1
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Liu QM, Liu XJ, Zhong XS, Huo ZZ, Shen Z, Zheng YX. Efficient narrowband yellow organic light-emitting diodes based on iridium(III) complexes with the rigid indolo[3,2,1- jk]carbazole unit. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38973342 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorescent material with narrowband emission is crucial for advancing wide-color-gamut organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, two iridium(III) complexes, (PhthzICz)2Ir(tmd) and (thzICz)2Ir(tmd), using rigid 2-(benzothiazole-2-yl)indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (PhthzICz) and 2-(thiazole-2-yl)indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (thzICz) as cyclometalated ligands and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione (tmd) as ancillary ligands, were synthesized. When these complexes were doped into the host material 3,3'-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl, the doped films exhibited yellow photoluminescence (PL) peaking at 537 and 531 nm, full width at half maximum (FWHM) bands of 35 and 60 nm, and PL quantum yields of 89.9% and 85.9%, respectively. OLEDs based on these two emitters display moderate performance characteristics with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 25.2% and 22.7%. Notably, the device based on (PhthzICz)2Ir(tmd) exhibits a narrow FWHM of 31 nm. Overall, the study highlights the practicality of incorporating rigid groups into the cyclometalated ligands of Ir(III) complexes as a viable strategy for achieving efficient Ir(III) complexes for OLEDs with narrow emission and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Zhong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
- MaAnShan High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, MaAnShan, 238200, P. R. China
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2
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Jayabharathi J, Thanikachalam V, Thilagavathy S. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices: Iridium based emitter materials – An overview. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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3
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Yan J, Wang SF, Hsu CH, Shi EHC, Wu CC, Chou PT, Yiu SM, Chi Y, You C, Peng IC, Hung WY. Engineering of Cyano Functionalized Benzo[ d]imidazol-2-ylidene Ir(III) Phosphors for Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21333-21343. [PMID: 37074734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized three series of blue emitting homoleptic iridium(III) phosphors bearing 4-cyano-3-methyl-1-phenyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene (mfcp), 5-cyano-1-methyl-3-phenyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene (ofcp), and 1-(3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-6-cyano-3-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene (5-mfcp) cyclometalates, respectively. These iridium complexes exhibit intense phosphorescence in the high energy region of 435-513 nm in the solution state at RT, to which the relatively large T1 → S0 transition dipole moment is beneficial for serving as a pure emitter and an energy donor to the multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) terminal emitters via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The resulting OLEDs achieved true blue, narrow bandwidth EL with a max EQE of 16-19% and great suppression of efficiency roll-off with ν-DABNA and t-DABNA. We obtained the FRET efficiency up to 85% using titled Ir(III) phosphors f-Ir(mfcp)3 and f-Ir(5-mfcp)3 to achieve true blue narrow bandwidth emission. Importantly, we also provide analysis on the kinetic parameters involved in the energy transfer processes and, accordingly, propose feasible ways to improve the efficiency roll-off caused by the shortened radiative lifetime of hyperphosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Fu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Emily Hsue-Chi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caifa You
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - I-Che Peng
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Hung
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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4
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Yang J, Hu D, Zhu F, Ma Y, Yan D. High-efficiency blue-emission crystalline organic light-emitting diodes sensitized by "hot exciton" fluorescent nanoaggregates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1757. [PMID: 36516245 PMCID: PMC9750145 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensitizing fluorescent materials is an effective way to maximally use excitons and obtain high-efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, it is a persistent challenge for present amorphous thin-film OLEDs to improve photon emission under low driving voltage, severely impeding the development of OLED technology. Here, we propose a novel OLED architecture consisting of a crystalline host matrix (CHM) and embedded "hot exciton" nanoaggregates (HENAs), which effectively sensitize blue dopant (D) emission. Owing to the advantages of the crystalline thin-film route, the device exhibits largely enhanced blue photon output [Commission International de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.15, 0.17)], with a low turn-on/operation voltage of 2.5 V (at 1 cd/m2)/3.3 V (at 1000 cd/m2), an extremely low Joule heat loss ratio (7.8% at 1000 cd/m2), and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 9.14%. These areal photon output features have outperformed the present amorphous thin-film blue OLEDs with high EQE, demonstrating that the CHM-HENA-D OLED is promising for future OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dehua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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5
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Zhang M, Zhang SW, Wu C, Li W, Wu Y, Yang C, Meng Z, Xu W, Tang MC, Xie R, Meng H, Wei G. Fine Emission Tuning from Near-Ultraviolet to Saturated Blue with Rationally Designed Carbene-Based [3 + 2 + 1] Iridium(III) Complexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1546-1556. [PMID: 34978413 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a new class of six phosphorescent [3 + 2 + 1] iridium(III) complexes [(pbib)Ir(C^C)CN] bearing a tridentate 1,3-bis(1-butylimidazolin-2-ylidene) phenyl N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based pincer ligand (pbib), bidentate imidazole-based NHC ligands (C^C), and a monodentate cyano group and investigated their photophysical, electrochemical, and thermal stabilities and electroluminescent properties. The extended π-conjugation of the imidazole-based C^C ligand is found to be the key to fine-tune the emission energies from ultraviolet blue (λ = 378 nm) to saturated blue (λ = 482 nm), as shown by electrochemical and photophysical studies, which is also revealed by the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations. Vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting diode devices have been fabricated with these newly synthesized emitters and exhibited the best external quantum efficiency of 6.4% and Commission International de L'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.163, 0.096), where the CIE y is very similar to the National Television System Committee standard blue CIE (x, y) coordinates of (0.149, 0.085). These results indicate that the novel [3 + 2 + 1] coordinated iridium(III) complexes [(pbib)Ir(C^C)CN], having a saturated blue emission, not only could alleviate the photodegradation of the emitters when compared to [(pbib)Ir(pmi)CN] but also provide new design strategies of saturated-blue-emitting iridium(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wansi Li
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- PURI Materials, Shenzhen 518133, China
| | - Chen Yang
- PURI Materials, Shenzhen 518133, China
| | - Zhimin Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenzhan Xu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongjun Xie
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials Science, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Buil ML, Esteruelas MA, López AM. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Molecular Heteroleptic Osmium and Iridium Phosphorescent Emitters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María L. Buil
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ana M. López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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7
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Tai WS, Gnanasekaran P, Chen YY, Hung WY, Zhou X, Chou TC, Lee GH, Chou PT, You C, Chi Y. Rational Tuning of Bis-Tridentate Ir(III) Phosphors to Deep-Blue with High Efficiency and Sub-microsecond Lifetime. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15437-15447. [PMID: 33759493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new class of bis-tridentate Ir(III) complexes (Dap-1-4) was synthesized using carbene pincer pro-chelates PC1·H3(PF6)2 or PC2·H3(PF6)2 with either imidazolylidene or imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene appendages, together with a second cyclometalating 2,6-diaryoxypyridine chelate, L1H2 and L2H2, differed by a NMe2 donor at the central pyridinyl fragment. The respective emission tuning between the ultraviolet and blue region was rationalized using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approaches. Next, a highly efficient blue emitter (Dap-5) was synthesized by concomitant addition of two methyl groups and a single CF3 substituent at the central phenyl and peripheral imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene entities of the carbene pincer chelate, respectively. The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device with 15 wt % Dap-5 in DPEPO shows electroluminescence at 468 nm and with CIE (0.14, 0.15) and a max external quantum efficiency (max EQE) of 16.8% with low efficiency roll-off (EQE of 14.4% at 1000 cd m-2); the latter is attributed to the relatively shortened triplet excited-state radiative lifetime. These results highlight the adequateness of bis-tridentate Ir(III) phosphors in fabrication of practical blue-emitting OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Shan Tai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Premkumar Gnanasekaran
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Chen
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Hung
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tai-Che Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Caifa You
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Wu ZG, Yang B, Qiu YC, Wang Y, Dai H, Zheng YX, Wang Y, Hu L, Pan Y. Design of pyridinylphosphinate-based blue iridium phosphors for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3887-3893. [PMID: 33634813 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At present, cyclometalated iridium (Ir)(iii) complexes are the most promising emitters for OLEDs. Contrary to well-developed Ir(iii)-based red and green phosphorescent complexes, the efficient blue emitters are limited and the performances of blue OLEDs are still not satisfactory. Inspired by this, we designed two novel blue Ir(iii) complexes employing 2-(2,4-difluoropyridyl)pyridine (dfpypy) and 2,6-difluoro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)benzonitrile (FCN) as the main ligands, respectively, and phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphinate (ppp) as the ancillary ligand. The rational design of the molecular structure makes the two complexes achieve blue emission and possess good electron mobility simultaneously. The devices based on the Ir(iii) phosphors exhibited good electroluminescence performances with low turn-on voltages, a peak current efficiency of 24.51 cd A-1, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.4%, a peak power efficiency of 21.99 lm W-1 and low efficiency roll-off. These results provide an effective strategy for the future molecular design of blue Ir(iii) complexes with good electron transport property for OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Guang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China.
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9
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Oh-e M, Nagasawa A. Advancing the a Posteriori Quest for Deep-Blue Phosphorescence: Quantifying Excitation-Induced Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer as a Guiding Indicator. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Oh-e
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Akira Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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10
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Synthesis, crystal structure, photophysical properties, DFT studies and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a phosphorescent 1,2,4-triazole-based iridium(III) complex. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Synthesis, characterisation and theoretical studies of a series of Iridium (III) heteroleptic complexes with Schiff base ligands. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Theoretical research on the photophysical properties of two series of iridium(III) complexes with β-ketoiminate and N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidinate ancillary ligands. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Chen Y, Liu C, Wang L. Effects of fluorine substituent on properties of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with a 2,2′-bipyridine ancillary ligand. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Song C, Li J, Wang Z, Chen Y, Zhao F, Li P, Zhang H. Towards deep‐blue phosphorescence: molecular design and property prediction of iridium complexes with pyridinylphosphinate ancillary ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongping Song
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yanan Chen
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ping Li
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State key laboratory of supramolecular structure and materials, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Balónová
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | | | - Barry A Blight
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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16
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Shin H, Ha YH, Kim HG, Kim R, Kwon SK, Kim YH, Kim JJ. Controlling Horizontal Dipole Orientation and Emission Spectrum of Ir Complexes by Chemical Design of Ancillary Ligands for Efficient Deep-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808102. [PMID: 30972824 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deep-blue emitting Iridium (Ir) complexes with horizontally oriented emitting dipoles are newly designed and synthesized through engineering of the ancillary ligand, where 2',6'-difluoro-4-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3'-bipyridine (dfpysipy) is used as the main ligand. Introduction of a trimethylsilyl group at the pyridine and a nitrogen at the difluoropyrido group increases the bandgap of the emitter, resulting in deep-blue emission. Addition of a methyl group (mpic) to a picolinate (pic) ancillary ligand or replacement of an acetate structure of pic with a perfluoromethyl-triazole structure (fptz) increases the horizontal component of the emitting dipoles in sequence of mpic (86%) > fptz (77%) > pic (74%). The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) using the Ir complex with the mpic ancillary ligand shows the highest external quantum efficiency (31.9%) among the reported blue OLEDs with a y-coordinate value lower than 0.2 in the 1931 Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Ha
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Gu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ran Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Kwon
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology and ERI, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jang-Joo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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17
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Lu GZ, Tu ZL, Liu L, Zheng YX, Zhao Y. Two platinum(ii) complexes with a 4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole derivative as an ancillary ligand for efficient green OLEDs. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1892-1899. [PMID: 30652714 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04750b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two new cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes ((TN3T)Pt(dptp), (4tfmppy)Pt(dptp)) with 2',6'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,3'-bipyridine (TN3T) and 4-trifluoromethylphenylpyridine (4tfmppy) as the cyclometalated ligands and the nitrogen heterocycle 2-(4,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenol (dptp) as the ancillary ligand were developed. Both complexes are green phosphors with high photoluminescence quantum efficiency yields (λmax = 532 nm, Φp = 65% for (TN3T)Pt(dptp) and λmax = 502 nm, Φp = 71% for (4tfmppy)Pt(dptp)) in CH2Cl2 solutions at room temperature, respectively. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with single-emitting layer and double-emitting layer structures were fabricated with good performances. Particularly, the double-emitting layer device D2 based on the complex (4tfmppy)Pt(dptp) with 6 wt% doped concentration shows superior performances with a maximum EQE of 26.90% with mild efficiency roll-off. This study demonstrates that the ancillary ligand attached with a 4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole group could facilitate charge trapping across the bulk of the device for efficient OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China. and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Zhen-Long Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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18
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Song C, Chen Y, Li J, Zhao F, Zhang H. Unraveling the marked differences of the phosphorescence efficiencies of blue-emitting iridium complexes with isomerized phenyltriazole ligands. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical insights into the marked quantum efficiencies of blue-emitting iridium complexes with isomerized ptz ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Yanan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
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19
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Li TY, Wu J, Wu ZG, Zheng YX, Zuo JL, Pan Y. Rational design of phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes for emission color tunability and their applications in OLEDs. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Shen W, Zhang W, Zhu C. Theoretical study of the substituent effect controlling the radiative and non-radiative decay processes of platinum(ii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:23532-23540. [PMID: 28829465 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04376g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six platinum complexes bearing different electron-withdrawing groups (-CN, -NO2, -o-carborane, -SF5 and -CF2CF2CF3) have been designed to explore the electron-withdrawing capability and the conjugative effect of the substituents, and density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations have been performed to determine their electronic structures and phosphorescent properties. Three factors, including the oscillator strength μ(Sn) for S0-Sn excitations, the energy gap between the triplet and singlet states ΔE(Sn-T1) and the spin-orbital coupling 〈T1|ĤSOC|Sn〉, have been calculated to analyze the radiative processes. In addition, temperature-independent, temperature-dependent and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) have been analyzed to determine the non-radiative decay processes. Introducing strong electron-withdrawing groups into phosphorescent transition-metal complexes has a significant impact on the phosphorescent properties and some regularity besides the inductive effect (the electron-withdrawing capability) and the conjugative effect of the substituents. The stronger electron-withdrawing capability and smaller conjugative effect can give rise to blue-shifted emission behavior and give larger radiative decay rate constants. The results demonstrate that complex 4 (-NO2 substituted) and complex 2 (-o-carborane) are possible candidates for blue-emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science and Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyuan Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science and Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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21
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Yan ZP, Luo XF, Liao K, Lin ZX, Wu ZG, Zhou YH, Zheng YX. The Taiji and Eight Trigrams chemistry philosophy of chiral iridium(iii) complexes with triplex stereogenic centers. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4045-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight Ir(iii) isomers with triplex stereogenic centers are corresponding to the old Chinese philosophy Taiji and Eight Trigrams. The ECD and CPL spectra of four pair isomers show perfect mirror-images with a glum factor around 0.003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Xu-Feng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Kang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Zi-Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Zheng-Guang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Yong-Hui Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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22
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Kajjam AB, Vaidyanathan S. Tuning the photophysical properties of heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes through ancillary ligand substitution: Experimental and theoretical investigation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Jayabharathi J, Panimozhi S, Thanikachalam V, Prabhakaran A, Jeeva P. A hybrid inorganic–organic light-emitting diode using Ti-doped ZrO2 as an electron-injection layer. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8402-8411. [PMID: 35542037 PMCID: PMC9078518 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00259b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have fabricated stable efficient iridium(iii)-bis-5-(1-(naphthalene-1-yl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole-2-yl) benzene-1,2,3-triol (acetylacetonate) [Ir(NPIBT)2 (acac)] doped inverted bottom-emissive green organic light-emitting diodes using Ti-doped ZrO2 nanomaterials as the electron injection layer. The current density (J) and luminance (L) of the fabricated devices with Ti-doped ZrO2 deposited between an indium tin oxide cathode and an Ir(NPIBT)2 (acac) emissive layer increased significantly at a low driving voltage (V) compared with control devices without Ti-doped ZrO2. The Ti-doped ZrO2 layer can facilitate the electron injection effectively and enhances the current efficiency (ηc) of 2.84 cd A−1 and power efficiency (ηp) of 1.32 lm W−1 Ti-doped ZrO2 facilitates electron injection effectively, leading to enhanced current efficiency of 2.84 cd A−1 and power efficiency of 1.32 lm W−1![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sekar Panimozhi
- Department of Chemistry
- Annamalai University
- Annamalainagar 608 002
- India
| | | | | | - Palanivel Jeeva
- Department of Chemistry
- Annamalai University
- Annamalainagar 608 002
- India
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24
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Huang ZA, Lan Q, Hua Y, Chen Z, Zhang H, Lin Z, Xia H. Color-Tuning Strategy for Iridapolycycles [(N∧N)Ir(C∧C)ClPPh3]+ by the Synergistic Modifications on Both the C∧C and N∧N Units. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ao Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing Lan
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Haiping Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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25
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Liu H, Gao H, Zhao Y, Shen Z. Synthesis and photophysical properties of cyclometalated heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes containing pyridyl/isoquinolyl-imino-isoindoline ancillary ligand. Supramol Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2017.1406601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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26
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Chen Z, Wang L, Su S, Zheng X, Zhu N, Ho CL, Chen S, Wong WY. Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Carbene Phosphors for Highly Efficient Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40497-40502. [PMID: 29090895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Five deep blue carbene-based iridium(III) phosphors were synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, one of them can be fabricated into deep blue, sky blue and white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) through changing the host materials and exciton blocking layers. These deep and sky blue devices exhibit Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.145, 0.186) and (0.152, 0.277) with external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 15.2% and 9.6%, respectively. The EQE of the deep blue device can be further improved up to 19.0% by choosing a host with suitable energy level of its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong P.R. China ; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, P.R. China
| | - Liqi Wang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong P.R. China ; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, P.R. China
| | - Sikai Su
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Nianyong Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong P.R. China ; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, P.R. China
| | - Cheuk-Lam Ho
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong P.R. China ; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, P.R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Hom, Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong P.R. China ; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, P.R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Hom, Hong Kong P.R. China
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27
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Kuo HH, Chen YT, Devereux LR, Wu CC, Fox MA, Kuei CY, Chi Y, Lee GH. Bis-Tridentate Ir(III) Metal Phosphors for Efficient Deep-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702464. [PMID: 28635052 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emissive Ir(III) metal complexes possessing two tridentate chelates (bis-tridentate) are known to be more robust compared to those with three bidentate chelates (tris-bidentate). Here, the deep-blue-emitting, bis-tridentate Ir(III) metal phosphors bearing both the dicarbene pincer ancillary such as 2,6-diimidazolylidene benzene and the 6-pyrazolyl-2-phenoxylpyridine chromophoric chelate are synthesized. A deep-blue organic light-emitting diode from one phosphor exhibits Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE(x,y) ) coordinates of (0.15, 0.17) with maximum external quantum efficiency (max. EQE) of 20.7% and EQE = 14.6% at the practical brightness of 100 cd m-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Leon R Devereux
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chung-Chih Wu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mark A Fox
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chu-Yun Kuei
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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28
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Shin HY, Jeong S, Kim SH, Hong JI. Blue Phosphorescent Iridium Complexes with Fluorine-free Main Ligands for Efficient Organic Light-emitting Diodes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Yong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Seongjin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
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29
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Benjamin H, Liang J, Liu Y, Geng Y, Liu X, Zhu D, Batsanov AS, Bryce MR. Color Tuning of Efficient Electroluminescence in the Blue and Green Regions Using Heteroleptic Iridium Complexes with 2-Phenoxyoxazole Ancillary Ligands. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Benjamin
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Jie Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Geng
- Key
Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of
Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingman Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of
Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxia Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of
Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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30
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Benjamin H, Fox MA, Batsanov AS, Al-Attar HA, Li C, Ren Z, Monkman AP, Bryce MR. Pyridylpyrazole N^N ligands combined with sulfonyl-functionalised cyclometalating ligands for blue-emitting iridium(iii) complexes and solution-processable PhOLEDs. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10996-11007. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A blue phosphorescent emitter for PhOLEDs with brightness of 5400 cd m−2 at 10 V and λELmax 460 nm, CIEx,y (0.15, 0.21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE
- UK
| | - Mark A. Fox
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE
- UK
| | | | | | - Chensen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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31
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Duan YC, Wu Y, Ren XY, Zhao L, Geng Y, Zhang M, Sun GY, Su ZM. From blue to full color – theoretical design and characterization of a series of Ir(iii) complexes containing azoline ligand with potential application in OLEDs. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11491-11502. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of full-color Ir(iii) phosphorescence materials with high quantum efficiency was designed with both the radiative rate and the nonradiative ability taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Duan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun
- 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yao Ren
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | | | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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32
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Jing YM, Zhao Y, Zheng YX. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence of iridium(iii) complexes with 2′,6′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole/1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative ligands. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:845-853. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient OLEDs based on green and orange iridium(iii) complexes based on 2′,6′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridine and 2-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol show peak current efficiencies of 74.8 and 41.0 cd A−1, respectively, with low efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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33
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Jing YM, Zheng YX. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence of deep red iridium(iii) complexes with 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline derivatives and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives ligands. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OLEDs using efficient deep red iridium(iii) complexes display good electroluminescence performances with maximum current efficiency and external quantum efficiency of up to 14.0 cd A−1and 17.8%, respectively, and the efficiency roll-off is mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- RD Center of Shen Zhen High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- RD Center of Shen Zhen High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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Novel Design of Iridium Phosphors with Pyridinylphosphinate Ligands for High-Efficiency Blue Organic Light-emitting Diodes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38478. [PMID: 27929124 PMCID: PMC5144070 DOI: 10.1038/srep38478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high quantum efficiency and wide scope of emission colors, iridium (Ir) (III) complexes have been widely applied as guest materials for OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes). Contrary to well-developed Ir(III)-based red and green phosphorescent complexes, the efficient blue emitters are rare reported. Like the development of the LED, the absence of efficient and stable blue materials hinders the widely practical application of the OLEDs. Inspired by this, we designed two novel ancillary ligands of phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphinate (ppp) and dipyridinylphosphinate (dpp) for efficient blue phosphorescent iridium complexes (dfppy)2Ir(ppp) and (dfppy)2Ir(dpp) (dfppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine) with good electron transport property. The devices using the new iridium phosphors display excellent electroluminescence (EL) performances with a peak current efficiency of 58.78 cd/A, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 28.3%, a peak power efficiency of 52.74 lm/W and negligible efficiency roll-off ratios. The results demonstrated that iridium complexes with pyridinylphosphinate ligands are potential blue phosphorescent materials for OLEDs.
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35
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Chen S, Wu Y, Hu S, Zhao Y, Fang D. Non-Doped Deep Blue and Doped White Electroluminescence Devices Based on Phenanthroimidazole Derivative. J Fluoresc 2016; 27:451-461. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pal AK, Cordes DB, Pringouri K, Anwar MU, Slawin AMZ, Rawson JM, Zysman-Colman E. Synthesis and characterization of green-to-yellow emissive Ir(III) complexes of pyridylbenzothiadiazine ligand. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1170818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan K. Pal
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Konstantina Pringouri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Muhammad U. Anwar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | | | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
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38
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Sanner RD, Cherepy NJ, Young VG. Blue light emission from cyclometallated iridium(III) cyano complexes: Syntheses, crystal structures, and photophysical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Wen LL, Yu J, Sun HZ, Shan GG, Xie WF, Su ZM. Low efficiency roll-off and high performance OLEDs employing alkyl group modified iridium(iii) complexes as emitters. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Four Ir(iii) dyes employing modified 1,2-diphenyl-1H-benzoimidazole ligands were synthesized. Doped device using tBu-Ir-PI with tert-butyl group as emitter achieves high ηc of 42.0 cd A−1 and ηp of 27.0 lm W−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Wen
- Institute of Functional Materials Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Zhu Sun
- Institute of Functional Materials Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Guo-Gang Shan
- Institute of Functional Materials Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Wen-Fa Xie
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Materials Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
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40
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Coe BJ, Helliwell M, Raftery J, Sánchez S, Peers MK, Scrutton NS. Cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes of deprotonated N-methylbipyridinium ligands: effects of quaternised N centre position on luminescence. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20392-405. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The optical emission behaviour of tricationic IrIII complexes depends markedly on the position of the N-methyl unit in cyclometalating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Coe
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | | | - James Raftery
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Martyn K. Peers
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M1 7DN
- UK
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M1 7DN
- UK
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41
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Xu QL, Liang X, Jiang L, Zhao Y, Zheng YX. Two blue iridium complexes for efficient electroluminescence with low efficiency roll-off. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14837e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two blue iridium(iii) complexes were applied in efficient OLEDs (ηc,max of 22.83 cd A−1 for (dfpypy)2Ir(tpip); ηc,max of 20.79 cd A−1 for (dfpypy)2Ir(Ftpip)) with low efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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42
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Coe BJ, Helliwell M, Sánchez S, Peers MK, Scrutton NS. Water-soluble Ir(iii) complexes of deprotonated N-methylbipyridinium ligands: fluorine-free blue emitters. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15420-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the cation 1-methyl-3-(2′-pyridyl)pyridinium to produce cyclometalating ligands gives novel IrIII complex salts that are water-soluble and emit efficiently blue or blue-green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Coe
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | | | - Sergio Sánchez
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Martyn K. Peers
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M1 7DN
- UK
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M1 7DN
- UK
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43
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Duan T, Chang TK, Chi Y, Wang JY, Chen ZN, Hung WY, Chen CH, Lee GH. Blue-emitting heteroleptic Ir(iii) phosphors with functional 2,3′-bipyridine or 2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)pyridine cyclometalates. Dalton Trans 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01844g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ir(iii) complexes with functional 2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)pyridine cyclometalates display blue electroluminescence with CIEx,y coordinates occurring at (0.16, 0.17) at 100 cd m−2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainan Duan
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Ting-Kuang Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yun Wang
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- China
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- China
| | - Wen-Yi Hung
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences
- National Taiwan Ocean University
- Keelung 202
- Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences
- National Taiwan Ocean University
- Keelung 202
- Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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44
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The Future of Catalysis by Chiral Lewis Acids. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Xie LM, Bai FQ, Li W, Zhang ZX, Zhang HX. Theoretical research on the effect of regulated π-conjugation on the photophysical properties of Ir(iii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10014-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Larger π-skeleton-conjugation in host ligands of Ir(iii) carbene complexes can result in remarkably blue-shifted emission and can effectively improve the quantum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People’s Republic of China
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