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Abstract
Abstract
This review summarises the experimental and structural knowledge on polycyclic phosphanes, with a focus on bicyclic and tricyclic phosphanes, as they have not only been the most studied in the last 25 years, but also show the greatest diversity in terms of constitutional isomerism and structural motifs. Moreover, only polycyclic phosphanes that have p-block substituents at all free valences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bresien
- Anorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock , A.-Einstein-Str. 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Kirill Faust
- Institut für Katalyse, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz , Altenberger Straße 69 , 4040 Linz , Austria
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock , A.-Einstein-Str. 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Materialdesign , Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock , A.-Einstein-Str. 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
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Xue D, Wu D, Chen Z, Li Y, Sun W, Liu J, Li Z. On Close Parallels between the Zintl-Based Superatom Ge9Be and Chalcogen Elements. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3196-3206. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duomei Xue
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zeren Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - WeiMing Sun
- Department of Basic Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
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Parida R, Ganguly S, Das G, Giri S. Density Functional Treatment on Alkylation of a Functionalized Deltahedral Zintl Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7248-7258. [PMID: 32786962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the popular methods to understand the electronic structure of molecular systems based on electronic density. On the basis of this theory, several conceptual DFT descriptors have been developed which can deal with the stability, reactivity, and several other physicochemical properties of molecules. Here, we have taken a nine-atom-functionalized deltahedral Zintl cluster of germanium (Ge) to examine the alkylation reaction mechanism. The study showed that the Zintl cluster having a methyl group as a ligand, [Ge9(CH3)3-], acts as a better nucleophile than the cyanide (-CN)-substituted cluster [Ge9(CN)3-] in terms of different thermodynamic parameters like free energy, enthalpy of activation, reaction energy, etc. A detailed reaction electronic flux analysis reveals the nature of the electronic activity throughout the reaction pathway. The reaction force, Wiberg bond indices, and dual descriptor lend additional support to the reaction mechanism. It has been found that the alkylation reaction between the Zintl ion and the alkyl halide follows a SN2-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Parida
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Sudipta Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Gora Das
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
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Weller S, Schlindwein SH, Feil CM, Kelemen Z, Buzsáki D, Nyulászi L, Isenberg S, Pietschnig R, Nieger M, Gudat D. Controllable access to P-functional [3]ferrocenophane and [4]ferrocenophane frameworks. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6236-6247. [PMID: 30984960 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00892f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Condensation of secondary 1,1'-diaminoferrocenes with phosphorus trihalides (PCl3 or PBr3) yielded either P-halo-1,3-diaza-2-phospha[3]ferrocenophanes or 1,1'-diaminoferrocenediyl-bis(dichlorophosphines), respectively. The latter provide controlled access to both [3]- and [4]ferrocene frameworks. Thus, reductive coupling with magnesium gave diaza-diphospha[4]ferrocenophane-annelated tetraphosphetanes, while a reaction with LiNMe2 produced a P-chloro-diazaphospha[3]ferrocenophane. Condensation of diaminoferrocenes and aminodichlorophosphines were mostly unselective, but afforded in one case a 3-amino[3]ferrocenophane. All reaction products were characterised by spectroscopic and single-crystal XRD studies. DFT studies indicate that the product selectivity in the reactions studied depends on a combination of kinetic and thermodynamic effects, which correlate subtly with the steric bulk of the N-substituents. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that the ferrocenophanes can undergo multiple oxidation events, the first of which may according to DFT studies be located in both the ferrocene and aminophosphine units. The quantum chemical studies provided also insight into stereochemical aspects like ring strain in the ferrocenophane units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Reddy GN, Kumar AV, Parida R, Chakraborty A, Giri S. Zintl superalkalis as building blocks of supersalts. J Mol Model 2018; 24:306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Reddy GN, Parida R, Chakraborty A, Giri S. Deltahedral Organo-Zintl Superhalogens. Chemistry 2018; 24:13654-13658. [PMID: 30011359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zintl ions constitute a special type of naked anionic clusters, mainly consisting of Group 13, 14, and 15 elements of the Periodic Table. Due to the presence of multiple negative ions, the chemistry of Zintl ions is unique. They not only form Zintl phases with alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations, but also form organo-Zintl clusters with distinct properties. By first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, we have designed a new deltahedral organo-Zintl cluster with Ge94- as the core and aromatic heterocyclic compounds as ligands. Calculations on such complexes show that they form a special class of system known as a superhalogen (SH), with a high vertical detachment energy of 4.9 eV. The density of states (DOS), partial DOS, and different molecular orbitals give additional information about the bonding features of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Naaresh Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Rakesh Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Arindam Chakraborty
- Faculty of Science, Jatragachi Pranabananda High School, New Town, Kolkata, 700161, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
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7
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Abstract
Zintl ions composed of Group 13, 14, and 15 elements are multiply charged cluster anions that form the building blocks of the Zintl phase. Superalkalis, on the other hand, are cationic clusters that mimic the chemistry of the alkali atoms. It is, therefore, counterintuitive to expect that Zintl anions can be used as a core to construct superalkalis. In this paper, using density functional theory, we show that this is indeed possible. The results are compared with calculations at the MP2 level of theory. A systematic study of a P7(3-) Zintl core decorated with organic ligands [R = Me, CH2Me, CH(Me)2 and C(Me)3] shows that the ionization energies of some of the P7R4 species are smaller than those of the alkali atoms and hence can be classified as superalkalis. This opens the door to the design and synthesis of a new class of superalkali moieties apart from the traditional ones composed of only inorganic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanab Giri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela , Rourkela, Orissa 769008, India
| | - G N Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela , Rourkela, Orissa 769008, India
| | - Puru Jena
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Das Redox- und Koordinationsverhalten des Hexaphosphabenzol-Liganden in [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η6:η6-P6)] gegenüber den “nackten” Kationen Cu+, Ag+und Tl+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fleischmann M, Dielmann F, Gregoriades LJ, Peresypkina EV, Virovets AV, Huber S, Timoshkin AY, Balázs G, Scheer M. Redox and Coordination Behavior of the Hexaphosphabenzene Ligand in [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η(6) :η(6) -P6 )] Towards the "Naked" Cations Cu(+) , Ag(+) , and Tl(.). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13110-5. [PMID: 26337857 PMCID: PMC4675074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the cyclo-P6 complex [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η6:η6-P6)] (1) was reported 30 years ago, little is known about its chemistry. Herein, we report a high-yielding synthesis of 1, the complex 2, which contains an unprecedented cyclo-P10 ligand, and the reactivity of 1 towards the “naked” cations Cu+, Ag+, and Tl+. Besides the formation of the single oxidation products 3 a,b which have a bisallylic distorted cyclo-P6 middle deck, the [M(1)2]+ complexes are described which show distorted square-planar (M=Cu(4 a), Ag(4 b)) or distorted tetrahedral coordinated (M=Cu(5)) M+ cations. The choice of solvent enabled control over the reaction outcome for Cu+, as proved by powder XRD and supported by DFT calculations. The reaction with Tl+ affords a layered two-dimensional coordination network in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fleischmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany)
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany)
| | | | - Eugenia V Peresypkina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of RAS, Acad. Lavrentyev strasse 3, 630090 Novosibirsk (Russia).,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova strasse 2, 630090 Novosibirsk (Russia)
| | - Alexander V Virovets
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of RAS, Acad. Lavrentyev strasse 3, 630090 Novosibirsk (Russia).,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova strasse 2, 630090 Novosibirsk (Russia)
| | - Sebastian Huber
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany)
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Old Peterhoff, St. Petersburg (Russia)
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany)
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany).
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