1
|
Chen L, Quayle K, Smith ZM, Connell TU, Doeven EH, Hayne DJ, Adcock JL, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Pattuwage ML, Adamson NS, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble iridium(III) complexes containing a tetraethylene-glycol functionalised triazolylpyridine ligand. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342470. [PMID: 38637058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridium(III) complexes, exhibiting high luminescence quantum yields and a wide range of emission colours, are promising alternatives to tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) for chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. This emerging class of reagent, however, is limited by the poor solubility of many iridium(III) complexes in aqueous solution, and lack of understanding of their remarkably variable selectivities towards different analytes. RESULTS Seven [Ir(C^N)2(pt-TEG)]+ complexes, exhibiting a wide range of reduction potentials and emission energies, were examined with six model analytes. For CL, cerium(IV) was used as the oxidant. The alkylamine analytes generally produced greater CL and ECL with the more readily oxidised Ir(III) complexes (C^N = piq, bt, ppy), predominantly through the 'direct' pathway requiring oxidation of both metal complex and analyte. Aniline derivatives that did not also contain secondary or tertiary alkylamines elicited CL from the less readily oxidised complexes (C^N = df-ppy-CF3, df-ppy) via energy transfer. The most difficult to oxidise complexes (C^N = df(CF3)-ppy-Me, df(CN)-ppy) gave poor responses due to the limited potential window of the solvent and inefficiency of energy transfer to their high energy excited states. Greater CL and/or ECL intensities were generally obtained for each analyte with at least one Ir(III) complex than with [Ru(bpy)3]2+; superior limits of detection for two analytes were demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE This exploration of CL/ECL in which the properties of luminophore, analyte and oxidant are all varied provides a new understanding of the influence of the metal-complex potentials and excited state energy on the light-producing and quenching pathways, and consequently, their distinct selectivity towards different analytes. These findings will guide the development of water-soluble Ir(III) complexes as CL and ECL reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Kim Quayle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Michael L Pattuwage
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Natasha S Adamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kagalwala HN, Gerberich J, Smith CJ, Mason RP, Lippert AR. Chemiluminescent 1,2-Dioxetane Iridium Complexes for Near-Infrared Oxygen Sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115704. [PMID: 35037345 PMCID: PMC8923301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemiluminescent iridium-based sensors which demonstrate oxygen dependent responses have been developed. The molecular probes, named IrCL-1, IrCL-2 and IrCL-3 consist of oxygen-sensitive iridium complexes attached to a spiroadamantane 1,2 dioxetane and operate via energy transfer from the chemiexcited benzoate to the corresponding iridium(III) complex. Complexing the iridium(III) center with π-extended ligands results in emission in the biologically relevant, near-infrared (NIR) region. All probes demonstrate varying oxygen tolerance, with IrCL-1 being the most oxygen sensitive. These probes have been further utilized for in vitro ratiometric imaging of oxygen, as well as for intraperitoneal, intramuscular and intratumoral imaging in live mice. To our knowledge, these are the first iridium-based chemiluminescent probes that have been employed for in vitro ratiometric oxygen sensing, and for in vivo tumor imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husain N Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA
| | - Jeni Gerberich
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory (PIRL), Pre-clinical Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
| | - Chancellor J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory (PIRL), Pre-clinical Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kagalwala HN, Gerberich J, Smith CJ, Mason RP, Lippert AR. Chemiluminescent 1,2‐Dioxetane Iridium Complexes for Near‐Infrared Oxygen Sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husain N. Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas TX 75275-0314 USA
| | - Jeni Gerberich
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory (PIRL) Pre-clinical Imaging Section Department of Radiology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390-9058 USA
| | - Chancellor J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas TX 75275-0314 USA
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory (PIRL) Pre-clinical Imaging Section Department of Radiology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390-9058 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Newman B, Chen L, Henderson LC, Doeven EH, Francis PS, Hayne DJ. Water-Soluble Iridium(III) Complexes Containing Tetraethylene-Glycol-Derivatized Bipyridine Ligands for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection. Front Chem 2020; 8:583631. [PMID: 33195075 PMCID: PMC7593781 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.583631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes containing a 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) ligand with one or two tetraethylene glycol (TEG) groups attached in the 4 or 4,4′ positions were synthesized to create new water-soluble electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores bearing a convenient point of attachment for the development of ECL-labels. The novel TEG-derivatized bipyridines were incorporated into [Ir(C∧N)2(R-bpy-R′)]Cl complexes, where C∧N = 2-phenylpyridine anion (ppy) or 2-phenylbenzo[d]thiazole anion (bt), through reaction with commercially available ([Ir(C∧N)2(μ-Cl)]2 dimers. The novel [Ir(C∧N)2(Me-bpy-TEG)]Cl and [Ir(C∧N)2(TEG-bpy-TEG)]Cl complexes in aqueous solution largely retained the redox potentials and emission spectra of the parent [Ir(C∧N)2(Me-bpy-Me)]PF6 (where Me-bpy-Me = 4,4′methyl-2,2′-bipyridine) luminophores in acetonitrile, and exhibited ECL intensities similar to those of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the analogous [Ir(C∧N)2(pt-TEG]Cl complexes (where pt-TEG = 1-(TEG)-4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole). These complexes can be readily adapted for bioconjugation and considering the spectral distributions of [Ir(ppy)2(Me-bpy-TEG)]+ and [Ir(ppy)2(pt-TEG)]+, show a viable strategy to create ECL-labels with different emission colors from the same commercial [Ir(ppy)2(μ-Cl)]2 precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Newman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Center for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Henderson LC, Connell TU, Nai YH, Alexander R, Carrara S, Hogan CF, Donnelly PS, Francis PS. A conceptual framework for the development of iridium(iii) complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence labels. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8654-8667. [PMID: 31803440 PMCID: PMC6849491 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation of the highly promising electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) properties of Ir(iii) complexes (with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a co-reactant) into a new generation of ECL labels for ligand binding assays necessitates the introduction of functionality suitable for bioconjugation. Modification of the ligands, however, can affect not only the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the complex, but also the reaction pathways available to generate light. Through a combined theoretical and experimental study, we reveal the limitations of conventional approaches to the design of electrochemiluminophores and introduce a new class of ECL label, [Ir(C^N)2(pt-TOxT-Sq)]+ (where C^N is a range of possible cyclometalating ligands, and pt-TOxT-Sq is a pyridyltriazole ligand with trioxatridecane chain and squarate amide ethyl ester), which outperformed commercial Ir(iii) complex labels in two commonly used assay formats. Predicted limits on the redox potentials and emission wavelengths of Ir(iii) complexes capable of generating ECL via the dominant pathway applicable in microbead supported ECL assays were experimentally verified by measuring the ECL intensities of the parent luminophores at different applied potentials, and comparing the ECL responses for the corresponding labels under assay conditions. This study provides a framework to tailor ECL labels for specific assay conditions and a fundamental understanding of the ECL pathways that will underpin exploration of new luminophores and co-reactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - David J Hayne
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Yi Heng Nai
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Richard Alexander
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Serena Carrara
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McGoorty M, Singh A, Deaton TA, Peterson B, Taliaferro CM, Yingling YG, Castellano FN. Bathophenanthroline Disulfonate Ligand-Induced Self-Assembly of Ir(III) Complexes in Water: An Intriguing Class of Photoluminescent Soft Materials. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14027-14038. [PMID: 31458098 PMCID: PMC6645117 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence of concentration-induced and dissolved electrolyte-induced chromophore aggregation has been universally observed in numerous water soluble bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) photosensitizers bearing the sulfonated diimine ligands bathophenanthroline disulfonate and bathocuproine disulfonate. This new class of aqueous-based soft materials was highly photoluminescent in their aggregated state where detailed spectroscopic investigations of this phenomenon revealed significant blue shifts of their respective photoluminescence emission spectra with concomitant increases in excited-state lifetimes and quantum yields initiating even at micromolar chromophore concentrations in water or upon the addition of a strong electrolyte. A combination of nanoscale particle characterization techniques, static and dynamic photoluminescence spectroscopic studies, along with atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of these soft materials suggests the formation of small, heterogeneous nanoaggregate structures, wherein the sulfonated diimine ancillary ligand serves as a pro-aggregating subunit in all instances. Importantly, the experimental and MD findings suggest the likelihood of discovering similar aqueous aggregation phenomena occurring in all transition-metal complexes bearing these water-solubilizing diimine ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
M. McGoorty
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, United States
| | - Thomas A. Deaton
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, United States
| | - Benjamin Peterson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, United States
| | - Chelsea M. Taliaferro
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Connell TU, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Donnelly PS, White JM, Francis PS. Mixed annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence of iridium(iii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18995-19006. [PMID: 29971279 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported annihilation ECL of mixtures of metal complexes have generally comprised Ir(ppy)3 or a close analogue as a higher energy donor/emitter (green/blue light) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ or its derivative as a lower energy acceptor/emitter (red light). In contrast, here we examine Ir(ppy)3 as the lower energy acceptor/emitter, by combining it with a second Ir(iii) complex: [Ir(df-ppy)2(ptb)]+ (where ptb = 1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylpyridine). The application of potentials sufficient to attain the first single-electron oxidation and reduction products can be exploited to detect Ir(ppy)3 at orders of magnitude lower concentration, or enhance its maximum emission intensity at high concentration far beyond that achievable through conventional annihilation ECL of Ir(ppy)3 involving comproportionation. Moreover, under certain conditions, the colour of the emission can be selected through the applied electrochemical potentials. We have also prepared a novel Ir(iii) complex with a sufficiently low reduction potential that the reaction between its reduced form and Ir(ppy)3+ cannot populate the excited state of either luminophore. This enabled, for the first time, the exclusive formation of either excited state through the application of higher cathodic or anodic potentials, but in both cases, the ECL was greatly diminished by parasitic dark reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Quan Y, Cheng Y. The amplified electrochemiluminescence response signal promoted by the Ir(iii)-containing polymer complex. Analyst 2018; 143:2405-2410. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00426a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel Ir(iii)-containing polymer complex can emit an apparently enhanced ECL signal using TPrA as a co-reactant in CH3CN solution due to the effective intramolecular metal–ligand charge transfer (MLCT) from the Ir(iii)-complex centre to the polymer backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Fang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Yiwu Quan
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Büchel GE, Carney B, Tang J, Zeglis BM, Eppinger J, Reiner T. A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting. J Vis Exp 2017:54694. [PMID: 28362395 PMCID: PMC5407651 DOI: 10.3791/54694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are quickly moving into the operating room. Here, we present a new approach that utilizes a technique not yet explored for intraoperative imaging: chemiluminescent imaging. This method employs a ruthenium-based chemiluminescent reporter along with a custom-built nebulizing system to produce ex vivo or in vivo images with high signal-to-noise ratios. The ruthenium-based reporter produces light following exposure to an aqueous oxidizing solution and re-reduction within the surrounding tissue. This method has allowed us to detect reporter concentrations as low as 6.9 pmol/cm2. In this work, we present a visual guide to our proof-of-concept in vivo studies involving subdermal and intravenous injections in mice. The results suggest that this technology is a promising candidate for further preclinical research and might ultimately become a useful tool in the operating room.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Büchel
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
| | - Brandon Carney
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, and PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, and PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York
| | - Jörg Eppinger
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kapturkiewicz A. Cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates-a new exceptional class of the electrochemiluminescent luminophores. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7013-33. [PMID: 27255104 PMCID: PMC5025512 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of the phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates has enabled, due to their advantageous electrochemical and photo-physical properties, important breakthroughs in many photonic applications. This particular class of 5d(6) ion complexes has attracted increasing interest because of their potential application in electroluminescence devices with a nearly 100 % internal quantum efficiency for the conversion of electric energy to photons. Similar to electroluminescence, the cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates have been successfully applied in the electricity-to-light conversion by means of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. The already reported ECL systems utilizing the title compounds exhibit extremely large ECL efficiencies that allow one to envisage many potential application for them, especially in further development of ECL-based analytical techniques. This review, based on recently published papers, focuses on the ECL properties of this very exciting class of organometallic luminophores. The reported work, describing results from fundamental as well as application-oriented investigations, will be surveyed and briefly discussed. Graphical abstract Depending on the chemical nature of the cyclometalated irdium(III) chelate different colours of the emitted light can be produced during electrochemical excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kapturkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Su Y, Deng D, Zhang L, Song H, Lv Y. Strategies in liquid-phase chemiluminescence and their applications in bioassay. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Smith ZM, Kerr E, Doeven EH, Connell TU, Barnett NW, Donnelly PS, Haswell SJ, Francis PS. Analytically useful blue chemiluminescence from a water-soluble iridium(III) complex containing a tetraethylene glycol functionalised triazolylpyridine ligand. Analyst 2016; 141:2140-4. [PMID: 26915962 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00141f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examine [Ir(df-ppy)2(pt-TEG)](+) as the first highly water soluble, blue-luminescent iridium(III) complex for chemiluminescence detection. Marked differences in selectivity were observed between the new complex and the conventional [Ru(bpy)3](2+) reagent, which will enable this mode of detection to be extended to new areas of application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Smith
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Emily Kerr
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures. Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. and School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil W Barnett
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Haswell
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures. Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Connell TU, White JM, Smith TA, Donnelly PS. Luminescent Iridium(III) Cyclometalated Complexes with 1,2,3-Triazole "Click" Ligands. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2776-90. [PMID: 26938838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with either 4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole or 1-(2-picolyl)-1,2,3-triazole ancillary ligands to give complexes with either 5- or 6-membered chelate rings were synthesized and characterized by a combination of X-ray crystallography, electron spin ionization-high-resolution mass spectroscopy (ESI-HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The electronic properties of the complexes were probed using absorption and emission spectroscopy, as well as cyclic voltammetry. The relative stability of the complexes formed from each ligand class was measured, and their excited-state properties were compared. The emissive properties are, with the exception of complexes that contain a nitroaromatic substituent, insensitive to functionalization of the ancillary pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligand but tuning of the emission maxima was possible by modification of the cyclometalating ligands. It is possible to prepare a wide range of optimally substituted pyridyl-1,2,3-triazoles using copper Cu(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition, which is a commonly used "click" reaction, and this family of ligands represent an useful alternative to bipyridine ligands for the preparation of luminescent iridium(III) complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Chemistry and ‡Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and ‡Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- School of Chemistry and ‡Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and ‡Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hockey SC, Barbante GJ, Francis PS, Altimari JM, Yoganantharajah P, Gibert Y, Henderson LC. A comparison of novel organoiridium(III) complexes and their ligands as a potential treatment for prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
McGoorty MM, Khnayzer RS, Castellano FN. Enhanced photophysics from self-assembled cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7846-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03932d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two water-soluble anionic cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes, Ir(ppy)2BPS [1] and Ir(F-mppy)2BPS [2] have been synthesized and display clear evidence of self-assembly in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rony S. Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kerr E, Doeven EH, Barbante GJ, Connell TU, Donnelly PS, Wilson DJD, Ashton TD, Pfeffer FM, Francis PS. Blue Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence from Water-Soluble Iridium Complexes Containing Sulfonated Phenylpyridine or Tetraethylene Glycol Derivatized Triazolylpyridine Ligands. Chemistry 2015; 21:14987-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|