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Abstract
Through their specific interactions with proteins, cellular glycans play key roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. One of the main goals of research in the areas of glycobiology and glycomedicine is to understand glycan-protein interactions at the molecular level. Over the past two decades, glycan microarrays have become powerful tools for the rapid evaluation of interactions between glycans and proteins. In this review, we briefly describe methods used for the preparation of glycan probes and the construction of glycan microarrays. Next, we highlight applications of glycan microarrays to rapid profiling of glycan-binding patterns of plant, animal and pathogenic lectins, as well as other proteins. Finally, we discuss other important uses of glycan microarrays, including the rapid analysis of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the quantitative determination of glycan-protein interactions, discovering high-affinity or selective ligands for lectins, and identifying functional glycans within cells. We anticipate that this review will encourage researchers to employ glycan microarrays in diverse glycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Whittle E, Martín-Illana A, Cazorla-Luna R, Notario-Perez F, Veiga-Ochoa MD, Rubio J, Tamayo A. Silane Modification of Mesoporous Materials for the Optimization of Antiviral Drug Adsorption and Release Capabilities in Vaginal Media. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1416. [PMID: 34575491 PMCID: PMC8468001 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different functionalities have been incorporated into mesoporous materials by means of a coupling reaction with the siloxanes 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GLYMO), 3-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MEMO), and 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS). The disposition of the different functional groups, as well as the interaction mechanism, with the mesoporous substrate has been identified. The amount of the antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) adsorbed depends not only on the available surface area but also on the chemical or physicochemical interactions between functionalities. The drug adsorption isotherm of the materials functionalized with GLYMO and MPTMS follow mechanisms dependent on the different surface coverage and the possibilities to establish physicochemical interactions between the drug molecule and the functionalities. On the contrary, when functionalizing with MEMO, the dominant adsorption mechanism is characteristic of chemically bonded adsorbates. The ACV release kinetics is best fitted to the Weibull model in all the functionalized materials. When the MTPMS is used as a functionalizing agent, the drug diffusion occurs at low kinetics and homogeneously along the mesoporous channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Whittle
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Araceli Martín-Illana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Raul Cazorla-Luna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Fernando Notario-Perez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - María Dolores Veiga-Ochoa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Juan Rubio
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, CSIC, Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, CSIC, Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Immobilization of molecular catalysts on electrode surfaces using host-guest interactions. Nat Chem 2021; 13:523-529. [PMID: 33767362 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anchoring molecular catalysts on electrode surfaces combines the high selectivity and activity of molecular systems with the practicality of heterogeneous systems. Molecular catalysts, however, are far less stable than traditional heterogeneous electrocatalysts, and therefore a method to easily replace anchored molecular catalysts that have degraded could make such electrosynthetic systems more attractive. Here we applied a non-covalent 'click' chemistry approach to reversibly bind molecular electrocatalysts to electrode surfaces through host-guest complexation with surface-anchored cyclodextrins. The host-guest interaction is remarkably strong and enables the flow of electrons between the electrode and the guest catalyst. Electrosynthesis in both organic and aqueous media was demonstrated on metal oxide electrodes, with stability on the order of hours. The catalytic surfaces can be recycled by controlled release of the guest from the host cavities and the readsorption of fresh guest.
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Alobaid M, Richards SJ, Alexander M, Gibson M, Ghaemmaghami A. Developing immune-regulatory materials using immobilized monosaccharides with immune-instructive properties. Mater Today Bio 2020; 8:100080. [PMID: 33205040 PMCID: PMC7649522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies for immune modulation have shown real promise in regenerative medicine as well as the fight against autoimmune diseases, allergies, and cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) are gatekeepers of the immune system and their ability in shaping the adaptive immune responses makes DCs ideal targets for immune modulation. Carbohydrates are abundant in different biological systems and are known to modulate DC phenotype and function. However, how simple monosaccharides instruct DC function is less well understood. In this study, we used a combinatorial array of immobilized monosaccharides to investigate how they modulate DC phenotype and function and crucially the impact of such changes on downstream adaptive immune responses. Our data show that a selection of monosaccharides significantly suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced DC activation as evidenced by a reduction in CD40 expression, IL-12 production, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, while inducing a significant increase in IL-10 production. These changes are indicative of the induction of an anti-inflammatory or regulatory phenotype in DCs, which was further confirmed in DC-T cell co-cultures where DCs cultured on the 'regulatory' monosaccharide-coated surfaces were shown to induce naïve T cell polarization toward regulatory phenotype. Our data also highlighted a selection of monosaccharides that are able to promote mixed Treg and Th17 cell differentiation, a T cell phenotype expected to be highly immune suppressive. These data show the potential immunomodulatory effects of immobilized monosaccharides in priming DCs and skewing T cell differentiation toward an immune-regulatory phenotype. The ability to fine-tune immune responses using these simple carbohydrate combinations (e.g. as coatings for existing materials) can be utilized as novel tools for immune modulation with potential applications in regenerative medicine, implantable medical devices, and wound healing where reduction of inflammatory responses and maintaining immune homeostasis are desirable.
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Key Words
- (Gal1), 100% 1-amino-1-deoxy-β-d-galactose
- (Gal1–Gal2), 50% 1-amino-1-deoxy-β-d-galactose + 50% 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-galactose
- (Gal2), 100% 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-galactose
- (Gal2–Man1), 90% 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-galactose + 10% 1-amino-1-deoxy-β-d-mannose
- (Gal2–Man2), 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-galactose + 10% 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-mannose
- (Man1–Man2), 40% 1-amino-1-deoxy-β-d-mannose + 60% 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-mannose
- CLR, C-type lectin receptor
- Carbohydrates
- DC-SIGN, Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin
- DCs, Dendritic cells
- Dendritic cells
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- Fucose
- Galactose
- IDO, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- Immune modulation
- Immune-instructive materials
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MFI, Median fluorescence intensity
- MR, Mannose receptor
- MT, 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan
- Mannose
- PRR, Pattern recognition receptor
- Polymers
- T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Alobaid
- Immunology & Immuno-Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - S.-J. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M.R. Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - M.I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - A.M. Ghaemmaghami
- Immunology & Immuno-Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Meguro Y, Noguchi M, Li G, Shoda SI. Efficient generation of thiolate sugars from glycosyl Bunte salts and its application to S-glycoside synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Foralosso R, Moir L, Mastrotto F, Sasso L, Tchoryk A, Selo A, Grabowska A, Ashford MB, Aylott J, Gellert PR, Spain SG, Alexander C. Control of aggregation temperatures in mixed and blended cytocompatible thermoresponsive block co-polymer nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7441-7452. [PMID: 28967661 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00920h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A small library of thermoresponsive amphiphilic copolymers based on polylactide-block-poly((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate)-co-(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate)) (PLA-b-P(DEGMA)-co-(OEGMA)), was synthesised by copper-mediated controlled radical polymerisation (CRP) with increasing ratios of OEGMA : DEGMA. These polymers were combined in two ways to form nanoparticles with controllable thermal transition temperatures as measured by particle aggregation. The first technique involved the blending of two (PLA-b-P(DEGMA)-co-(OEGMA)) polymers together prior to assembling nanoparticles (NPs). The second method involved mixing pre-formed nanoparticles of single (PLA-b-P(DEGMA)-co-(OEGMA)) polymers. The observed critical aggregation temperature Tt did not change in a linear relationship with the ratios of each copolymer either in the nanoparticles blended from different copolymers or in the mixtures of pre-formed nanoparticles. However, where co-polymer mixtures were based on (OEG)9MA ratios within 5-10 mole%, a linear relationship between (OEG)9MA composition in the blends and Tt was obtained. The data suggest that OEGMA-based copolymers are tunable over a wide temperature range given suitable co-monomer content in the linear polymers or nanoparticles. Moreover, the thermal transitions of the nanoparticles were reversible and repeatable, with the cloud point curves being essentially invariant across at least three heating and cooling cycles, and a selected nanoparticle formulation was found to be readily endocytosed in representative cancer cells and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Foralosso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Biggs CI, Walker M, Gibson MI. "Grafting to" of RAFTed Responsive Polymers to Glass Substrates by Thiol-Ene and Critical Comparison to Thiol-Gold Coupling. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2626-33. [PMID: 27409356 PMCID: PMC4979048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted polymers have been widely applied to modulate biological interfaces and introduce additional functionality. Polymers derived from reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization have a masked thiol at the ω-chain end providing an anchor point for conjugation and in particular displays high affinity for gold surfaces (both flat and particulate). In this work, we report the direct grafting of RAFTed polymers by a "thiol-ene click" (Michael addition) onto glass substrates rather than gold, which provides a more versatile surface for subsequent array-based applications but retains the simplicity. The immobilization of two thermoresponsive polymers are studied here, poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (pOEGMA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). Using a range of surface analysis techniques the grafting efficiency was compared to thiol-gold and was quantitatively compared to the gold alternative using quartz crystal microbalance. It is shown that this method gives easy access to grafted polymer surfaces with pNIPAM resulting in significantly increased surface coverage compared to pOEGMA. The nonfouling (protein resistance) character of these surfaces is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I. Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, Warwick Medical School, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Warwick Medical School, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Warwick Medical School, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Otten L, Vlachou D, Richards SJ, Gibson MI. Glycan heterogeneity on gold nanoparticles increases lectin discrimination capacity in label-free multiplexed bioassays. Analyst 2016; 141:4305-12. [PMID: 27181289 PMCID: PMC4934645 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00549g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of new analytical tools as point-of-care biosensors is crucial to combat the spread of infectious diseases, especially in the context of drug-resistant organisms, or to detect biological warfare agents. Glycan/lectin interactions drive a wide range of recognition and signal transduction processes within nature and are often the first site of adhesion/recognition during infection making them appealing targets for biosensors. Glycosylated gold nanoparticles have been developed that change colour from red to blue upon interaction with carbohydrate-binding proteins and may find use as biosensors, but are limited by the inherent promiscuity of some of these interactions. Here we mimic the natural heterogeneity of cell-surface glycans by displaying mixed monolayers of glycans on the surface of gold nanoparticles. These are then used in a multiplexed, label-free bioassay to create 'barcodes' which describe the lectin based on its binding profile. The increased information content encoded by using complex mixtures of a few sugars, rather than increased numbers of different sugars makes this approach both scalable and accessible. These nanoparticles show increased lectin identification power at a range of lectin concentrations, relative to single-channel sensors. It was also found that some information about the concentration of the lectins can be extracted, all from just a simple colour change, taking this technology closer to being a realistic biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Otten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Denise Vlachou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Jin G, Yu D, Guo Z, Yang D, Zhang H, Shen A, Yan J, Liang X. Preparation of glyco-silica materials via thiol-ene click chemistry for adsorption and separation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24828k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A saccharide bonding method based on thiol-ene chemistry was developed and the resulting glyco-silica materials demonstrated great potential in separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowa Jin
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Dongping Yu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Duo Yang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Aijin Shen
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
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Abstract
Glycosylated noble metal nanoparticles are a useful tool for probing biological binding events due to their aggregation-induced color changes, particularly for lectins that have multiple binding sites. To overcome the challenges of colloidal instability, which leads to false-positive results, it is essential to add polymeric coatings to these particles. Here we describe a versatile, and reliable, approach to enable coating of gold nanoparticles using well-defined polymers, with carbohydrate end groups. This produces multivalent nanoparticles that are both colloidally stable, but still retain their rapid colorimetric responses to lectin binding.
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