1
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Mallette AJ, Shilpa K, Rimer JD. The Current Understanding of Mechanistic Pathways in Zeolite Crystallization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3416-3493. [PMID: 38484327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Zeolite catalysts and adsorbents have been an integral part of many commercial processes and are projected to play a significant role in emerging technologies to address the changing energy and environmental landscapes. The ability to rationally design zeolites with tailored properties relies on a fundamental understanding of crystallization pathways to strategically manipulate processes of nucleation and growth. The complexity of zeolite growth media engenders a diversity of crystallization mechanisms that can manifest at different synthesis stages. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of classical and nonclassical pathways associated with the formation of (alumino)silicate zeolites. We begin with a brief overview of zeolite history and seminal advancements, followed by a comprehensive discussion of different classes of zeolite precursors with respect to their methods of assembly and physicochemical properties. The following two sections provide detailed discussions of nucleation and growth pathways wherein we emphasize general trends and highlight specific observations for select zeolite framework types. We then close with conclusions and future outlook to summarize key hypotheses, current knowledge gaps, and potential opportunities to guide zeolite synthesis toward a more exact science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kumari Shilpa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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2
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Membrane Reactor for Methanol Synthesis Using Si-Rich LTA Zeolite Membrane. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070505. [PMID: 34209426 PMCID: PMC8307367 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We successfully demonstrated the effect of a membrane reactor for methanol synthesis to improve one-pass CO2 conversion. An Si-rich LTA membrane for dehydration from a methanol synthesis reaction field was synthesized by the seed-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. The H2O permselective performance of the membrane showed 1.5 × 10−6 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 as H2O permeance and around 2000 as selectivity of H2O/MeOH at 473 K. From the results of membrane reactor tests, the CO2 conversion of the membrane reactor was higher than that of the conventional packed-bed reactor under the all of experimental conditions. Especially, at 4 MPa of reaction pressure, the conversion using the membrane reactor was around 60%. In the case of using a packed-bed reactor, the conversion was 20% under the same conditions. In addition, the calculated and experimental conversion were in good agreement in both the case of the membrane reactor and packed-bed reactor.
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3
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In situ imaging of two-dimensional surface growth reveals the prevalence and role of defects in zeolite crystallization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28632-28639. [PMID: 33127756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011806117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeolite crystallization predominantly occurs by nonclassical pathways involving the attachment of complex (alumino)silicate precursors to crystal surfaces, yet recurrent images of fully crystalline materials with layered surfaces are evidence of classical growth by molecule attachment. Here we use in situ atomic force microscopy to monitor three distinct mechanisms of two-dimensional (2D) growth of zeolite A where we show that layer nucleation from surface defects is the most common pathway. Direct observation of defects was made possible by the identification of conditions promoting layered growth, which correlates to the use of sodium as an inorganic structure-directing agent, whereas its replacement with an organic results in a nonclassical mode of growth that obscures 2D layers and markedly slows the rate of crystallization. In situ measurements of layered growth reveal that undissolved silica nanoparticles in the synthesis medium can incorporate into advancing steps on crystal surfaces to generate defects (i.e., amorphous silica occlusions) that largely go undetected in literature. Nanoparticle occlusion in natural and synthetic crystals is a topic of wide-ranging interest owing to its relevance in fields spanning from biomineralization to the rational design of functional nanocomposites. In this study, we provide unprecedented insight into zeolite surface growth by molecule addition through time-resolved microscopy that directly captures the occlusion of silica nanoparticles and highlights the prevalent role of defects in zeolite crystallization.
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4
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Mayoral A, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Chen P, Ma Y, Monji T, Losch P, Schmidt W, Schüth F, Hirao H, Yu J, Terasaki O. Direct Atomic‐Level Imaging of Zeolites: Oxygen, Sodium in Na‐LTA and Iron in Fe‐MFI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Mayoral
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM) School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Pudong Shanghai 201210 China
- Institute of Materials Science of Aragon (ICMA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Advanced Microscopy Laboratory (LMA) University of Zaragoza 12, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Qing Zhang
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM) School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Pudong Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Zhiyuan College & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM) School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Pudong Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Taro Monji
- Hitachi Solutions East (Japan) Ltd. Sendai Japan
| | - Pit Losch
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Osamu Terasaki
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM) School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Pudong Shanghai 201210 China
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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5
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Lei C, Dong Z, Martínez C, Martínez-Triguero J, Chen W, Wu Q, Meng X, Parvulescu AN, De Baerdemaeker T, Müller U, Zheng A, Ma Y, Zhang W, Yokoi T, Marler B, De Vos DE, Kolb U, Corma A, Xiao FS. A Cationic Oligomer as an Organic Template for Direct Synthesis of Aluminosilicate ITH Zeolite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15649-15655. [PMID: 32453899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are a large number of zeolites, such as ITH, that cannot be prepared in the aluminosilicate form. Now, the successful synthesis of aluminosilicate ITH zeolite using a simple cationic oligomer as an organic template is presented. Key to the success is that the cationic oligomer has a strong complexation ability with aluminum species combined with a structural directing ability for the ITH structure similar to that of the conventional organic template. The aluminosilicate ITH zeolite has very high crystallinity, nanosheet-like crystal morphology, large surface area, fully four-coordinated Al species, and abundant acidic sites. Methanol-to-propylene (MTP) tests reveal that the Al-ITH zeolite shows much higher selectivity for propylene and longer lifetime than commercial ZSM-5. FCC tests show that Al-ITH zeolite is a good candidate as a shape-selective FCC additive for enhancing propylene and butylene selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoya Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez-Triguero
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Wei Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qinming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Ulrich Müller
- BASF SE, Process Research and Chemical Engineering, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Anmin Zheng
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116012, P. R. China
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Bernd Marler
- Department of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ute Kolb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 555128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Feng-Shou Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
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6
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Lei C, Dong Z, Martínez C, Martínez‐Triguero J, Chen W, Wu Q, Meng X, Parvulescu A, De Baerdemaeker T, Müller U, Zheng A, Ma Y, Zhang W, Yokoi T, Marler B, De Vos DE, Kolb U, Corma A, Xiao F. A Cationic Oligomer as an Organic Template for Direct Synthesis of Aluminosilicate ITH Zeolite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310007 P. R. China
| | - Zhuoya Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez‐Triguero
- Instituto de Tecnología Química Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Wei Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Qinming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310007 P. R. China
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310007 P. R. China
| | | | | | - Ulrich Müller
- BASF SE Process Research and Chemical Engineering 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Anmin Zheng
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Bernd Marler
- Department of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Dirk E. De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200f 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ute Kolb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 555128 Mainz Germany
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Feng‐Shou Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310007 P. R. China
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7
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Abstract
Nerve agents (NAs) are a group of highly toxic organophosphorus compounds developed before World War II. They are related to organophosphorus pesticides, although they have much higher human acute toxicity than commonly used pesticides. After the detection of the presence of NAs, the critical step is the fast decontamination of the environment in order to avoid the lethal effect of these organophosphorus compounds on exposed humans. This review collects the catalytic degradation reactions of NAs, in particular focusing our attention on chemical hydrolysis. These reactions are catalyzed by different catalyst categories (metal-based, polymeric, heterogeneous, enzymatic and MOFs), all of them described in this review.
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8
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Mayoral A, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Chen P, Ma Y, Monji T, Losch P, Schmidt W, Schüth F, Hirao H, Yu J, Terasaki O. Direct Atomic-Level Imaging of Zeolites: Oxygen, Sodium in Na-LTA and Iron in Fe-MFI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19510-19517. [PMID: 32542978 PMCID: PMC7689718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zeolites are becoming more versatile in their chemical functions through rational design of their frameworks. Therefore, direct imaging of all atoms at the atomic scale, basic units (Si, Al, and O), heteroatoms in the framework, and extra‐framework cations, is needed. TEM provides local information at the atomic level, but the serious problem of electron‐beam damage needs to be overcome. Herein, all framework atoms, including oxygen and most of the extra‐framework Na cations, are successfully observed in one of the most electron‐beam‐sensitive and lowest framework density zeolites, Na‐LTA. Zeolite performance, for instance in catalysis, is highly dependent on the location of incorporated heteroatoms. Fe single atomic sites in the MFI framework have been imaged for the first time. The approach presented here, combining image analysis, electron diffraction, and DFT calculations, can provide essential structural keys for tuning catalytically active sites at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Mayoral
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM), School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Institute of Materials Science of Aragon (ICMA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Advanced Microscopy Laboratory (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 12, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Qing Zhang
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM), School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Zhiyuan College & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM), School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Taro Monji
- Hitachi Solutions East (Japan) Ltd., Sendai, Japan
| | - Pit Losch
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Osamu Terasaki
- Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM), School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Hikichi N, Iyoki K, Yanaba Y, Ohara K, Okubo T, Wakihara T. Superior Ion-exchange Property of Amorphous Aluminosilicates Prepared by a Co-precipitation Method. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2029-2034. [PMID: 32394618 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of inexpensive inorganic ion-exchangers for the purification of environmental pollutants is a social demand. Amorphous aluminosilicates with a relatively high homogeneous Al environment are prepared by a feasible co-precipitation method, i. e., mixing an acidic aluminum sulfate solution and basic sodium silicate solution, which exhibit excellent ion-exchange selectivity for Cs+ and Sr2+ . The Kd value for Sr2+ was comparable with that of zeolite 4A. The local structures and ion-exchange behavior of the amorphous aluminosilicates are systematically investigated. The ion-exchange property of the amorphous aluminosilicates can be tuned by changing the interaction between the exchangeable cation and the amorphous aluminosilicates. Also, the amorphous aluminosilicates can adsorb bulky cations that zeolites hardly adsorb due to the limitation of the miropore size of zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Hikichi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenta Iyoki
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yanaba
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Koji Ohara
- JASRI/SPring-8, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toru Wakihara
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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10
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Preparation of Si-rich LTA zeolite membrane using organic template-free solution for methanol dehydration. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Cao K, Fan D, Li L, Fan B, Wang L, Zhu D, Wang Q, Tian P, Liu Z. Insights into the Pyridine-Modified MOR Zeolite Catalysts for DME Carbonylation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaipeng Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Benhan Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linying Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dali Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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12
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Sustainable Synthesis of Pure Silica Zeolites from a Combined Strategy of Zeolite Seeding and Alcohol Filling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Wu Q, Zhu L, Chu Y, Liu X, Zhang C, Zhang J, Xu H, Xu J, Deng F, Feng Z, Meng X, Xiao FS. Sustainable Synthesis of Pure Silica Zeolites from a Combined Strategy of Zeolite Seeding and Alcohol Filling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12138-12142. [PMID: 31283076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the synthesis of pure silica zeolites always requires the presence of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs), which direct the assembly pathway and ultimately fill the pore space. A sustainable route is now reported for synthesizing pure silica zeolites in the absence of OSDAs from a combined strategy of zeolite seeding and alcohol filling, where the zeolite seeds direct crystallization of zeolite crystals from amorphous silica, while the alcohol is served as pore filling in the zeolites. Very importantly, the alcohol could be fully washed out from zeolite pores by water at room temperature, which completely avoids calcination at high temperature for removal of OSDAs in the synthesis of pure silica zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinming Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Longfeng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China.,College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhaochi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Shou Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, P. R. China
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14
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Chaves Lima R, Bieseki L, Vinaches Melguizo P, Castellã Pergher SB. Zeolite Synthesis: General Aspects. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ZEOLITES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19970-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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15
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Belviso C, Lettino A, Cavalcante F. Influence of Synthesis Method on LTA Time-Dependent Stability. Molecules 2018; 23:E2122. [PMID: 30142926 PMCID: PMC6225351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-stability of LTA zeolite formed by hydrothermal method with or without the action of ultrasonic irradiation was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that 6 months after the synthesis by hydrothermal process with continuous sonication, LTA evolves into a more stable sodalite, whereas no differences are detected 12 months after LTA synthesis by conventional pre-fused hydrothermal process. These data confirm that using the two approaches, different mechanisms control both zeolite crystallization and time-stability of the newly-formed mineral at solid state. The results are particularly important in the light of the synthetic zeolite application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Belviso
- Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale-IMAA-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy.
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-ISM-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lettino
- Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale-IMAA-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy.
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-ISM-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cavalcante
- Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale-IMAA-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy.
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-ISM-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy.
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16
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Abstract
In the past decade or so, small-pore zeolites have received greater attention than large- and medium-pore molecular sieves that have historically dominated the literature. This is primarily due to the commercialization of two major catalytic processes, NOx exhaust removal and methanol conversion to light olefins, that take advantage of the properties of these materials with smaller apertures. Small-pore zeolites possess pores that are constructed of eight tetrahedral atoms (Si4+ and Al3+), each time linked by a shared oxygen These eight-member ring pores (8MR) provide small molecules access to the intracrystalline void space, e.g., to NOx during car exhaust cleaning (NOx removal) or to methanol en route to its conversion into light olefins, while restricting larger molecule entrance and departure that is critical to overall catalyst performance. In total, there are forty-four structurally different small-pore zeolites. Forty-one of these zeolites can be synthesized, and the first synthetic zeolite (KFI, 1948) was in fact a small-pore material. Although the field of 8MR zeolite chemistry has expanded in many directions, the progress in synthesis is framework-specific, leaving insights and generalizations difficult to realize. This review first focuses on the relevant synthesis details of all 8MR zeolites and provides some generalized findings and related insights. Next, catalytic applications where 8MR zeolites either have been commercialized or have dominated investigations are presented, with the aim of providing structure-activity relationships. The review ends with a summary that discusses (i) both synthetic and catalytic progress, (ii) a list of opportunities in the 8MR zeolite field, and (iii) a brief future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , 3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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17
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18
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Oleksiak MD, Muraoka K, Hsieh M, Conato MT, Shimojima A, Okubo T, Chaikittisilp W, Rimer JD. Organic‐Free Synthesis of a Highly Siliceous Faujasite Zeolite with Spatially Biased Q
4
(
n
Al) Si Speciation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13366-13371. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Oleksiak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Koki Muraoka
- Department of Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Ming‐Feng Hsieh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Marlon T. Conato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
- Institute of Chemistry University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City 1101 The Philippines
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry Waseda University Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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19
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Oleksiak MD, Muraoka K, Hsieh M, Conato MT, Shimojima A, Okubo T, Chaikittisilp W, Rimer JD. Organic‐Free Synthesis of a Highly Siliceous Faujasite Zeolite with Spatially Biased Q
4
(
n
Al) Si Speciation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Oleksiak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Koki Muraoka
- Department of Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Ming‐Feng Hsieh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Marlon T. Conato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
- Institute of Chemistry University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City 1101 The Philippines
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry Waseda University Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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20
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Kim J, Cho SJ, Kim DH. Facile Synthesis of KFI-type Zeolite and Its Application to Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Kim
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Cho
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yongbong
77, Bukgu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Heui Kim
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wenten IG, Dharmawijaya PT, Aryanti PTP, Mukti RR, Khoiruddin K. LTA zeolite membranes: current progress and challenges in pervaporation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Linde Type A (LTA) zeolite-based membranes have demonstrated excellent selectivity in pervaporation due to their unique structural framework and interaction with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. G. Wenten
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Industrial Technology
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung – 40132
- Indonesia
| | - P. T. Dharmawijaya
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung – 40132
- Indonesia
| | - P. T. P. Aryanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Jenderal Achmad Yani University
- PO Box 148 Cimahi
- Indonesia
| | - R. R. Mukti
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung – 40132
- Indonesia
- Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Industrial Technology
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung – 40132
- Indonesia
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22
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Borel M, Dodin M, Daou TJ, Bats N, Patarin J. Formation domain of SDA-free Y faujasite small crystals. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ternary phase diagram shows that the domain for obtaining Y faujasite small crystals is very narrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Borel
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
- Université de Haute Alsace (UHA)
- CNRS
- Axe Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (MPC)
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M)
| | - M. Dodin
- IFP Energies nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize
- 69360 Solaize
- France
| | - T. J. Daou
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
- Université de Haute Alsace (UHA)
- CNRS
- Axe Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (MPC)
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M)
| | - N. Bats
- IFP Energies nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize
- 69360 Solaize
- France
| | - J. Patarin
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
- Université de Haute Alsace (UHA)
- CNRS
- Axe Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (MPC)
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M)
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23
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Lupulescu AI, Qin W, Rimer JD. Tuning Zeolite Precursor Interactions by Switching the Valence of Polyamine Modifiers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11888-11898. [PMID: 27749078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonclassical mechanisms of crystal growth often involve the formation of amorphous precursors that play a direct role in what is generally referred to as crystallization by particle attachment (or CPA). One of the most studied CPA systems in the literature is zeolite MFI, which is a microporous crystal with siliceous (silicalite-1) and aluminosilicate (ZSM-5) isostructures. The self-assembly, microstructural evolution, and mechanistic role of nanoparticle precursors (1-6 nm) during silicalite-1 crystallization have been the subjects of prior investigation by combined experimental and modeling techniques. Here we investigate for the first time the effects of zeolite growth modifiers (ZGMs) on MFI precursors. ZGMs are organic molecules that alter the anisotropic rate(s) of crystal growth as a means of tailoring crystal size and/or habit. We show that most ZGMs have little effect on precursor assembly and evolution during the prenucleation stages of silicalite-1 and ZSM-5 synthesis; however, studies at varying alkalinity reveal that pH can be used as a "switch" to tune ZGM speciation and concurrently the colloidal stability of precursors. This has been proven effective for various polyamine compounds, such as spermine, that exhibit divalent (positive) charge near negatively charged nanoparticle surfaces. Our finding is consistent with colloidal models that predict a higher concentration of divalent modifiers within the diffuse double layer surrounding the surfaces of (alumino)silicate precursors. Multivalent polyamines seemingly promote precursor-precursor aggregation at elevated temperature, which is consistent with a proposed hypothesis that modifiers with two or more sufficiently spaced cationic functional moieties are capable of bridging neighboring precursor surfaces, thus overcoming an electrostatic repulsive force that contributes to their colloidal stability. Given the importance of precursor-precursor and precursor-crystal interactions in zeolite nucleation and growth, respectively, our observations provide additional insight into the role of organics in zeolite crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Lupulescu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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24
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Oleksiak MD, Ghorbanpour A, Conato MT, McGrail BP, Grabow LC, Motkuri RK, Rimer JD. Synthesis Strategies for Ultrastable Zeolite GIS Polymorphs as Sorbents for Selective Separations. Chemistry 2016; 22:16078-16088. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Oleksiak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Arian Ghorbanpour
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Marlon T. Conato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
- Institute of Chemistry University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City 1101 Philippines
| | - B. Peter McGrail
- Applied Functional Materials, Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Lars C. Grabow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Applied Functional Materials, Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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25
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Muraoka K, Chaikittisilp W, Okubo T. Energy Analysis of Aluminosilicate Zeolites with Comprehensive Ranges of Framework Topologies, Chemical Compositions, and Aluminum Distributions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6184-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Muraoka
- Department of Chemical System
Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Watcharop Chaikittisilp
- Department of Chemical System
Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System
Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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26
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Jo D, Ryu T, Park GT, Kim PS, Kim CH, Nam IS, Hong SB. Synthesis of High-Silica LTA and UFI Zeolites and NH3–SCR Performance of Their Copper-Exchanged Form. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Jo
- Center
for Ordered Nanoporous Materials Synthesis, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Ryu
- Center
for Ordered Nanoporous Materials Synthesis, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Tae Park
- Center
for Ordered Nanoporous Materials Synthesis, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Soon Kim
- Advanced Catalysts
and Emission-Control Research Lab, Research and Development Division,
Hyundai Motor Group, Hwaseong 445-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Kim
- Advanced Catalysts
and Emission-Control Research Lab, Research and Development Division,
Hyundai Motor Group, Hwaseong 445-706, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Nam
- Center
for Ordered Nanoporous Materials Synthesis, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Bong Hong
- Center
for Ordered Nanoporous Materials Synthesis, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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27
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Prodinger S, Vemuri RS, Varga T, Peter McGrail B, Motkuri RK, Derewinski MA. Impact of chabazite SSZ-13 textural properties and chemical composition on CO2 adsorption applications. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A narrow pore zeolite was synthesized with different Si/Al ratios and micro- to nanoparticle size where both played an important role in CO2 adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prodinger
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
| | - Rama S. Vemuri
- Hydrocarbon Processing Group
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
| | - Tamas Varga
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
| | - B. Peter McGrail
- Hydrocarbon Processing Group
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Hydrocarbon Processing Group
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
| | - Miroslaw A. Derewinski
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
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