1
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Goi S, Shigeta H, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Photo-induced glycosylation using the edible polyphenol curcumin. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5546-5551. [PMID: 38814007 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Photo-induced glycosylations of trichloroacetimidate donors and alcohols using an edible polyphenol, curcumin, were examined under visible photo-irradiation (470 nm). It was found, for the first time, that these glycosylations proceed smoothly under mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding glycosides in high yields. In addition, the present glycosylation method was applicable to a wide range of trichloroacetimidate donors and alcohol acceptors and showed high chemoselectivity over glycosyl phosphite, phosphate, (N-phenyl)trifluoroacetimidate, fluoride, glycal and thioglycoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Goi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hidenari Shigeta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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2
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Gorelik DJ, Desai SP, Jdanova S, Turner JA, Taylor MS. Transformations of carbohydrate derivatives enabled by photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1204-1236. [PMID: 38274059 PMCID: PMC10806712 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the diverse ways in which recent developments in the areas of photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry are impacting synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The major topics covered are photocatalytic glycosylations, generation of radicals at the anomeric position, transformations involving radical formation at non-anomeric positions, additions to glycals, processes initiated by photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from sugars, and functional group interconversions at OH and SH groups. Factors influencing stereo- and site-selectivity in these processes, along with mechanistic aspects, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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3
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Zhang J, Luo ZX, Wu X, Gao CF, Wang PY, Chai JZ, Liu M, Ye XS, Xiong DC. Photosensitizer-free visible-light-promoted glycosylation enabled by 2-glycosyloxy tropone donors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8025. [PMID: 38049421 PMCID: PMC10695961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical glycosylation has attracted considerable attention in carbohydrate chemistry. However, to the best of our knowledge, visible-light-promoted glycosylation via photoactive glycosyl donor has not been reported. In the study, we report a photosensitizer-free visible-light-mediated glycosylation approach using a photoactive 2-glycosyloxy tropone as the donor. This glycosylation reaction proceeds at ambient temperature to give a wide range of O-glycosides or oligosaccharides with yields up to 99%. This method is further applied in the stereoselective preparation of various functional glycosyl phosphates/phosphosaccharides, the construction of N-glycosides/nucleosides, and the late-stage glycosylation of natural products or pharmaceuticals on gram scales, and the iterative synthesis of hexasaccharide. The protocol features uncomplicated conditions, operational simplicity, wide substrate scope (58 examples), excellent compatibility with functional groups, scalability of products (7 examples), and high yields. It provides an efficient glycosylation method for accessing O/N-glycosides and glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen-Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jin-Ze Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, 315010, China.
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4
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Gómez Fernández MA, Hoffmann N. Photocatalytic Transformation of Biomass and Biomass Derived Compounds-Application to Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:4746. [PMID: 37375301 PMCID: PMC10301391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass and biomass-derived compounds have become an important alternative feedstock for chemical industry. They may replace fossil feedstocks such as mineral oil and related platform chemicals. These compounds may also be transformed conveniently into new innovative products for the medicinal or the agrochemical domain. The production of cosmetics or surfactants as well as materials for different applications are examples for other domains where new platform chemicals obtained from biomass can be used. Photochemical and especially photocatalytic reactions have recently been recognized as being important tools of organic chemistry as they make compounds or compound families available that cannot be or are difficultly synthesized with conventional methods of organic synthesis. The present review gives a short overview with selected examples on photocatalytic reactions of biopolymers, carbohydrates, fatty acids and some biomass-derived platform chemicals such as furans or levoglucosenone. In this article, the focus is on application to organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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5
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Tsutsui Y, Tanaka D, Manabe Y, Ikinaga Y, Yano K, Fukase K, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis of Cage‐Shaped Borates Bearing Pyrenylmethyl Groups: Efficient Lewis Acid Catalyst for Photoactivated Glycosylations Driven by Intramolecular Excimer Formation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202284. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yuka Ikinaga
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kumpei Yano
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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6
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Saway J, Pierre AF, Badillo JJ. Photoacid-catalyzed acetalization of carbonyls with alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6188-6192. [PMID: 35876112 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that visible light photoactivation of 6-bromo-2-naphthol facilitates the photoacid-catalyzed acetalization of carbonyls with alcohols. We also demonstrate that 2-naphthol when coupled to a photosensitizer provides acetals from electron-deficient aldehydes. In addition, the S1 excited state pKa for 6-bromo-2-naphthol in water was determined and shown to have increased excited-state acidity relative to 2-naphthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Saway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
| | - Abigail F Pierre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
| | - Joseph J Badillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
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7
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Yang B, Dong K, Li XS, Wu LZ, Liu Q. Photoacid-Enabled Synthesis of Indanes via Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Benzyl Alcohols with Olefins. Org Lett 2022; 24:2040-2044. [PMID: 35243864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and highly diastereoselective method for synthesizing indanes has been developed via a metastable-state photoacid system containing catalytic protonated merocyanine (MEH). Under visible-light irradiation, MEH yields a metastable spiro structure and liberated protons, which facilitates the formation of carbocations from benzyl alcohols, thus delivering diverse molecules in the presence of various nucleophiles. Mainly, a variety of indanes could be easily obtained from benzyl alcohols and olefins, and water is the only byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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8
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Gallier F, E Miranda LSDM. Organocatalysis applied to carbohydrates: from roots to current developments. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:919-933. [PMID: 34931627 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis emerged in the last decade as a powerful tool for the synthesis of complex molecules. In the field of carbohydrates, it found widespread use in the synthesis of rare and non-natural carbohydrate derivatives. Additionally, it has also found important application in the stereoselective functionalization of the anomeric carbon in glycosylation reactions. These efforts culminated in the development of different types of catalysts operating through distinct activation modes that allow the selective synthesis of α- or β-glycosides even on daunting substrates. All these advances starting from its first examples in carbohydrate synthesis to the current developments in glycosylation reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gallier
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, BioCIS, 95000, Cergy-Pontoise, France. .,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Leandro Soter de Mariz E Miranda
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, BioCIS, 95000, Cergy-Pontoise, France. .,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Centro de Tecnologia, Bl A, 21941909 Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Zhao G, Li J, Wang T. Visible-light-induced photoacid catalysis: application in glycosylation with O-glycosyl trichloroacetimidates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12659-12662. [PMID: 34768281 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04887b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of visible-light-induced photoacid catalyzed glycosylation is reported. The eosin Y and PhSSPh catalyst system is applied to realize glycosylation with different glycosyl donors upon light irradiation. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope, including both glycosyl donors and acceptors, and highlights the mild nature of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
| | - Juncheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
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10
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Cao Y, Zhou M, Mao RZ, Zou Y, Xia F, Liu DK, Liu J, Li Q, Xiong DC, Ye XS. Visible-light-promoted 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl glycoside activation and glycosylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10899-10902. [PMID: 34590634 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04473g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new glycosylation method promoted by visible light with 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl glycoside as the donor was developed. This protocol delivers both O-glycosides and N-glycosides in moderate to excellent yields using a wide range of O-nucleophiles and nucleobases as the glycosyl acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Minmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Run-Ze Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - You Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Feng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Da-Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
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11
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Liu M, Qin X, Ye XS. Glycan Assembly Strategy: From Concept to Application. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3256-3277. [PMID: 34498347 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have been hot topics in recent years due to their exhibition of numerous biological activities. However, the heterogeneity of their natural source and the complexity of their chemical synthesis impede the progress in their biological research. Thus, the development of glycan assembly strategies to acquire plenty of structurally well-defined glycans is an important issue in carbohydrate chemistry. In this review, the latest advances in glycan assembly strategies from concepts to their applications in carbohydrate synthesis, including chemical and enzymatic/chemo-enzymatic approaches, as well as solution-phase and solid-phase/tag-assisted synthesis, are summarized. Furthermore, the automated glycan assembly techniques are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianjin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
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12
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Badillo JJ, Saway J, Salem ZM. Recent Advances in Photoacid Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhotoacids are molecules that become more acidic upon the absorption of light. This short review highlights recent advances in the use of photoacids as catalysts for organic synthesis. Photoacid-catalyzed transformations discussed herein include: Protonation, glycosylation, acetalization, and arylation reactions.1 Introduction2 Protonation: Excited-State Proton Transfer (ESPT)3 Glycosylation4 Acetalization5 Friedel–Crafts Arylation6 Additional C–C and C–S Bond-Forming Reactions7 Conclusion
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13
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Dutta A, Patra SK, Khatua S, Nongkhlaw R. Visible-light-mediated synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted furan-2-one derivatives via a bifunctional organo photocatalyst. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This protocol demonstrates sustainable synthesis of furan-2-one derivatives using organo photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation and DFT studies of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Dutta
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Patra
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Snehadrinarayan Khatua
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Rishanlang Nongkhlaw
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
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14
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Zhang X, Ma Q, Jiang Y, Hu S, Li J, Liao S. Visible light-regulated organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of lactones by harnessing excited state acidity. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01715a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free ring-opening polymerization of lactones has been developed using PyOH as a photocatalyst under visible light mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Siping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Junfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
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15
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Cai L, Meng L, Zeng J, Wan Q. Sequential activation of thioglycosides enables one-pot glycosylation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent developments in relative reactivity value (RRV) controlled sequential glycosylation, pre-activation based iterative glycosylation, and sulfoxide activation initiated one-pot glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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16
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Liu J, Yin S, Wang H, Li H, Ni G. A visible light promoted O-glycosylation with glycosyl trichloroacetimidates using eosin Y as an organo photoacid. Carbohydr Res 2020; 490:107963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Iibuchi N, Eto T, Aoyagi M, Kurinami R, Sakai H, Hasobe T, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Photo-induced glycosylation using a diaryldisulfide as an organo-Lewis photoacid catalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:851-855. [PMID: 31939472 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-induced glycosylations of several acceptors with trichloroacetimidate donors using bis(2-naphthyl)disulfide as an organo-Lewis photoacid (LPA) catalyst proceeded effectively to give the corresponding glycosides in good to high yields. In addition, the ground and excited state absorption spectra of bis(2-naphthyl)disulfide with or without NEt3 suggested the Lewis acidity of bis(2-naphthyl)disulfide upon photo-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Iibuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Eto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Manabu Aoyagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Reiji Kurinami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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18
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Zhang X, Hu S, Ma Q, Liao S. Visible light-mediated ring-opening polymerization of lactones based on the excited state acidity of ESPT molecules. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-regulated ring-opening polymerization of lactones has been developed based on the excited state acidity of ESPT molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Siping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P. R. China
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19
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Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that visible-light-induced thiourea photoacids catalyze C-C bond-forming reactions. Upon photoirradiation, Schreiner's thiourea [(N,N'-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-thiourea] catalyzes the double Friedel-Crafts addition of indoles to aldehydes and isatins to form the corresponding triarylmethanes and 3,3'-diarylindolin-2-ones. This protocol is amenable to a wide range of aldehyde and isatin electrophiles, as well as a variety of electronically diverse indoles. Mechanistic studies show that light is required for reaction initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena M Salem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , 400 South Orange Avenue , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
| | - Jason Saway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , 400 South Orange Avenue , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
| | - Joseph J Badillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , 400 South Orange Avenue , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
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20
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Strada A, Fredditori M, Zanoni G, Protti S. Acid Catalyzed Formation of C⁻C and C⁻S Bonds via Excited State Proton Transfer. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071318. [PMID: 30987238 PMCID: PMC6480163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of 2-naphthol and 7-bromo-2-naphthol as organic photoacids are exploited in organic synthesis for the preparation of benzyl sulfides (using a trichloroacetimidate derivative as the starting substrate) and polycyclic amines via acid catalyzed condensation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline with aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Strada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mattia Fredditori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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21
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Krumb M, Lucas T, Opatz T. Visible Light Enables Aerobic Iodine Catalyzed Glycosylation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Krumb
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tobias Lucas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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22
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Yan DM, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. New Roles for Photoexcited Eosin Y in Photochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:378-380. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Center; Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Center; Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Center; Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
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23
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Yan DM, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. Neue Rollen für photoangeregtes Eosin Y in photochemischen Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Center; Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Center; Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Center; Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Zhao G, Wang T. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyglycosides from Glycals by Visible‐Light‐Induced Photoacid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany NY 12222 USA
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26
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Zhao G, Wang T. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyglycosides from Glycals by Visible‐Light‐Induced Photoacid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6120-6124. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany NY 12222 USA
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27
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Clay A, Krishnan R, Sibi M, Webster D, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Photoacidity of vanillin derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Williams
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol U.K
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol U.K
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29
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Abstract
Photocatalytic formation of glycosidic bonds employing stable and readily accessible O-glycosyl derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-ol is presented that employs an iridium-based photocatalyst and blue LEDs. The reaction proceeds at room temperature and in the absence of additives other than 4 Å molecular sieves. Stereoselectivities are modest but nevertheless dependent on the anomeric configuration of the donor, suggesting a substantial degree of concerted character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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30
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Sangwan R, Mandal PK. Recent advances in photoinduced glycosylation: oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates and their synthetic applications. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01858d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been demonstrated to perform imperative act in biological processes. This review highlights recent uses of photoinduced glycosylation in carbohydrate chemistry for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, thiosugars, glycoconjugates and glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Sangwan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Pintu Kumar Mandal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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31
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Abstract
The development of glycobiology relies on the sources of particular oligosaccharides in their purest forms. As the isolation of the oligosaccharide structures from natural sources is not a reliable option for providing samples with homogeneity, chemical means become pertinent. The growing demand for diverse oligosaccharide structures has prompted the advancement of chemical strategies to stitch sugar molecules with precise stereo- and regioselectivity through the formation of glycosidic bonds. This Review will focus on the key developments towards chemical O-glycosylations in the current century. Synthesis of novel glycosyl donors and acceptors and their unique activation for successful glycosylation are discussed. This Review concludes with a summary of recent developments and comments on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
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32
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Kimura T, Eto T, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Stereocontrolled Photoinduced Glycosylation Using an Aryl Thiourea as an Organo photoacid. Org Lett 2016; 18:3190-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eto
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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33
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Das A, Banerjee T, Hanson K. Protonation of silylenol ether via excited state proton transfer catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1350-3. [PMID: 26502917 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the photocatalytic protonation of a silylenol ether using 7-bromo-2-naphthol as an ESPT catalyst with phenol as the sacrificial proton source. Greater than 95% conversion is achieved with 1 mol% catalyst. The reaction cycle is dependent on the significantly increased acidity of the catalyst in the excited state as well as the long lifetime for the triplet excited state of 7-bromo-2-naphthol. The reaction does not occur in the absence of light (367 nm) and can readily be controlled by light intensity modulation. We also demonstrate that a 72% reaction yield can be obtained with unsubstituted naphthol as the catalyst by coupling triplet energy transfer, via a visible light absorbing (445 nm) sensitizer, into the catalytic cycle. These results open the door to an entirely new class of sensitized photocatalytic reactions that harness the excited state acidity of ESPT dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
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34
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Mao RZ, Xiong DC, Guo F, Li Q, Duan J, Ye XS. Light-driven highly efficient glycosylation reactions. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient light-driven glycosylation strategy was developed with wide substrate scope/generality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Fan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jinyou Duan
- College of Science
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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35
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Mao RZ, Guo F, Xiong DC, Li Q, Duan J, Ye XS. Photoinduced C–S Bond Cleavage of Thioglycosides and Glycosylation. Org Lett 2015; 17:5606-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Mao
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qin Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinyou Duan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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