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Hwa S, Sim ES, Na JH, Jang IH, Kwon JH, Kim MH. A Dew-Condensation Sensor Exploiting Local Variations in the Relative Refractive Index on the Dew-Friendly Surface of a Waveguide. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2857. [PMID: 36905059 PMCID: PMC10007079 DOI: 10.3390/s23052857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose a sensor technology for detecting dew condensation, which exploits a variation in the relative refractive index on the dew-friendly surface of an optical waveguide. The dew-condensation sensor is composed of a laser, waveguide, medium (i.e., filling material for the waveguide), and photodiode. The formation of dewdrops on the waveguide surface causes local increases in the relative refractive index accompanied by the transmission of the incident light rays, hence reducing the light intensity inside the waveguide. In particular, the dew-friendly surface of the waveguide is obtained by filling the interior of the waveguide with liquid H2O, i.e., water. A geometric design for the sensor was first carried out considering the curvature of the waveguide and the incident angles of the light rays. Moreover, the optical suitability of waveguide media with various absolute refractive indices, i.e., water, air, oil, and glass, were evaluated through simulation tests. In actual experiments, the sensor with the water-filled waveguide displayed a wider gap between the measured photocurrent levels under conditions with and without dew, than those with the air- and glass-filled waveguides, as a result of the relatively high specific heat of the water. The sensor with the water-filled waveguide exhibited excellent accuracy and repeatability as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Hwa
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Sim
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Na
- Department of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hoon Jang
- FarmAI Lab, Jinong, Anyang-si 14067, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuk Kwon
- Research Institute of Printed Electronics & 3D Printing, Industry University Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hoi Kim
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Printed Electronics & 3D Printing, Industry University Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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Gao J, Zhang B, Feng Q, Shen X, Xue Y, Liu J. Speckle Measurement for Small In-Plane Vibration Using GaAs. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2724. [PMID: 36904931 PMCID: PMC10006966 DOI: 10.3390/s23052724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the measurement characteristics of speckles based on the photoinduced electromotive force (photo-emf) effect for high-frequency, small-amplitude, and in-plane vibration were theoretically and experimentally studied. The relevant theoretical models were utilized. A GaAs crystal was used as the photo-emf detector for experimental research, as well as to study the influence of the amplitude and frequency of the vibration, the imaging magnification of the measuring system, and the average speckle size of the measuring light on the first harmonic of the induced photocurrent in the experiments. The correctness of the supplemented theoretical model was verified, and a theoretical and experimental basis was provided for the feasibility of using GaAs to measure in-plane vibrations with nanoscale amplitudes.
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Xue Z, Mao P, Peng P, Yan S, Zang Z, Yao C. Terahertz spectra of proteinuria and non-proteinuria. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1119694. [PMID: 36873349 PMCID: PMC9982117 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1119694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, proteinuria detection is of great significance in the diagnosis of kidney diseases. Dipstick analysis is used in most outpatient settings to semi-quantitatively measure the urine protein concentration. However, this method has limitations for protein detection, and alkaline urine or hematuria will cause false positive results. Recently, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) with strong hydrogen bonding sensitivity has been proven to be able to distinguish different types of biological solutions, which means that protein molecules in urine may have different THz spectral characteristics. In this study, we performed a preliminary clinical study investigating the terahertz spectra of 20 fresh urine samples (non-proteinuria and proteinuria). The results showed that the concentration of urine protein was positively correlated with the absorption of THz spectra at 0.5-1.2 THz. At 1.0 THz, the pH values (6, 7, 8, and 9) had no significant effect on the THz absorption spectra of urine proteins. The terahertz absorption of proteins with a high molecular weight (albumin) was greater than that of proteins with a low molecular weight (β2-microglobulin) at the same concentration. Overall, THz-TDS spectroscopy for the qualitative detection of proteinuria is not affected by pH and has the potential to discriminate between albumin and β2-microglobulin in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Xue
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Crops Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Peng
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shihan Yan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyi Zang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Shaoqing M, Zhiwei L, Shixiang G, Chengbiao L, Xiaoli L, Yingwei L. The laws and effects of terahertz wave interactions with neurons. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1147684. [PMID: 37180041 PMCID: PMC10170412 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1147684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Terahertz waves lie within the energy range of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. They can couple directly with proteins to excite non-linear resonance effects in proteins, and thus affect the structure of neurons. However, it remains unclear which terahertz radiation protocols modulate the structure of neurons. Furthermore, guidelines and methods for selecting terahertz radiation parameters are lacking. Methods: In this study, the propagation and thermal effects of 0.3-3 THz wave interactions with neurons were modelled, and the field strength and temperature variations were used as evaluation criteria. On this basis, we experimentally investigated the effects of cumulative radiation from terahertz waves on neuron structure. Results: The results show that the frequency and power of terahertz waves are the main factors influencing field strength and temperature in neurons, and that there is a positive correlation between them. Appropriate reductions in radiation power can mitigate the rise in temperature in the neurons, and can also be used in the form of pulsed waves, limiting the duration of a single radiation to the millisecond level. Short bursts of cumulative radiation can also be used. Broadband trace terahertz (0.1-2 THz, maximum radiated power 100 μW) with short duration cumulative radiation (3 min/day, 3 days) does not cause neuronal death. This radiation protocol can also promote the growth of neuronal cytosomes and protrusions. Discussion: This paper provides guidelines and methods for terahertz radiation parameter selection in the study of terahertz neurobiological effects. Additionally, it verifies that the short-duration cumulative radiation can modulate the structure of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Shaoqing
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Li Zhiwei
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Gong Shixiang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lu Chengbiao
- Henan International Key Laboratory for Noninvasive Neuromodulation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Chengbiao, ; Li Xiaoli, ; Li Yingwei,
| | - Li Xiaoli
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Chengbiao, ; Li Xiaoli, ; Li Yingwei,
| | - Li Yingwei
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Qinhuangdao, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Chengbiao, ; Li Xiaoli, ; Li Yingwei,
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Inoue S, Fukada K, Hayashi K, Seyama M. Data Processing of SPR Curve Data to Maximize the Extraction of Changes in Electrochemical SPR Measurements. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080615. [PMID: 36005010 PMCID: PMC9406148 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel measuring and data-processing method for performing electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) on sensor surfaces for which detecting a specific SPR angle is difficult, such as a polymer having a non-uniform thickness with coloration. SPR measurements are used in medicine and basic research as an analytical method capable of molecular detection without labeling. However, SPR is not good for detecting small molecules with small refractive index changes. The proposed EC-SPR, which combines SPR measurements with an electrochemical reaction, makes it possible to measure small molecules without increasing the number of measurement steps. A drawback of EC-SPR is that it is difficult to detect a specific SPR angle on electron mediators, and it was found that it may not be possible to capture all the features produced. The novel method we describe here is different from the conventional one in which a specific SPR angle is obtained from an SPR curve; rather, it processes the SPR curve itself and can efficiently aggregate the feature displacements in the SPR curves that are dispersed through multiple angles. As an application, we used our method to detect small concentrations of H2O2 (LOD 0.7 μM) and glutamate (LOD 5 μM).
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Liaw SK, Liao CW, Tsai MH, Li DC, Yang SM, Xia ZY, Yeh CH, Liu WF. Hybrid Fiber-Optic Sensing Integrating Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis and Fiber Bragg Grating for Long-Range Two-Parameter Measurement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4224. [PMID: 34203054 PMCID: PMC8233985 DOI: 10.3390/s21124224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Distributed fiber sensing (DFS) can provide real-time signals and warnings. The entire length of fiber optic cable can act as a sensing element, but the accuracy is sometimes limited. On the other hand, point-to-point fiber sensing (PPFS) is usually implemented using one or more fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) at specific positions along with the fiber for the monitoring of specific parameters (temperature, strain, pressure, and so on). However, the cost becomes expensive when the number of FBGs increases. A hybrid fiber sensing scheme is thus proposed, combining the advantages of DFS and PPFS. It is based on a Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) fiber system with additional FBGs embedded at certain positions where it is necessary to detect specific parameters. The hybrid fiber sensing system has the advantages of full sensing coverage at essential locations that need to be carefully monitored. In our work, the test results showed that the proposed system could achieve a sensing distance of 16 km with the single-mode fiber with a 2 m spatial resolution. For FBG parameter measurements, the temperature variation was 52 °C, from 25 °C to 77 °C, with a temperature sensitivity of 23 pm/°C, and the strain was from 0 to 400 µε, with a strain sensitivity of 0.975 pm/µε, respectively, using two FBGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shien-Kuei Liaw
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10671, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (D.-C.L.); (S.-M.Y.); (Z.-Y.X.)
| | - Chi-Wen Liao
- Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31048, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10671, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (D.-C.L.); (S.-M.Y.); (Z.-Y.X.)
| | - Dong-Chang Li
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10671, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (D.-C.L.); (S.-M.Y.); (Z.-Y.X.)
| | - Shu-Ming Yang
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10671, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (D.-C.L.); (S.-M.Y.); (Z.-Y.X.)
| | - Zhu-Yong Xia
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10671, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (D.-C.L.); (S.-M.Y.); (Z.-Y.X.)
| | - Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (W.-F.L.)
| | - Wen-Fung Liu
- Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (W.-F.L.)
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Single-Mode Polymer Ridge Waveguide Integration of Organic Thin-Film Laser. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film lasers (OLAS) are promising optical sources when it comes to flexibility and small-scale manufacturing. These properties are required especially for integrating organic thin-film lasers into single-mode waveguides. Optical sensors based on single-mode ridge waveguide systems, especially for Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) applications, usually need external laser sources, free-space optics, and coupling structures, which suffer from coupling losses and mechanical stabilization problems. In this paper, we report on the first successful integration of organic thin-film lasers directly into polymeric single-mode ridge waveguides forming a monolithic laser device for LoC applications. The integrated waveguide laser is achieved by three production steps: nanoimprint of Bragg gratings onto the waveguide cladding material EpoClad, UV-Lithography of the waveguide core material EpoCore, and thermal evaporation of the OLAS material Alq3:DCM2 on top of the single-mode waveguides and the Bragg grating area. Here, the laser light is analyzed out of the waveguide facet with optical spectroscopy presenting single-mode characteristics even with high pump energy densities. This kind of integrated waveguide laser is very suitable for photonic LoC applications based on intensity and interferometric sensors where single-mode operation is required.
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Peng Z, Du Y, Ding Y. Highly Sensitive, Calibration-Free WM-DAS Method for Recovering Absorbance-Part II: Experimental Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E616. [PMID: 31979159 PMCID: PMC7038228 DOI: 10.3390/s20030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following the theoretical work in Part I, in this experimental study, the robustness, temporal resolution, and the narrow scan performance of the proposed wavelength modulation-direct absorption spectroscopy (WM-DAS) method are experimentally validated in a high-temperature tube furnace. The electromagnetic and other random-frequency noises can be effectively eliminated by extracting the characteristic spectra of the light intensity. The performance of WM-DAS with modulation frequencies from 0.1 to 100 kHz and scan indexes from 3.3 to 11.1 are also investigated at atmospheric pressure. The proposed method produces accurate line profile and high SNR over 500 consistently even with a weak absorption. As for real applications, the spectral line parameters of CO at 4300.6999 cm-1 including the collisional broadening, Dicke narrowing, and their dependence on temperature are measured. Furthermore, the high-speed measurement (1 ms) of the temperature and CO concentration of a McKenna flat flame are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.P.); (Y.D.)
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Image Processing and Cell Phone Microscopy to Analyze the Immunomagnetic Beads on Micro-Contact Printed Gratings. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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