics, which avoids the known ambiguities of the common analysis based on transfer characteristics. Our findings contrast with reports on organic WGTFT biosensors claiming a purely capacitive response due to screening effects in high ionic strength electrolytes, but are consistent with prior work that clearly shows a potentiometric response even in strong electrolytes. We provide a detailed critique of prior WGTFT analysis and screening reasoning. Empirically, both potentiometric and capacitive responses can be modelled quantitatively by a Langmuir‒Freundlich (LF) law, which is mathematically equivalent to the Hill equation that is frequently used for biosensor response characteristics. However, potentiometric and capacitive model parameters disagree. Instead, the potentiometric response follows the Nikolsky-Eisenman law, treating the analyte ‘RBD spike protein’ as an ion carrying two elementary charges. These insights are uniquely possible thanks to the parallel presence of two response mechanisms, as well as their reliable delineation, as presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi AlQahtani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.-K.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdullah Alswieleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Al-Khurayyif
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.-K.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Saad AlGarni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.-K.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Grell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.-K.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
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10
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Węgrzyn K, Kalisz J, Stelmach E, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Emission Intensity Readout of Ion-Selective Electrodes Operating under an Electrochemical Trigger. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10084-10089. [PMID: 34264066 PMCID: PMC8382224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time on in situ transduction of electrochemical responses of ion-selective electrodes, operating under non-zero-current conditions, to emission change signals. The proposed novel-type PVC-based membrane comprises a dispersed redox and emission active ion-to-electron transducer. The electrochemical trigger applied induces a redox process of the transducer, inducing ion exchange between the membrane and the solution, resulting also in change of its emission spectrum. It is shown that electrochemical signals recorded for ion-selective electrodes operating under voltammetric/coulometric conditions correlate with emission intensity changes recorded in the same experiments. Moreover, the proposed optical readout offers extended linear response range compared to electrical signals recorded in voltammetric or coulometric mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Węgrzyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Justyna Kalisz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Emilia Stelmach
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Maksymiuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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11
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Highly Sensitive and Selective Sodium Ion Sensor Based on Silicon Nanowire Dual Gate Field-Effect Transistor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124213. [PMID: 34205380 PMCID: PMC8235453 DOI: 10.3390/s21124213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a highly sensitive and selective sodium ion sensor consisting of a dual-gate (DG) structured silicon nanowire (SiNW) field-effect transistor (FET) as the transducer and a sodium-selective membrane extended gate (EG) as the sensing unit was developed. The SiNW channel DG FET was fabricated through the dry etching of the silicon-on-insulator substrate by using electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers as a template for the SiNW pattern transfer. The selectivity and sensitivity of sodium to other ions were verified by constructing a sodium ion sensor, wherein the EG was electrically connected to the SiNW channel DG FET with a sodium-selective membrane. An extremely high sensitivity of 1464.66 mV/dec was obtained for a NaCl solution. The low sensitivities of the SiNW channel FET-based sodium ion sensor to CaCl2, KCl, and pH buffer solutions demonstrated its excellent selectivity. The reliability and stability of the sodium ion sensor were verified under non-ideal behaviors by analyzing the hysteresis and drift. Therefore, the SiNW channel DG FET-based sodium ion sensor, which comprises a sodium-selective membrane EG, can be applied to accurately detect sodium ions in the analyses of sweat or blood.
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Chemical-free and scalable process for the fabrication of a uniform array of liquid-gated CNTFET, evaluated by KCl electrolyte. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3979. [PMID: 33597616 PMCID: PMC7889891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosensors based on liquid-gated carbon nanotubes field-effect transistors (LG-CNTFETs) have attracted considerable attention, as they offer high sensitivity and selectivity; quick response and label-free detection. However, their practical applications are limited due to the numerous fabrication challenges including resist-based lithography, in which after the lithography process, the resist leaves trace level contaminations over the CNTs that affect the performance of the fabricated biosensors. Here, we report the realization of LG-CNTFET devices using silicon shadow mask-based chemical-free lithography process on a 3-in. silicon wafer, yielding 21 sensor chips. Each sensor chip consists of 3 × 3 array of LG-CNTFET devices. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Raman mapping confirm the isolation of devices within the array chip having 9 individual devices. A reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) is used to demonstrate the uniformity of sensing performances among the fabricated LG-CNTFET devices in an array using different KCl molar solutions. The average threshold voltage (Vth) for all 9 devices varies from 0.46 to 0.19 V for 0.1 mM to 1 M KCl concentration range. This developed chemical-free process of LG-CNTFET array fabrication is simple, inexpensive, rapid having a commercial scope and thus opens a new realm of scalable realization of various biosensors.
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Alghamdi N, Alqahtani Z, Zhou C, Sano N, Conte M, Grell M. Sensing aromatic pollutants in water with catalyst-sensitized water-gated transistor. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alqahtani Z, Alghamdi N, Robshaw TJ, Dawson R, Ogden MD, Buckely A, Grell M. Water-Gated Transistor Using Ion Exchange Resin for Potentiometric Fluoride Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100923. [PMID: 33027961 PMCID: PMC7601498 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We introduce fluoride-selective anion exchange resin sorbents as sensitisers into membranes for water-gated field effect transistors (WGTFTs). Sorbents were prepared via metal (La or Al)-loading of a commercial macroporous aminophosphonic acid resin, PurometTM MTS9501, and were filled into a plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) phase transfer membrane. We found a potentiometric response (membrane potential leading to WGTFT threshold shift) to fluoride following a Langmuir-Freundlich (LF) adsorption isotherm with saturated membrane potential up to ~480 mV, extremely low characteristic concentration c1/2 = 1/K, and picomolar limit of detection (LoD), even though ion exchange did not build up charge on the resin. La-loading gave a superior response compared to Al-loading. Membrane potential characteristics were distinctly different from charge accumulating sensitisers (e.g., organic macrocycles) but similar to the Cs+ (cation) selective ion-exchanging zeolite mineral 'mordenite'. We propose a mechanism for the observed threshold shift and investigate interference from co-solutes. Strong interference from carbonate was brought under control by 'diluting' metal loading in the resin. This work sets a template for future studies using an entirely new 'family' of sensitisers in applications where very low limit of detection is essential such as for ions of arsenic, mercury, copper, palladium, and gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahrah Alqahtani
- Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK; (N.A.); (A.B.)
- Department of Physics, University of Taif, Taif-Al-Haweiah 21974, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nawal Alghamdi
- Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK; (N.A.); (A.B.)
- Department of Physics, University of Tabuk, King Fahad Road, Tabuk 47731, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas J. Robshaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (T.J.R.); (M.D.O.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Mark D. Ogden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (T.J.R.); (M.D.O.)
| | - Alastair Buckely
- Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK; (N.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Grell
- Llyfrgell Bangor, Gwynedd Rd, Bangor LL57 1TD, UK;
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Alqahtani Z, Alghamdi N, Grell M. Monitoring the lead-and-copper rule with a water-gated field effect transistor. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:159-171. [PMID: 32300089 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We use the natural zeolite clinoptilolite as the sensitive element in a plasticised PVC membrane. Separating a sample pool and a reference pool with such a membrane in water-gated SnO2 thin-film transistor (SnO2 WGTFT) leads to membrane potential, and thus transistor threshold shift in response to the common drinking water pollutants Pb2+ or Cu2+ in the sample pool. Threshold shift with ion concentration, c, follows a Langmuir-Freundlich (LF) characteristic. As the LF characteristic shows the steepest slope in the limit c → 0, this opens a window to limits-of-detection (LoDs) far below the 'action levels' of the 'lead-and-copper rule' for drinking water: Pb2+: LoD 0.9 nM vs 72 nM action level, Cu2+: LoD 14 nM vs 20.5 μM action level. LoDs are far lower than for membranes using organic macrocycles as their sensitive elements. Threshold shifts at the lead and copper action levels are more significant than shifts in response to variations in the concentration of non-toxic co-cations, and we discuss in detail how to moderate interference. The selective response to lead and copper qualifies clinoptilolite-sensitised WGTFTs as a low footprint sensor technology for monitoring the lead-and-copper rule, and to confirm the effectiveness of attempts to extract lead and copper from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahrah Alqahtani
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK E-mail: ; Department of Physics, University of Taif, Taif-Al-Haweiah 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Alghamdi
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK E-mail: ; Department of Physics, University of Tabuk, King Fahad Road, Tabuk 47731, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Grell
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK E-mail:
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Kisiel A, Kałuża D, Paterczyk B, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Quantifying plasticizer leakage from ion-selective membranes – a nanosponge approach. Analyst 2020; 145:2966-2974. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous process of release of plasticizers from membranes typically used in ion-selective sensors is an effect which limits the lifetime of sensors and comes with a risk of safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kisiel
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Dawid Kałuża
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Bohdan Paterczyk
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Warsaw
- 02-096 Warsaw
- Poland
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Sakr M, Hanafi R, Fouad M, Al-Easa H, El-Moghazy S. Design and optimization of a luminescent Samarium complex of isoprenaline: A chemometric approach based on Factorial design and Box-Behnken response surface methodology. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:114-123. [PMID: 30300861 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A chemometrically optimized procedure has been developed for the determination of isoprenaline (ISO) in the parent substance as well as in its respective pharmaceutical preparation. It is worth mentioning that although spectroscopic determination of Isoprenaline metal complexes has been described in literature, yet, no methods for the quantification of Isoprenaline with Samarium nor any other lanthanide metal have been reported. Fractional factorial design (FFD) was implemented in the initial screening procedure of the four designated factors, namely, reaction time (RT), metal volume (MV), pH and temperature (T) followed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool performed by the aid of Box Behnken design (BBD).The proposed techniques are based on a multivariate approach where a complexation reaction between Isoprenaline (ISO) and Samarium III (Sm3+) metal was exploited for the first time to synthesize novel fluorescence and absorbance probes of ISO-Sm. Maximum fluorescence intensity (Y1) as well as maximum absorbance (Y2) of the produced complex were attained at λex/λem = 315/450 and λ 295 nm for spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric determinations, respectively, against blank solutions. Using assessment quality tools such as, Pareto charts, normal probability plots and statistical analysis of variance testing (ANOVA), significant factors were successfully indicated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the proposed methods verified specificity and accuracy for the determination of Isoprenaline in its pure and pharmaceutical preparation using spectrofluorimetric (Technique A) and spectrophotometric (Technique B) techniques, respectively. Linearity was obtained in the range of (0.02-0.50 μg/mL) and (2-12 μg/mL) upon employing both techniques A and B, respectively. Furthermore, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), were found to be 5.1877 ∗ 10-3 μg/mL, 0.01572 μg/mL and 0.5593 μg/mL, 1.6949 μg/mL, upon employing techniques A and B, respectively. Standard addition method was applied for both techniques. The analysis was successfully applied to the assay of pure powder and pharmaceutical dosage forms after which the corresponding mean recoveries were computed and were found to be in the range of 99.546%-100.257% (Technique A) and 99.872%-99.887% (Technique B) with RSD (<1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Sakr
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hala Al-Easa
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Samir El-Moghazy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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High-field modulated ion-selective field-effect-transistor (FET) sensors with sensitivity higher than the ideal Nernst sensitivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8300. [PMID: 29844607 PMCID: PMC5974191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead ion selective membrane (Pb-ISM) coated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) was used to demonstrate a whole new methodology for ion-selective FET sensors, which can create ultra-high sensitivity (−36 mV/log [Pb2+]) surpassing the limit of ideal sensitivity (−29.58 mV/log [Pb2+]) in a typical Nernst equation for lead ion. The largely improved sensitivity has tremendously reduced the detection limit (10−10 M) for several orders of magnitude of lead ion concentration compared to typical ion-selective electrode (ISE) (10−7 M). The high sensitivity was obtained by creating a strong filed between the gate electrode and the HEMT channel. Systematical investigation was done by measuring different design of the sensor and gate bias, indicating ultra-high sensitivity and ultra-low detection limit obtained only in sufficiently strong field. Theoretical study in the sensitivity consistently agrees with the experimental finding and predicts the maximum and minimum sensitivity. The detection limit of our sensor is comparable to that of Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Mass Spectrum (ICP-MS), which also has detection limit near 10−10 M.
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Althagafi TM, Al Baroot AF, Algarni SA, Grell M. A membrane-free cation selective water-gated transistor. Analyst 2016; 141:5571-6. [PMID: 27433556 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensors for the detection of waterborne cations are of great practical interest, and chemistry has synthesised a formidable catalogue of cation selective complexation agents ('ionophores') as selective sensitisers. Current ionophore-based sensors separate the complexation of the cation by the ionophore, and the transduction of complexation into an electrical signal, into separate components. We here unite both functions into a single, sensitised semiconducting layer of a water-gated organic thin film transistor (OTFT). The resulting OTFT transduces waterborne cations into an electrical signal with same selectivity, sensitivity, and limit of detection as established sensors at much simplified preparation and operation. This opens a new route to apply the 'ionophore' family of functional organic materials in practical cation sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal M Althagafi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK.
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Melzer K, Bhatt VD, Jaworska E, Mittermeier R, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A, Lugli P. Enzyme assays using sensor arrays based on ion-selective carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 84:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jaworska E, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Optimizing Carbon Nanotubes Dispersing Agents from the Point of View of Ion-selective Membrane Based Sensors Performance - Introducing Carboxymethylcellulose as Dispersing Agent for Carbon Nanotubes Based Solid Contacts. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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