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Faustino LC, Cunha JPC, Cantanhêde W, Kubota LT, Gerôncio ETS. 3D-printed holder for drawing highly reproducible pencil-on-paper electrochemical devices. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:338. [PMID: 37522993 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Pencil drawing is one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways of fabricating miniaturized electrodes on a paper substrate. However, it is limited by the lack of reproducibility regarding the electrode drawing process. A 3D-printed pencil holder (3DPH) is proposed here for simple, reproducible, and low-cost hand-drawn fabrication of paper-based electrochemical devices. 3DPH was designed to keep pressure and angulation of the graphite mine constant on the paper substrate using a micromechanical pencil regardless of the user/operator. This approach significantly improved the reproducibility and cost of making reliable pencil-drawn electrodes. The results showed high reproducibility and accuracy of the 3DPH-assisted electrodes prepared by 4 different operators in terms of sheet resistance and electrochemical behavior. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox probe showed only 3.9% variation for the anodic peak currents of different electrodes prepared by different operators when compared with electrodes prepared without the 3D-printed support. SEM analyses revealed a more uniform graphite deposition/design of the electrodes prepared with 3DPH, which corroborates the results obtained by CV. As a proof of concept, 3DPH-assisted pencil-drawn graphite electrodes were employed for dopamine detection in synthetic saliva, showing a proportional increase in anodic peak current at 0.12 V vs. carbon pRE with increasing dopamine (DA) concentration, with a detection limit of 0.39μmol L-1. Moreover recovery was in the range 93-104% of DA (4-7% RSD) in synthetic saliva for three different concentrations, demonstrating the reliability of the approach. Finally, we believe this approach can make pencil-drawn technology more robust, accessible, reliable, and inexpensive for real on-site applications, especially in hard-to-reach locations or research centers with little investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Faustino
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - João P C Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Piauí - UESPI, Teresina, PI, 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Welter Cantanhêde
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Lauro T Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Everson T S Gerôncio
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Piauí - UESPI, Teresina, PI, 64002-150, Brazil.
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2
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Khan AF, Ferrari AGM, Hughes JP, Smith GC, Banks CE, Rowley-Neale SJ. 2D-Hexagonal Boron Nitride Screen-Printed Bulk-Modified Electrochemical Platforms Explored towards Oxygen Reduction Reactions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3330. [PMID: 35591020 PMCID: PMC9105127 DOI: 10.3390/s22093330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost, scalable and reproducible approach for the mass production of screen-printed electrode (SPE) platforms that have varying percentage mass incorporations of 2D hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) (2D-hBN/SPEs) is demonstrated herein. These novel 2D-hBN/SPEs are explored as a potential metal-free electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) within acidic media where their performance is evaluated. A 5% mass incorporation of 2D-hBN into the SPEs resulted in the most beneficial ORR catalysis, reducing the ORR onset potential by ca. 200 mV in comparison to bare/unmodified SPEs. Furthermore, an increase in the achievable current of 83% is also exhibited upon the utilisation of a 2D-hBN/SPE in comparison to its unmodified equivalent. The screen-printed fabrication approach replaces the less-reproducible and time-consuming drop-casting technique of 2D-hBN and provides an alternative approach for the large-scale manufacture of novel electrode platforms that can be utilised in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamar F. Khan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.F.K.); (A.G.-M.F.); (J.P.H.); (C.E.B.)
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Miranda Ferrari
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.F.K.); (A.G.-M.F.); (J.P.H.); (C.E.B.)
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jack P. Hughes
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.F.K.); (A.G.-M.F.); (J.P.H.); (C.E.B.)
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Graham C. Smith
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Thornton Science Park, Pool Lane, Ince, Chester CH2 4NU, UK;
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.F.K.); (A.G.-M.F.); (J.P.H.); (C.E.B.)
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Samuel J. Rowley-Neale
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.F.K.); (A.G.-M.F.); (J.P.H.); (C.E.B.)
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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3
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Whittingham MJ, Hurst NJ, Crapnell RD, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Blanco E, Davies TJ, Banks CE. Electrochemical Improvements Can Be Realized via Shortening the Length of Screen-Printed Electrochemical Platforms. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16481-16488. [PMID: 34854668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are ubiquitous within the field of electrochemistry and are commonplace within the arsenal of electrochemists. Their popularity stems from their reproducibility, versatility, and extremely low-cost production, allowing their utilization as single-shot electrodes and thus removing the need for tedious electrode pretreatments. Many SPE studies have explored changing the working electrode composition and/or size to benefit the researcher's specific applications. In this paper, we explore a critical parameter of SPEs that is often overlooked; namely, we explore changing the length of the SPE connections. We provide evidence of resistance changes through altering the connection length to the working electrode through theoretical calculations, multimeter measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We demonstrate that changing the physical length of SPE connections gives rise to more accurate heterogeneous electrode kinetics, which cannot be overcome simply through IR compensation. Significant improvements are observed when utilized as the basis of electrochemical sensing platforms for sodium nitrite, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and lead (II). This work has a significant impact upon the field of SPEs and highlights the need for researchers to characterize and define their specific electrode performance. Without such fundamental characterization as the length and resistance of the SPE used, direct comparisons between two different systems for similar applications are obsolete. We therefore suggest that, when using SPEs in the future, experimentalists report the length of the working electrode connection alongside the measured resistance (multimeter or EIS) to facilitate this standardization across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Hurst
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
| | | | - Elias Blanco
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.,Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Trevor J Davies
- Electrochemical Technology Technical Centre, INOVYN, South Parade, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4JE, U.K
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
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4
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Musa AM, Kiely J, Luxton R, Honeychurch KC. Recent progress in screen-printed electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of estrogens. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Ambaye AD, Kefeni KK, Mishra SB, Nxumalo EN, Ntsendwana B. Recent developments in nanotechnology-based printing electrode systems for electrochemical sensors. Talanta 2021; 225:121951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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García-Miranda Ferrari A, Rowley-Neale SJ, Banks CE. Recent advances in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) applied as the basis of electrochemical sensing platforms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:663-672. [PMID: 33284404 PMCID: PMC7808977 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2D hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) is a lesser utilised material than other 2D counterparts in electrochemistry due to initial reports of it being non-conductive. As we will demonstrate in this review, this common misconception is being challenged, and researchers are starting to utilise 2D-hBN in the field of electrochemistry, particularly as the basis of electroanalytical sensing platforms. In this critical review, we overview the use of 2D-hBN as an electroanalytical sensing platform summarising recent developments and trends and highlight future developments of this interesting, often overlooked, 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel J Rowley-Neale
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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da Silva ETSG, Alves TMR, Kubota LT. Direct Toner Printing: A Versatile Technology for Easy Fabrication of Flexible Miniaturized Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Everson T. S. G. da Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry-UNICAMP; P.O. Box 6154, 13084-974 Campinas-SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioanalytics (INCTBio); 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Thais M. R. Alves
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry-UNICAMP; P.O. Box 6154, 13084-974 Campinas-SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioanalytics (INCTBio); 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry-UNICAMP; P.O. Box 6154, 13084-974 Campinas-SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioanalytics (INCTBio); 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
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8
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Sinusoidal Alternating-Current Voltammetry and Metrological Properties of a Flat Voltammetric Electrode in the Time Domain. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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A flexible and disposable battery powered by bacteria using eyeliner coated paper electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:464-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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da Silva ETSG, Souto DEP, Barragan JTC, de F. Giarola J, de Moraes ACM, Kubota LT. Electrochemical Biosensors in Point-of-Care Devices: Recent Advances and Future Trends. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Everson T. S. G. da Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Dênio E. P. Souto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - José T. C. Barragan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Juliana de F. Giarola
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Ana C. M. de Moraes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
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11
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Development of a Nafion/MWCNT-SPCE-Based Portable Sensor for the Voltammetric Analysis of the Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Ethambutol. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16071015. [PMID: 27376291 PMCID: PMC4970065 DOI: 10.3390/s16071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the development, characterization and application of an electrochemical sensor based on the use of Nafion/MWCNT-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for the voltammetric detection of the anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug ethambutol (ETB). The electrochemical behaviour of the drug at the surface of the developed Nafion/MWCNT-SPCEs was studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the modified surface of the electrodes. Results showed that, compared to both unmodified and MWCNTs-modified SPCEs, negatively charged Nafion/MWCNT-SPCEs remarkably enhanced the electrochemical sensitivity and selectivity for ETB due to the synergistic effect of the electrostatic interaction between cationic ETB molecules and negatively charged Nafion polymer and the inherent electrocatalytic properties of both MWCNTs and Nafion. Nafion/MWCNT-SPCEs provided excellent biocompatibility, good electrical conductivity, low electrochemical interferences and a high signal-to-noise ratio, providing excellent performance towards ETB quantification in microvolumes of human urine and human blood serum samples. The outcomes of this paper confirm that the Nafion/MWCNT-SPCE-based device could be a potential candidate for the development of a low-cost, yet reliable and efficient electrochemical portable sensor for the low-level detection of this antimycobacterial drug in biological samples.
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12
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Recent developments, characteristics and potential applications of screen-printed electrodes in pharmaceutical and biological analysis. Talanta 2016; 146:801-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Mahmoud BG, Khairy M, Rashwan FA, Foster CW, Banks CE. Self-assembly of porous copper oxide hierarchical nanostructures for selective determinations of glucose and ascorbic acid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CuO with flower and hallow sphere-like morphology were fabricated via one pot hydrothermal method. The effect of copper ions source upon the CuO nanostructures assembly, selectivity and sensitivity in the electrochemical processes is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa G. Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Sohag University
- Sohag
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Sohag University
- Sohag
- Egypt
| | | | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School Science and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and the Environment
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School Science and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and the Environment
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
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14
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Ruas de Souza AP, Bertotti M, Foster CW, Banks CE. Back-to-Back Screen-Printed Electroanalytical Sensors: Extending the Potential Applications of the Simplistic Design. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Ruas de Souza AP, Foster CW, Kolliopoulos AV, Bertotti M, Banks CE. Screen-printed back-to-back electroanalytical sensors: heavy metal ion sensing. Analyst 2015; 140:4130-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The back-to-back screen-printed electrochemical sensing approach is applied to the quantification of lead(ii) in drinking water which is independently verified with ICP-OES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Ruas de Souza
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
| | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
| | - Athanasios V. Kolliopoulos
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Instituto de Química – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Instituto de Química – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
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16
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Wang L, Liu J. Pressured liquid metal screen printing for rapid manufacture of high resolution electronic patterns. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10295b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A pressured liquid metal screen printing method for rapidly fabricating high resolution complex electronic patterns on varied substrates is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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