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Bej S, Nandi M, Ghosh P. Development of fluorophoric [2]pseudorotaxanes and [2]rotaxane: selective sensing of Zn(II). Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7284-7293. [PMID: 36052954 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophoric [2]pseudorotaxanes {NiPR1(ClO4)2-NiPR3(ClO4)2} are synthesized by utilizing newly designed fluorophoric bidentate ligands (L1-L3) and a heteroditopic naphthalene containing macrocycle (NaphMC) with high yields via Ni(II) templation and π-π stacking interactions. Subsequently, a fluorophoric [2]rotaxane (NAPRTX) is established through a Cu(I) catalysed click reaction between an azide terminated pseudorotaxane, {NiPR4(ClO4)2}, which contains the newly designed fluorophoric ligand L4, and alkyne terminated bulky stopper units. All these fluorophoric [2]pseudorotaxanes and the [2]rotaxane were characterized using numerous techniques such as mass spectrometry, NMR, UV/Vis, PL, and elemental analysis, wherever applicable. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of the fluorophoric moieties, the coordinating ability of chelating units, and size and shape of the three dimensional cavity generated by the mechanical bond in the interlocked [2]rotaxane (NAPRTX), we have performed a sensing study of various metal ions. Thus, the interlocked [2]rotaxane is found to have potential as a selective fluorescent sensor for Zn(II) metal ions over other transition, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, where the 2,2'-bipyridyl arylvinylene moiety of the axle acts as a fluorescence signalling unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Zhang S, Yang Z, Li M, Zhang Q, Tian X, Li D, Li S, Wu J, Tian Y. A multi-photon fluorescent probe based on quinoline groups for the highly selective and sensitive detection of lipid droplets. Analyst 2021; 145:7941-7945. [PMID: 33030164 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01847c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compared to general fluorescent probes, multi-photon fluorescent probes exhibit deeper tissue penetration, lower auto-fluorescence and lower photo-toxicity in the bio-imaging field. Herein, we synthesized a series multi-photon fluorescent probe (L1-L3) based on quinolone groups. Of notably, the three-photon fluorescence of L3 significantly enhanced when L3 interacted with liposome; moreover, L3 exhibited high selectivity towards lipid droplets in living cells. Due to its large Stokes shift, high selectivity and photon-stability, L3 was successfully used in lipid droplet imaging via multi-photon fluorescence bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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Zhang Q, Lu X, Cao H, Wang H, Zhu T, Tian X, Li D, Zhou H, Wu J, Tian Y. Multiphoton Absorption Iridium(III)–Organotin(IV) Dimetal Complex with AIE Behavior for Both Sensitive Detection of Tyrosine and Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8105-8112. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jieying Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
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Lu Z, Lu Y, Fan W, Fan C, Li Y. Ultra-fast zinc ion detection in living cells and zebrafish by a light-up fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:295-301. [PMID: 30121474 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the second most abundant transition metal after iron in biological systems, Zn2+ takes part in various fundamental life processes such as cellular metabolism and apoptosis, neurotransmission. Thus, the development of analytical methods for fast detection of Zn2+ in biology and medicine has been attracting much attention but still remains a huge challenge. In this report, we develop a novel Zn2+-specific light-up fluorescent probe based on intramolecular charge transfer combined with chelation enhanced fluorescence induced by structural transformation. Addition of Zn2+ in vitro can induce a remarkable color change from colorless to green and a strong fluorescence enhancement with a red shift of 43 nm. Moreover, the probe shows an extremely low detection limit of 13 nM and ultra-fast response time of less than 1 s. The Zn2+ sensing mechanism was fully supported by TDDFT calculations as well as HRMS and 1H NMR titrations. The recognition of Zn2+ in living Hela cells as well as the MTT assay demonstrate that the probe can rapidly light-up detect Zn2+ in vivo with low cytotoxicity and good cell-permeability. Furthermore, the probe can also be successfully applied to bioimaging Zn2+ in living zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yanan Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenlong Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chunhua Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Chao XJ, Wang KN, Sun LL, Cao Q, Ke ZF, Cao DX, Mao ZW. Cationic Organochalcogen with Monomer/Excimer Emissions for Dual-Color Live Cell Imaging and Cell Damage Diagnosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:13264-13273. [PMID: 29616788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the development of fluorescent organic molecules with different emission colors for imaging of organelles and their biomedical application are gaining lots of focus recently. Here, we report two cationic organochalcogens 1 and 2, both of which exhibit very weak green emission (Φ1 = 0.12%; Φ2 = 0.09%) in dilute solution as monomers, but remarkably enhanced green emission upon interaction with nucleic acids and large red-shifted emission in aggregate state by the formation of excimers at high concentration. More interestingly, the monomer emission and excimer-like emission can be used for dual color imaging of different organelles. Upon passively diffusing into cells, both probes selectively stain nucleoli with strong green emission upon 488 nm excitation, whereas upon 405 nm excitation, a completely different stain pattern by staining lysosomes (for 1) or mitochondria (for 2) with distinct red emission is observed because of the highly concentrated accumulation in these organelles. Studies on the mechanism of the accumulation in lysosomes (for 1) or mitochondria (for 2) found that the accumulations of the probes are dependent on the membrane permeabilization, which make the probes have great potential in diagnosing cell damage by sensing lysosomal or mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. The study is demonstrative, for the first time, of two cationic molecules for dual-color imaging nucleoli and lysosomes (1)/mitochondria (2) simultaneously in live cell based on monomer and excimer-like emission, respectively, and more importantly, for diagnosing cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Juan Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Kang-Nan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Qian Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Zhuo-Feng Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Du-Xia Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 Shandong , China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Bednarska J, Zaleśny R, Arul Murugan N, Bartkowiak W, Ågren H, Odelius M. Elucidating the Mechanism of Zn(2+) Sensing by a Bipyridine Probe Based on Two-Photon Absorption. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9067-75. [PMID: 27494451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examine, by means of computational methods, the mechanism of Zn(2+) sensing by a bipyridine-centered, D-π-A-π-D-type ratiometric molecular probe. According to recently published experimental data [Divya, K. P.; Sreejith, S.; Ashokkumar, P.; Yuzhan, K.; Peng, Q.; Maji, S. K.; Tong, Y.; Yu, H.; Zhao, Y.; Ramamurthy, P.; Ajayaghosh, A. A ratiometric fluorescent molecular probe with enhanced two-photon response upon Zn(2+) binding for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 3469-3474], after coordination to zinc ions the probe exhibits a large enhancement of the two-photon absorption cross section. The goal of our investigation was to elucidate the mechanism behind this phenomenon. For this purpose, linear and nonlinear optical properties of the unbound (cation-free) and bound probe were calculated, including the influence of solute-solvent interactions, implicitly using a polarizable continuum model and explicitely employing the QM/MM approach. Because the results of the calculations indicate that many conformers of the probe are energetically accessible at room temperature in solution and hence contribute to the signal, structure-property relationships were also taken into account. Results of our simulations demonstrate that the one-photon absorption bands for both the unbound and bound forms correspond to the bright π → π* transition to the first excited state, which, on the other hand, exhibits negligible two-photon activity. On the basis of the results of the quadratic response calculations, we put forward a notion that it is the second excited state that gives the strong signal in the experimental nonlinear spectrum. To explain the differences in the two-photon absorption activity for the two lowest-lying excited states and nonlinear response enhancement upon binding, we employed the generalized few-state model including the ground, first, and second excited states. The analysis of the optical channel suggests that the large two-photon response is due to the coordination-induced increase of the transition moment from the first to the second excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bednarska
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Bartkowiak
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Suzuki Y, Moritomo H, Fuji A, Satomi K, Kawamata J, Yamamoto M, Hasegawa Y. Three-photon-induced Luminescence of Europium Acetylacetonate-type Complexes. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akinari Fuji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Jun Kawamata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
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Philips DS, Sreejith S, He T, Menon NV, Anees P, Mathew J, Sajikumar S, Kang Y, Stuparu MC, Sun H, Zhao Y, Ajayaghosh A. A Three-Photon Active Organic Fluorophore for Deep Tissue Ratiometric Imaging of Intracellular Divalent Zinc. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1523-7. [PMID: 26991763 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deep tissue bioimaging with three-photon (3P) excitation using near-infrared (NIR) light in the second IR window (1.0-1.4 μm) could provide high resolution images with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Herein, we report a photostable and nontoxic 3P excitable donor-π-acceptor system (GMP) having 3P cross-section (σ3 ) of 1.78×10(-80) cm(6) s(2) photon(-2) and action cross-section (σ3 η3 ) of 2.31×10(-81) cm(6) s(2) photon(-2) , which provides ratiometric fluorescence response with divalent zinc ions in aqueous conditions. The probe signals the Zn(2+) binding at 530 and 600 nm, respectively, upon 1150 nm excitation with enhanced σ3 of 1.85×10(-80) cm(6) s(2) photon(-2) and σ3 η3 of 3.33×10(-81) cm(6) s(2) photon(-2) . The application of this probe is demonstrated for ratiometric 3P imaging of Zn(2+) in vitro using HuH-7 cell lines. Furthermore, the Zn(2+) concentration in rat hippocampal slices was imaged at 1150 nm excitation after incubation with GMP, illustrating its potential as a 3P ratiometric probe for deep tissue Zn(2+) ion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Susan Philips
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Sivaramapanicker Sreejith
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tingchao He
- College of Physics and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies (CDPT), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nishanth Venugopal Menon
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Palapuravan Anees
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Jomon Mathew
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, Tsukuba, 3058568, Japan
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuejun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mihaiela Corina Stuparu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Handong Sun
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies (CDPT), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India.
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10
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Kim Y, Jang G, Kim D, Kim J, Lee TS. Fluorescence sensing of glucose using glucose oxidase incorporated into a fluorophore-containing PNIPAM hydrogel. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py02026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present a new composite material composed of pH sensitive fluorescent dyes in a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based hydrogel and incorporating glucose oxidase (GOx), which provides a platform for fluorescence sensing of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkyun Kim
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Geunseok Jang
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Daigeun Kim
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Taek Seung Lee
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
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Nguyen KT, Zhao Y. Engineered Hybrid Nanoparticles for On-Demand Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:3016-25. [PMID: 26605438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Together with the simultaneous development of nanomaterials and molecular biology, the bionano interface brings about various applications of hybrid nanoparticles in nanomedicine. The hybrid nanoparticles not only present properties of the individual components but also show synergistic effects for specialized applications. Thus, the development of advanced hybrid nanoparticles for targeted and on-demand diagnostics and therapeutics of diseases has rapidly become a hot research topic in nanomedicine. The research focus is to fabricate novel classes of programmable hybrid nanoparticles that are precisely engineered to maximize drug concentrations in diseased cells, leading to enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects of chemotherapy for the disease treatment. In particular, the hybrid nanoparticle platforms can simultaneously target diseased cells, enable the location to be imaged by optical methods, and release therapeutic drugs to the diseased cells by command. This Account specially discusses the rational fabrication of integrated hybrid nanoparticles and their applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. For diagnostics applications, hybrid nanoparticles can be utilized as imaging agents that enable detailed visualization at the molecular level. By the use of suitable targeting ligands incorporated on the nanoparticles, targeted optical imaging may be feasible with improved performance. Novel imaging techniques such as multiphoton excitation and photoacoustic imaging using near-infrared light have been developed using the intrinsic properties of particular nanoparticles. The use of longer-wavelength excitation sources allows deeper penetration into the human body for disease diagnostics and at the same time reduces the adverse effects on normal tissues. Furthermore, multimodal imaging techniques have been achieved by combining several types of components in nanoparticles, offering higher accuracy and better spatial views, with the aim of detecting life-threatening diseases before symptoms appear. For therapeutics applications, various nanoparticle-based treatment methods such as photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, and gene delivery have been developed. The intrinsic ability of organic nanoparticles to generate reactive oxygen species has been utilized for photodynamic therapy, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been widely used for drug loading and controlled delivery. Herein, the development of controlled-release systems that can specifically deliver drug molecules to target cells and release then upon triggering is highlighted. By control of the release of loaded drug molecules at precise sites (e.g., cancer cells or malignant tumors), side effects of the drugs are minimized. This approach provides better control and higher efficacy of drugs in the human body. Future personalized medicine is also feasible through gene delivery methods. Specific DNA/RNA-carrying nanoparticles are able to deliver them to target cells to obtain desired properties. This development may create an evolution in current medicine, leading to more personalized healthcare systems that can reduce the population screening process and also the duration of drug evaluation. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be incorporated with various components that can be used for simultaneous diagnostics and therapeutics. These multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles enable real-time monitoring of treatment process for more efficient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Truc Nguyen
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Mandal AK, Sreejith S, He T, Maji SK, Wang XJ, Ong SL, Joseph J, Sun H, Zhao Y. Three-photon-excited luminescence from unsymmetrical cyanostilbene aggregates: morphology tuning and targeted bioimaging. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4796-4805. [PMID: 25951348 DOI: 10.1021/nn507072r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental observation of aggregation-induced enhanced luminescence upon three-photon excitation in aggregates formed from a class of unsymmetrical cyanostilbene derivatives. Changing side chains (-CH3, -C6H13, -C7H15O3, and folic acid) attached to the cyanostilbene core leads to instantaneous formation of aggregates with sizes ranging from micrometer to nanometer scale in aqueous conditions. The crystal structure of a derivative with a methyl side chain reveals the planarization in the unsymmetrical cyanostilbene core, causing luminescence from corresponding aggregates upon three-photon excitation. Furthermore, folic acid attached cyanostilbene forms well-dispersed spherical nanoaggregates that show a high three-photon cross-section of 6.0 × 10(-80) cm(6) s(2) photon(-2) and high luminescence quantum yield in water. In order to demonstrate the targeted bioimaging capability of the nanoaggregates, three cell lines (HEK293 healthy cell line, MCF7 cancerous cell line, and HeLa cancerous cell line) were employed for the investigations on the basis of their different folate receptor expression level. Two kinds of nanoaggregates with and without the folic acid targeting ligand were chosen for three-photon bioimaging studies. The cell viability of three types of cells incubated with high concentration of nanoaggregates still remained above 70% after 24 h. It was observed that the nanoaggregates without the folic acid unit could not undergo the endocytosis by both healthy and cancerous cell lines. No obvious endocytosis of folic acid attached nanoaggregates was observed from the HEK293 and MCF7 cell lines having a low expression of the folate receptor. Interestingly, a significant amount of endocytosis and internalization of folic acid attached nanoaggregates was observed from HeLa cells with a high expression of the folate receptor under three-photon excitation, indicating targeted bioimaging of folic acid attached nanoaggregates to the cancer cell line. This study presents a paradigm of using organic nanoaggregates for targeted three-photon bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanli Zhao
- ¶School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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