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Wang J, Gao H, Han Y, Ding C, Pan S, Wang Y, Jia Q, Wang HT, Xing D, Sun J. MAGUS: machine learning and graph theory assisted universal structure searcher. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad128. [PMID: 37332628 PMCID: PMC10275355 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystal structure predictions based on first-principles calculations have gained great success in materials science and solid state physics. However, the remaining challenges still limit their applications in systems with a large number of atoms, especially the complexity of conformational space and the cost of local optimizations for big systems. Here, we introduce a crystal structure prediction method, MAGUS, based on the evolutionary algorithm, which addresses the above challenges with machine learning and graph theory. Techniques used in the program are summarized in detail and benchmark tests are provided. With intensive tests, we demonstrate that on-the-fly machine-learning potentials can be used to significantly reduce the number of expensive first-principles calculations, and the crystal decomposition based on graph theory can efficiently decrease the required configurations in order to find the target structures. We also summarized the representative applications of this method on several research topics, including unexpected compounds in the interior of planets and their exotic states at high pressure and high temperature (superionic, plastic, partially diffusive state, etc.); new functional materials (superhard, high-energy-density, superconducting, photoelectric materials), etc. These successful applications demonstrated that MAGUS code can help to accelerate the discovery of interesting materials and phenomena, as well as the significant value of crystal structure predictions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chi Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuning Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiuhan Jia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dingyu Xing
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Agafonov MA, Alexandrov EV, Artyukhova NA, Bekmukhamedov GE, Blatov VA, Butova VV, Gayfulin YM, Garibyan AA, Gafurov ZN, Gorbunova YG, Gordeeva LG, Gruzdev MS, Gusev AN, Denisov GL, Dybtsev DN, Enakieva YY, Kagilev AA, Kantyukov AO, Kiskin MA, Kovalenko KA, Kolker AM, Kolokolov DI, Litvinova YM, Lysova AA, Maksimchuk NV, Mironov YV, Nelyubina YV, Novikov VV, Ovcharenko VI, Piskunov AV, Polyukhov DM, Polyakov VA, Ponomareva VG, Poryvaev AS, Romanenko GV, Soldatov AV, Solovyeva MV, Stepanov AG, Terekhova IV, Trofimova OY, Fedin VP, Fedin MV, Kholdeeva OA, Tsivadze AY, Chervonova UV, Cherevko AI, Shul′gin VF, Shutova ES, Yakhvarov DG. METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS IN RUSSIA: FROM THE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE TO FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Sokolov AV, Vologzhanina AVV, Sudakova TV, Popova YV, Alexandrov EV. Design and Synthesis of Coordination Polymers with Cu(II) and Heterocyclic N-Oxides. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relations of coordination network connectivity with coordination properties of heterocyclic N-oxides, Cu(I,II), and co-ligands were discussed based on the comparative analysis of 623 structures extracted from the Cambridge Structural...
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4
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Alexandrov EV, Shevchenko AP, Nekrasova NA, Blatov VA. Topological methods for analysis and design of coordination polymers. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Merabet L, Vologzhanina AVV, Setifi Z, Kaboub L, Setifi F. Topological Motifs in Dicyanamides of Transition Metals. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00485b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dicyanamides of d-metals provide a wide range of magnetic properties tuned by external cations, encapsulated ions and coordination modes of anions. Analysis of molecular, one-periodic (1D chain), two-periodic (2D layered)...
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Depicting the DNA Binding and Cytotoxicity Studies against Human Colorectal Cancer of Aquabis (1-Formyl-2-Naphtholato-k2O,O′) Copper(II): A Biophysical and Molecular Docking Perspective. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to examine the biological activity of the copper(II)–based small molecule aquabis (1-formyl-2-naphtholato-k2O,O′)copper(II) (1) against colon cancer. The characterization of complex 1 was established by analytical and spectral methods in accordance with the single-crystal X-ray results. A monomeric unit of complex 1 exists in an O4 (H2O) coordination environment with slightly distorted square pyramidal geometry (τ = ~0.1). The interaction of complex 1 with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was determined by employing various biophysical techniques, which revealed that complex 1 binds to ctDNA at the minor groove with a binding constant of 2.38 × 105 M–1. The cytotoxicity of complex 1 towards human colorectal cell line (HCT116) was evaluated by the MTT assay, which showed an IC50 value of 11.6 μM after treatment with complex 1 for 24 h. Furthermore, the apoptotic effect induced by complex 1 was validated by DNA fragmentation pattern, which clarified that apoptosis might be regulated through the mitochondrial-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing DNA damage pathway. Additionally, molecular docking was also carried out to confirm the recognition of complex 1 at the minor groove.
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7
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Enhancing crystal structure prediction by decomposition and evolution schemes based on graph theory. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Leisegang T, Levin AA, Kupsch A. From the Ritter pile to the aluminum ion battery – Peter Paufler’s academic genealogy. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article highlights Peter Paufler’s academic genealogy on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We describe the academic background since 1776, which covers 11 generations of scientists: Ritter, Ørsted, Han-steen, Keilhau, Kjerulf, Brøgger, Goldschmidt, Schulze, Paufler, Meyer, and Leisegang. The biographies of these scientists are described in spotlight character and references to scientists such as Dehlinger, Ewald, Glocker, Röntgen, Vegard, Weiss, and Werner are given. A path is drawn that begins in the Romanticism with electrochemistry and the invention of what is probably the first accumulator. It leads through the industrialization and the modern geology, mineralogy, and crystallography to crystal chemistry, metal and crystal physics and eventually returns to electrochemistry and the aluminum-ion accumulator in the era of the energy transition. The academic genealogy exhibits one path of how crystallography develops and specializes over three centuries and how it contributes to the understanding of the genesis of the Earth and the Universe, the exploration of raw materials, and the development of modern materials and products during the industrialization and for the energy transition today. It is particularly characterized by the fields of physics and magnetism, X-ray analysis, and rare-earth compounds and has strong links to the scientific landscape of Germany (Freiberg) and Scandinavia, especially Norway (Oslo), as well as to Russia (Moscow, Samara, St. Petersburg). The article aims at contributing to the history of science, especially to the development of crystallography, which is the essential part of the structural science proposed by Peter Paufler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Leisegang
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Str. 23 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science, Samara State Technical University , Molodogvardeyskaya St. 244 , 443100 Samara , Russia
| | - Aleksandr A. Levin
- Ioffe Institute , Politekhnicheskaya 26 , 194021 St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Andreas Kupsch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Unter den Eichen 87 , 12205 Berlin , Germany
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Roberts J, Song Y, Crocker M, Risko C. A Genetic Algorithmic Approach to Determine the Structure of Li-Al Layered Double Hydroxides. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4845-4855. [PMID: 32794767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) demonstrate significant potential across a range of applications, including as catalysts, delivery vehicles for pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, and supercapacitors. Explaining the mechanism of LDH action at the atomic scale in these and other applications is challenging, however, due to the difficulty in precisely defining the bulk and surface structure and chemical compositions. Here, we focus on the determination of the structure of lithium-aluminum (Li-Al) LDH, which has shown promise in the catalytic depolymerization of lignin, both directly as the catalyst and as a support for gold nanoparticles. While the relative positions of the Li and Al metals are generally well resolved by X-ray crystallography, it is the structures of the anionic layers, consisting of water and carbonate, that are less well established. Combinatorial analyses of all possible positions and rotations of the water and carbonate in the three-layered Li-AL LDH polytope reveals that the phase space is much too large to examine in any reasonable time frame in a one-by-one structure exploration. To overcome this limitation, we develop and deploy a genetic algorithm (GA) wherein fitness is determined by matching a calculated X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for a given structure to the known experimental XRD pattern. The GA approach results in structures of high fitness that portend the bulk Li-Al LDH structure. Importantly, the GA approach offers the potential to determine the structures of other LDH, and more generally layered materials, which are generally difficult to describe given the large chemical and structural space to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Mark Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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Shevchenko AP, Eremin RA, Blatov VA. The CSD and knowledge databases: from answers to questions. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We develop tools for extracting new information on crystal structures from crystallographic databases and show how to use these tools in the design of coordination compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Shevchenko
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
- Samara University
- 443011 Samara
- Russian Federation
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
| | - Roman A. Eremin
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
- Samara University
- 443011 Samara
- Russian Federation
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
| | - Vladislav A. Blatov
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
- Samara University
- 443011 Samara
- Russian Federation
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
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Zhang YQ, Blatov VA, Lv XX, Tang DY, Qian LL, Li K, Li BL. Construction of (3,8)-connected three-dimensional cobalt(II) and copper(II) coordination polymers with 1,3-bis[(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzene and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate ligands. Acta Crystallogr C 2019; 75:960-968. [DOI: 10.1107/s205322961900826x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination polymers (CPs) have been widely studied because of their diverse and adjustable topologies and wide-ranging applications in luminescence, chemical sensors, magnetism, photocatalysis, gas adsorption and separation. In the present work, two coordination polymers, namely poly[(μ5-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato-κ6
O
1:O
1′:O
3:O
3:O
5,O
5′){μ3-1,3-bis[(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzene-κ3
N:N′:N′′}di-μ3-hydroxido-dicobalt(II)], [Co2(C9H3O6)(OH)(C12H12N6)]
n
or [Co2(btc)(OH)(mtrb)]
n
, (1), and poly[[diaquabis(μ3-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato-κ3
O
1:O
3:O
5)bis{μ3-1,3-bis[(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzene-κ3
N:N′:N′′}tetra-μ3-hydroxido-tetracopper(II)] monohydrate], {[Cu4(C9H3O6)2(OH)2(C12H12N6)2(H2O)2]·H2O}
n
or {[Cu4(btc)2(OH)2(mtrb)2(H2O)2]·H2O}
n
, (2), were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using 1,3-bis[(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzene (mtrb) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (btc3−). CP (1) exhibits a (3,8)-coordinated three-dimensional (3D) network of the 3,8T38 topological type, with a point symbol of {4,5,6}2{42·56·616·72·82}, based on the tetranuclear hydroxide cobalt(II) cluster [Co4(μ3-OH)2]. CP (2) shows a (3,8)-coordinated tfz-d topology, with a point symbol of {43}2{46·618·84}, based on the tetranuclear hydroxide copper(II) cluster [Cu4(μ3-OH)2]. The different (3,8)-coordinated 3D networks based on tetranuclear hydroxide–metal clusters of (1) and (2) are controlled by the different central metal ions [CoII for (1) and CuII for (2)]. The thermal stabilities and solid-state optical diffuse-reflection spectra were measured. The energy band gaps (E
g) obtained for (1) and (2) were 2.72 and 2.29 eV, respectively. CPs (1) and (2) exhibit good photocatalytic degradation of the organic dyes methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under visible-light irradiation.
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Zorina-Tikhonova EN, Chistyakov AS, Kiskin MA, Sidorov AA, Dorovatovskii PV, Zubavichus YV, Voronova ED, Godovikov IA, Korlyukov AA, Eremenko IL, Vologzhanina AV. Exploitation of knowledge databases in the synthesis of zinc(II) malonates with photo-sensitive and photo-insensitive N, N'-containing linkers. IUCRJ 2018; 5:293-303. [PMID: 29755745 PMCID: PMC5929375 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiated solid-state reactions are known to affect the physical properties of coordination polymers, such as fluorescence and sorption behaviour, and also afford extraordinary architectures (e.g. three-periodic structures with polyorganic ligands). However, the construction of novel photo-sensitive coordination polymers requires an understanding of the factors which govern the mutual disposition of reactive fragments. A series of zinc(II) malonate complexes with 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene and its photo-insensitive analogues has been synthesized for the purpose of systematic analysis of their underlying nets and mutual disposition of N-donor ligands. The application of a big data-set analysis for the prediction of a variety of possible complex compositions, coordination environments and networks for a four-component system has been demonstrated for the first time. Seven of the nine compounds possess one of the highly probable topologies for their underlying nets; in addition, two novel closely related four-coordinated networks were obtained. Complexes containing 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane form isoreticular compounds more readily than those with 4,4'-bipyridine and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene. The effects of the precursor, either zinc(II) nitrate or zinc(II) acetate, on the composition and dimensionality of the resulting architecture are discussed. For three of the four novel complexes containing 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene, the single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions were carried out. UV irradiation of these crystals afforded either the 0D→1D or the 3D→3D transformations, with and without network changes. One of the two 3D→3D transformations was accompanied by solvent (H2O) cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina N. Zorina-Tikhonova
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr S. Chistyakov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A. Kiskin
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksei A. Sidorov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Dorovatovskii
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad’ Akademika Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Yan V. Zubavichus
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad’ Akademika Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia D. Voronova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A. Godovikov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A. Korlyukov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanov Street, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Igor L. Eremenko
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V. Vologzhanina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Alexandrov EV, Blatov VA, Proserpio DM. How 2-periodic coordination networks are interweaved: entanglement isomerism and polymorphism. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00313g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Das A, Bhattacharya B, Maity DK, Halder A, Ghoshal D. Construction of five dicyanamide based coordination polymers with diverse dimensionality: Synthesis, characterization and photoluminescence study. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Construction of diverse dimensionality in eight coordination polymers of bivalent metal ions using 5-nitroisophthalate and different linear N,N′-donor linkers. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Loukopoulos E, Berkoff B, Griffiths K, Keeble V, Dokorou VN, Tsipis AC, Escuer A, Kostakis GE. Cobalt(ii/iii), nickel(ii) and copper(ii) coordination clusters employing a monoanionic Schiff base ligand: synthetic, topological and computational mechanistic aspects. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01294e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nine coordination clusters (M = CoII/III, NiII, CuII) using a monoanionic Schiff base ligand were synthesized and characterized. A series of transformations occur in the ligand in certain compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Loukopoulos
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Benjamin Berkoff
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Kieran Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Victoria Keeble
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Vassiliki N. Dokorou
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Athanassios C. Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Albert Escuer
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - George E. Kostakis
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
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