1
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Rey Planells A, Espinosa Ferao A. Accurate Ring Strain Energies of Unsaturated Three-Membered Heterocycles with One Group 13-16 Element. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6459-6468. [PMID: 35442022 PMCID: PMC9066411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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High-quality ring
strain energy (RSE) data for 1H-unsaturated (CH)2X parent rings, where X is a group 13–16
element, are reported in addition to the 2H-isomers
of the pnictogenirene rings. RSE data are obtained from appropriate
homosdesmotic reactions and calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP//B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP(ecp)
level. 1H-Tallirene and 1H-plumbirene
have unique donor–acceptor structures between an acetylene
π(CC) orbital and an empty p orbital of a metallylene subunit
(a Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson description) and therefore
cannot be described as proper rings but as pseudocyclic structures.
Also, 1H-indirene and 1H-oxirene
lack ring critical points and constitute borderline cases of pseudorings.
1H-Unsaturated rings exhibit enhanced RSE compared
to their saturated homologues. The mechanism of ring strain relaxation
by increasing the s character in the lone pair (LP) of group 15–16
elements is remarkable and increases on descending the groups. Furthermore,
RSE is affected by the aromatic character of group 13 rings and certain
aromatic or antiaromatic character in group 14 or 15–16 rings,
respectively, which tend to vanish on descending the group as shown
by NICS(1) values. 2H-Unsaturated rings were found
only for group 15 elements (although only 2H-azirine
shows a proper cyclic structure) and displayed lower RSE (higher stability)
than the corresponding 1H-isomers. Accurate ring strain energies (RSE) are
calculated for three-membered
1H-unsaturated rings containing a 13−16 group
element and group 15 2H-isomers. The presence or
absence of lone pairs at the heteroatom and the existence of intrinsic
or residual (anti)aromaticity were shown to affect the RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rey Planells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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2
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García Alcaraz A, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Azaphosphiridines: challenges and perspectives. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7324-7336. [PMID: 33956019 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01174j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review describes a broad spectrum of synthetic strategies to access mono- and polycyclic azaphosphiridines; properties and theoretical calculations of free and metal-ligated are discussed. These species are characterized by a highly strained (saturated) CPN ring with three differently polarized endocyclic bonds. The latter causes a high reactivity of aza-phosphiridine complexes towards ring expansion and exchange reactions. Increasing the ring strain leads to masked FLP behaviour, i.e., small molecule activation was observed. New perspectives in homogenous catalysis are also offered, e.g., a pool of novel chiral P-heterocyclic ligands, ready to be explored, if the challenge to unligate them is solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Schmer A, Junker P, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. M/X Phosphinidenoid Metal Complex Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1754-1765. [PMID: 33734678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusLike singlet carbenes and silylenes, transient electrophilic terminal phosphinidene complexes enabled highly selective synthetic transformations, but the required multistep synthetic protocols precluded widespread use of these P1 building blocks. By contrast, nucleophilic M/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes can be easily accessed in one step from [M(CO)n(RPCl2)] complexes. This advantage and the mild reaction conditions opened broad synthetic applicability that enabled access to a variety of novel compounds. The chemistry will be described in this Account, including bonding and mechanistic considerations derived from high-level density functional theory calculations.In 2007, we gained the first strong evidence for the formation of these thermally labile complexes using two different synthetic approaches: P-H deprotonation and Cl/Li exchange; the latter has become the preferred method. Intense studies revealed that steric demand of the P substituents in combination with metal complexation, a donor solvent, and/or the presence of a crown ether are necessary prerequisites for the formation and especially the usability of these intermediates as novel P1 building blocks. Solution-phase NMR spectroscopy and solid-state X-ray diffraction studies revealed the bonding situation, i.e., a solvent-separated ion pair structure, and typical 31P NMR signatures of the anions. To date, we have established the following reactivity patterns for Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes: self-condensations (I), electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions (II), 1,1-additions (III), [2 + 1] cycloadditions (IV), ring expansions (V), and redox reactions (VI). For example, self-condensations can yield dinuclear acyclic or polycyclic diphosphane or diphosphene complexes. Their use as nucleophiles and electrophiles can be employed to access functional phosphane ligands with mixed substitution patterns. 1,1-Addition reactions were a puzzling discovery because the resulting products resembled classical P-C π-bond structures but the bonding was more of a donor-to-phosphorus adduct with significant differences in bonding parameters. Into the same category and also surprising fall formal E-H insertion reactions leading to 1,1'-bifunctional phosphane complexes. To date, the most important synthetic impact was achieved in the chemistry of strained P-heterocyclic ligands such as oxaphosphiranes and azaphosphiridines, obtained via [2 + 1] cycloadditions of the title compounds with carbonyls and imines, respectively. Ring expansions have been shown to yield 1,2-oxaphosphetanes and 1,2-thiaphosphetanes, and because of the pool of industrially important epoxides, this provides straightforward and affordable access to these novel P-heterocyclic ligands, which also promise to be of interest in catalytic applications. Recent developments describe redox transformations of Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes into new reactive intermediates such as complexes with open-shell P-functional phosphanyl ligands via oxidative single electron transfer reactions or into terminal electrophilic phosphinidene complexes via chloride elimination. The latter is clearly restricted to P-amino derivatives because of their enhanced π-donation capability, as evidenced in a recent study on umpolung of these reactive intermediates. While our efforts to expand M/X phosphinidenoid complex chemistry are ongoing, we want to emphasize that the development of new reactive intermediates not only improves our understanding of bonding and reactivity but also opens new perspectives in organoelement chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Junker
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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4
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Espinosa Ferao A, García Alcaraz A, Zaragoza Noguera S, Streubel R. Terminal Phosphinidene Complex Adducts with Neutral and Anionic O-Donors and Halides and the Search for a Differentiating Bonding Descriptor. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12829-12841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Zaragoza Noguera
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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5
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Schmer A, Volk N, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Access and unprecedented reaction pathways of Li/Cl phosphinidenoid iron(0) complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:339-345. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Complexes [Fe(CO)4(RPCl2)] (2) (a: R = CPh3, b: R = tBu) were used to generate the first examples of phosphinidenoid iron(0) complexes [Li(12-crown-4)(solv)n][Fe(CO)4(RPCl] (3a,b), characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Niklas Volk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Murcia
- E-30100 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
- Germany
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6
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Schmer A, Terschüren T, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Access to 1,1′‐Bifunctional Phosphane Iron(0) Complexes via P–N Bond‐Forming Reactions and Selective P‐Functionalizations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Tatjana Terschüren
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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7
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Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. A Computational Study on the Stability of Oxaphosphirane Rings towards Closed-Shell Valence Isomerization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Murcia; Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhardt-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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8
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Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Coordination of N2
and Other Small Molecules to the Phosphorus Centre of RPW(CO)5
: A Theoretical Study on the Janus Facets of the Stabilization/Activation Problem. Chemistry 2017; 23:8632-8643. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Murcia; Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhardt-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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9
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Streubel R, Schmer A, Kyri AW, Schnakenburg G. 1,1′-Bifunctional Aminophosphane Complexes via N–H Bond Insertions of a Li/Cl Phosphinidenoid Complex and First Studies on N/P Mono Functionalizations. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmer
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Kyri
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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10
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Espinosa Ferao A. Kinetic energy density per electron as quick insight into ring strain energies. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Thiaphosphiranes and Their Complexes: Systematic Study on Ring Strain and Ring Cleavage Reactions. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9611-9619. [PMID: 27618483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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12
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Majhi PK, Kyri AW, Schmer A, Schnakenburg G, Streubel R. Synthesis and Deprotonation of Aminophosphane Complexes: First K/N(H)R Phosphinidenoid Complexes and Access to a Complex with a P 2 N-Ring Ligand. Chemistry 2016; 22:15413-15419. [PMID: 27607194 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of 1,1'-bifunctional aminophosphane complexes 3 a-e was achieved by the reaction of Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complex 2 with various primary amines (R=Me, iPr, tBu, Cy, Ph). Deprotonation of complex 3 a (R=Me) with potassium hexamethyldisilazide yielded a mixture of K/NHMe phosphinidenoid complex 4 a and potassium phosphanylamido complex 4 a'. Treatment of complex 3 c (R=tBu) and e (R=Ph) with KHMDS afforded the first examples of K/NHR phosphinidenoid complexes 4 c and e. The reaction of complex 3 c with 2 molar equivalents of KHMDS followed by PhPCl2 afforded complexes 5 c,c', which possess a P2 N-ring ligand. All complexes were characterized by NMR, IR, MS, and microanalysis, and additionally, complexes 3 b-e and 5 c' were scrutinized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kumar Majhi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Wolfgang Kyri
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Villalba Franco JM, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Coordination chemistry of a low-coordinate non-metal element: the case of electrophilic terminal phosphinidene complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13951-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02909d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Imino-azaphosphiridine complex 1 reacts with CO to give 1,3-azaphosphetidinone complex 2, whereas with isocyanides 3a,b substitution occurred to yield the isocyanide-to-phosphinidene adducts 4a,b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- Campus de Espinardo
- 30100 – Murcia
- Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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14
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Streubel R, Faßbender J, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A. Formation of Transient and Stable 1,3-Dipole Complexes with P,S,C and S,P,C Ligand Skeletons. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Streubel
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Faßbender
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento
de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia,Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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15
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Villalba Franco JM, Schnakenburg G, Sasamori T, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Stimuli-Responsive Frustrated Lewis-Pair-Type Reactivity of a Tungsten Iminoazaphosphiridine Complex. Chemistry 2015; 21:9650-5. [PMID: 26031623 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Villalba Franco
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany), Fax:(+49) 228-739616
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany), Fax:(+49) 228-739616
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institut for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 (Japan)
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia (Spain), Fax:(+34) 868-884149.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany), Fax:(+49) 228-739616.
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